The Slavonic Calvinist Reading-Primer in Trinity College Dublin Library

Specimina Philologiae Slavicae ∙ Band 61

(eBook - Digi20-Retro)

Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C.

Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“

der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner:

http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de

© bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig.

Christopher B. Roberts (Hrsg.)

The Slavonic Calvinist Reading-Primer

in Trinity College Dublin Library

Teil 1

SPECIMINA PHILOLOGIAE SLAVICAE

Herausgegeben von

Olexa Horbatsch und Gerd Freidhof

Band 61

THE SLAVONIC

CALVINIST READING-PRIMER IN T R I N I T Y .COLLEGE

* ff ו

DUBLIN-LIBRARY A facsimile edition with an introduction

by

C.B. Roberts

VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN

1986

m

Bayerische 8t« a t f b íf c lio lh e k

München

ISBN 3-87690-327-0

Copyright by Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1986

Abteilung der Firma Kubon und Sagner, Müncher

Druck: Mauersberger, Inh. M. Diebel, Marburc

CONTENTS

P r e f a c e ... V T r a n s c r i p t i o n ... V I I I n t r o d u c t i o n ... IX A p p e n d i x : E r r a t a a n d a d d e n d a ... XXIV R e f e r e n c e s ...XXIX F a c s i m i l e o f T r i n i t y C o l l e g e D u b l i n L i b r a r y

ms. n o . 1 6 8 4 / 1 6 9 4

a * ״ *

jytxLiåll J Æ n v . IVr f f n r p j

Vi 15■Í C ^ . ^ V

|/|• \ 1 ז >,* j L j n a W 7»Дj , ״#

5Г

Е Г Я S F f c

W * 4 ■ •*►י Г ^-״י

* - t a

\

״ ■ е л '

וי«

S t

ты

ו•- т

Ж и г и 4

ш п

PREFACE

Ī had been aware s i n c e the e a r l y 1 9 7 0 's o f the e x i s t e n c e i n t h e L i b r a r y of T r i n i t y Co lle ge Dublin o f a small number o f S l a v o n i c m a n u s c r i p t s , c l a s s i f i e d i n A b b o t t (1900) under th e numbers 1684, 1685 and ( i n the addenda) 1694. Abbott, however, a s c r i b e d t h e s e t o th e

" S e r v i a n " la n g u ag e, and s i n c e South S l a v o n i c was n o t a t t h a t time i n my immediate f i e l d o f i n t e r e s t s , I d id n o t pur su e any i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o them. I t was only when, d u r i n g h e r v i s i t to Dublin i n 1981 i n p u r s u i t of S l a v o n i c m a n u s c r i p t s f o r th e union c a t a l o g u e , th e l a t e P r o f e s s o r Anne Penni ngt on p o i n t e d out to me t h e i r t r u e n a t u r e , t h a t 1 t u r n e d t o t h e i r s e r i o u s s t u d y . For t h a t r e a s o n , t h e r e f o r e , t h i s e d i t i o n i s d e d i c a t e d t o h e r memory.

Ms. 1685, d e s c r i b e d by A bbo tta s "Psalms and Hymns", i s a w e l l - u s e d copy of a Russian Church S l a v o n i c h o r o l o g i o n . Mss. 1684 and 1694, which a r e bound t o g e t h e r and a r e , in d e e d , one work, a r e i n v i r t u a l l y p r i s t i n e c o n d i t i o n . A b b o t t d e s c r i b e s them a s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a "Grammar"

and a "Form of S e r v i c e o f Vespers w i t h S e v e r a l Psalms, T r a n s l a t i o n of t h e C o n f e s s io B e l g i c a (and) S h o r t I n s t r u c t i o n i n the C h r i s t i a n F a i t h i n q u e s t i o n and answer". The f a c s i m i l e h e r e p u b l i s h e d i s o f mss.

1684 and 1694.

Many a s p e c t s o f t h i s t e x t t u r n e d o u t t o be new ground f o r me, and any completeness of a n a l y s i s which th e i n t r o d u c t i o n may a c h i e v e i s i n no small measure due t o much a p p r e c i a t e d h e l p from c o l l e a g u e s ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y Dr Ralph Cleminson and Fr Alexander Nadson a t a me etin g o f the S l a v o n i c and E a s t European Medieval S t u d i e s Group i n Cambridge i n November 1982 (and s u b s e q u e n t l y ) , and Dr Gerald Stone and

P r o f e s s o r I . P. Foote who k i n d l y allowed roe t o p e r u s e a d r a f t a r t i c l e s u b m i t t e d t o Oxford S l a v o n i c Pa pers by Yu. Begunov. Any i n a c c u r a c i e s o r m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a r e of c o u r s e e n t i r e l y my own r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

My thanks a r e a l s o due t o Dr B i l l Ryan who f i r s t s u g g e s t e d an

e d i t i o n of th e t e x t , the Board of T r i n i t y Co lle ge Dublin f o r p e r m i s s i o n t o p u b l i s h the m a n u s c r i p t s , t o Dr Bernard Meehan, Keeper o f M a n u s c r i p t s , f o r h i s help on v a r i o u s f r o n t s , t o th e T r i n i t y Col lege Dublin T r u s t f o r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e , and t o Miriam N e s t o r who produced th e camera- ready copy of t h i s p r e f a c e and i n t r o d u c t i o n .

s e c t i o n s o f the m a n u s c r i p t has been p r e p a r e d and w i l l be p u b l i s h e d as a s e p a r a t e volume of Specimina P h i l o l o g i a e S l a v i c a e i n 1986 o r e a r l y І987.

C. B. Roberts J u l y / O c t o b e r 1985

T. K• A b b o t t , Ca tal ogu e of th e MSS. i n the L i b r a r y o f T r i n i t y C o ll e g e Dublin . . . , Dublin and London 1900.

TRANSCRIPTION

Q u o t a t i o n from the m a n u s c r i p t s has been typed w i t h an IBM Old Church S l a v o n i c g o l f - b a l l h ead, e x c e p t f o r l e t t e r s ft, ы , ю,

я (Modern Russian h e a d ) . S u p e r s c r i p t l e t t e r s a r e b r o u g h t down

t o th e l i n e and i t a l i c i s e d u s i n g a Modem Ru ssi an i t a l i c head: t h u s , t h e v a r i o u s forms of s u p e r s c r i p t T , and s u p e r s c r i p t 0 and w

a r e t r a n s c r i b e d by the same c h a r a c t e r , ffl and о r e s p e c t i v e l y .

In the H e l s i n k i ms. f i n a l j e r - s i g n s a r e a p p a r e n t l y used a r b i t r a r i l y : we have r e s t r i c t e d the use o f ь t o m a n u s c r i p t forms where the

stem does n o t r i s e above the l i n e o r have a hook t o t h e l e f t , and of t h e s i n g l e - s t e m 1 , of в , o f A, e t c • a r e n o t d i s t i n g u i s h e d ; d i a c r i t i c s ( t h e r e a r e no r e g u l a r s t r e s s markings) a r e o m i t t e d . The t i t l o i s r e t a i n e d and o m i t t e d l e t t e r s a r e n o t r e i n s t a t e d

the v a r i o u s forms have used l

INTRODUCTION

The Datin g and Provenance of a s s . 1684/1694

The volume r e p r e s e n t e d by mss. 1684 and 1694 was g iv en t o T r i n i t y C o l l e g e i n December 1706 by an alumnus c a l l e d

Alexander Je p h so n . T h is gentleman g r a d u a t e d B.A. i n 1685, b u t from then u n t i l 1703 n o t h i n g i s known about h i s l i f e . At t h a t d a t e he ap pe ars as m a s t e r o f th e f r e e ( i . e . p a r i s h ) s c h o o l of

Camberwell, South London and t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e t h a t he was c u r a t e of the p a r i s h ( S t . G i l e s ) a t t h a t time; e x t a n t r e c o r d s show him as

c u r a t e from 1708 t o 1710; he was succeeded as m a s t e r o f the sc ho ol i n 1713. There i s no e v i d e n c e t h a t he had o r i e n t a l i s t i n t e r e s t s o r o t h e r r e a s o n s f o r a c q u i r i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t o r even t h a t he t r a v e l l e d on th e C o n t i n e n t . The f u r t h e s t we can go i n t r a c i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t ' s r o u t e t o Dublin i s to n o t e t h a t i t may have had a p r e v i o u s owner:

th e i n i t i a l s IS a r e i n s c r i b e d twice on th e f r o n t c o v e r .

There i s no o t h e r e x t e r n a l i n f o r m a t i o n about th e p ro v e n an c e , d a t e of c o m p o si tio n or a u t h o r s h i p o f the document, and we must t u r n to p u r e l y i n t e r n a l evi d e n ce i n an a t t e m p t t o e l u c i d a t e them.

T e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s

The m a n u s c r i p t c o n s i s t s o f 196 p a g e s , formed from e l e v e n 16-page g a t h e r i n g s , one 12-page and f i n a l l y two 4-page g a t h e r i n g s . Each g a t h e r i n g i s numbered on i t s f i r s t page i n c y r i l l i c by the s c r i b e

of t h e main t e x t . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t , g iv en th e d e c r e a s i n g s i z e o f th e g a t h e r i n g s , the s c r i b e ( t h e r e i s only one) seems t o have misjudged how many pages he r e q u i r e d as he ne ared t h e end o f th e work:

a l a r g e s e c t i o n (about f i v e p a g e s ' worth) o f t e x t i s o m i t t e d a t page 180 and from page 181 t h e r e i s c l e a r evid e n ce o f s p a c e - s a v i n g :

*

a b b r e v i a t i o n s i n c r e a s e i n number, and th e f r e q u e n t word штвѴгъ ( t h i s i s a c a t e c h i s m s e c t i o n ) no l o n g e r g e t s a l i n e t o i t s e l f . Yet f o u r pages a r e l e f t b la nk a t th e end. One wonders why the s c r i b e could n o t have used a second 12-page g a t h e r i n g i n s t e a d of the two 4-page o n e s , o r added a n o t h e r 4-page g a t h e r i n g : one e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e s e r a t h e r d i s p a r a t e f e a t u r e s could be t h a t th e o r i g i n a l purpose f o r which the m a n u s c r i p t was b e i n g compiled was a b r u p t l y abandoned and t h a t the

A r abi c- num eral p a g i n a t i o n , i n p e n c i l , has been added a t the top o u t e r c o r n e r of each page, p r o b a b l y d u r i n g th e l a t e 19th c e n t u r y c a t a l o g u i n g p r o c e s s . A l l r e f e r e n c e s a r e to t h i s p a g i n a t i o n , which i s i n b r a c k e t s i n th e f a c s i m i l e .

The b i n d i n g i s w i t h wooden b o a r d s , covered i n l e a t h e r w i t h a sim ple b o r d e r d e c o r a t i o n w i t h c e n t r a l m e d a l l i o n s , i n a s i m i l a r manner t o , f o r example, th e c h a s o v n ik i o f 1626 and 1633 which a r e i n the B r i t i s h L i b r a r y i n London. There a r e s l i g h t t r a c e s o f two small c l a s p s . The s p i n e , w i t h the i n s c r i p t i o n 1,S e r v i a n Grammar", d a t e s from 1902 when th e volume was vamped.

The pa per i s uniform t h r o u g h o u t , w i t h a S t r a s b u r g L i l y watermark and a countermark i n th e form of a c r o s s over the i n i t i a l s LR: th e former s u g g e s t s a d a t e 1680-1700 and provenance Holland or London a l t h o u g h a s i m i l a r mark has been d at ed as e a r l y as 1625. The c o u n t e r - mark s u g g e s t s l a t e 17th c e n t u r y , and England. 2 There was, o f c o u r s e , an e x t e n s i v e t r a d e i n p a p e r t o Muscovy i n the l a t e 17th c e n t u r y .

The pages a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 240 x 180 mm, w i t h 17 l i n e s p e r page a t 11 mm s p a c i n g and c a . 110 mm long. W r i t i n g - l i n e s and margins were o r i g i n a l l y s c o r e d . L e t t e r s a r e u s u a l l y a b a s i c 3 mm h i g h , w i t h f o r example p going a n o t h e r 6 mm below the l i n e . I n i t i a l s a r e u s u a l l y a b a s i c 5 o r 6 mm, a l t h o u g h i n the second s e c t i o n (a s e r v i c e of v e s p e r s ) one o r two a r e up t o 30 mm h i g h and occupy 3 l i n e s of

w r i t i n g . Red i s used f o r t i t l e s of s e c t i o n s ( e x ce p t f o r th e i n i t i a l l e t t e r ) , the i n i t i a l l e t t e r s of the i n v o c a t i o n , o f th e a l p h a b e t , and of each s e t o f 2 - l e t t e r and 3 - l e t t e r s y l l a b l e s , the i n i t i a l and each s e p a r a t e l e t t e r of th e p a r ag r a p h w ith the names of the l e t t e r s ( p . 1 6 ), th e t i t l e ( e x c e p t f o r the i n i t i a l ) and i n d i v i d u a l l e t t e r s of th e

a b b r e v i a t e d forms ( p p . 1 7 - 1 9 ) , th e t i t l e ( e x ce p t f o r the i n i t i a l ) of th e numerals p a r a g r a p h and the n of посвиоужв ( p . 1 9 ) , th e t i t l e ( e x c e p t f o r the i n i t i a l ) and th e i n i t i a l l e t t e r of each term i n the 1p r o s o d y 1 p a r ag r a p h ( p . 2 0 ) , th e i n i t i a l l e t t e r s of p r a y e r s , psalms and t h e i r t i t l e s , d o x o l o g i e s , and l i t u r g i c a l d i r e c t i o n s i n the v e s p e r s s e c t i o n ( p p . 2 1 - 4 2 ) , th e numbers and i n i t i a l s of each a r t i c l e i n the c o n f e s s i o n ( p p . 45 -1 5 3 ), the words копросъ and

иглЕѣтг and th e t i t l e s o f s u b - s e c t i o n s i n the c a t e c h i s m ( p p .1 55- 192 ).

T h is use o f red c o r r e s p o n d s c l o s e l y t o t h a t i n 17th c e n t u r y Moscow-printed e d i t i o n s .

The t e x t

The t e x t i s i n th e form of t h e r e a d i n g pr im er common i n the East S l a v o n i c a r e a i n th e 17th c e n t u r y f o r which t h e term , b u k v a r ' '

i s used• I t c o n s i s t s o f a c o m p i l a t i o n o f f o u r s e c t i o n s :

1. Н а ѵ а л н о е оѵѵвнѴв у ( 6 ) л ( о в ѣ ) кшиъ *отАщииг о у у н т и с ж к н и г г в ( о ) ж е с т в е н а г ш п и с а н ï^a: pages 9-20

2. Н а ѵ а ло в е ѵ е р н и в л ( а ) г ( о )с( л о ) в п в ш в і е р е ю : pages 21-42 3. П е р е в о д * съ н с п о в ѣ [ д н ] в€ры н е д е р л л н с к п д г

ц ( е ) р к в е й , eb p t v b к а л ь в п н с к п ^ ъ : pages 45-153

4• К р а т к о е осА^анѴв ⁵р ( и ) с т Ѵ г ־а н с к Ѵ е в і р ы : pages 155-192 Pages 1 -2 , 4 - 8 , 43-44, 154, 193-196 a r e b l a n k . Page 3 c o n t a i n s the L a t i n i n s c r i p t i o n r e c o r d i n g th e g i f t o f th e book t o T r i n i t y C o l l e g e .

1. Н а ѵ а л н о e оуѵвнѴе

The f i r s t s e c t i o n o f our t e x t c o r r e s p o n d s c l o s e l y t o p rim e rs b e l o n g i n g to Group 4 i n a proposed c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f E a s t S l a v o n i c p r i m e r s by Cleminson . 3 This group c o n t a i n s e x c l u s i v e l y Moscow

i m p r i n t s o f t h e second h a l f of the 17th c e n t u r y and i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d by s h o r t n e s s (one 16-page g a t h e r i n g ) and c o n t e n t s ( l i n g u i s t i c

s e c t i o n o n l y ) . The t h r e e e x t a n t e d i t i o n s which Cleminson has t r a c e d a r e d a t e d 1669, 1688 and 1698. The Dublin m a n u s c r i p t

f o ll o w s them c l o s e l y b o t h i n a c t u a l wording and p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the sequence of s u b - s e c t i o n s : t i t l e - i n v o c a t i o n - 2 - l e t t e r s y l l a b l e s - 3 - l e t t e r s y l l a b l e s w i t h p - names o f l e t t e r s - a b b r e v i a t e d forms pod t i t l a m i - numerals - a c c e n t s and p u n c t u a t i o n .

The 1669 e d i t i o n d i f f e r s from our t e x t only by o m i t t i n g У в л о в Ъ к о и г from the t i t l e , by ha vin g th e p o s t - N i k o n i a n form

i n ( с у ) с г i n th e i n v o c a t i o n , by having an a d d i t i o n a l , e m b e l l i s h e d l e t t e r a and a t a i l e d form o f ן i n t h e a l p h a b e t , and a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r a t the end o f the a l p h a b e t , and by having some minor

d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e a b b r e v i a t i o n s pod t i t l a m i (where t h e Dublin m a n u s c rip t has the 'd o u b l e - i ' form of , J e s u s ' , t h e only time t h i s o c c u r s ) . The 1688 e d i t i o n has ѵ е л о в ѣ к о и і i n th e t i t l e , b u t a d i f f e r e n t i n v o c a t i o n ; i t has t h r e e forms of the l e t t e r a and two o f

Я i n t h e a l p h a b e t , t h e o r d e r o f which i s as i n 1669; i n th e forms pod t i t l a m i t h e r e a r e minor d i f f e r e n c e s from th e Dublin v e r s i o n ,

b u t t h e s e do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o i n c i d e w i t h th os e of th e 1669 e d i t i o n . The 1698 e d i t i o n i s ve ry c l o s e t o th e 1688 e d i t i o n .

-XI-

Of Che d i v e r g e n c i e s from Group 4 e d i t i o n s p e r h a p s t h e most fu n d a m en ta l i s Che l e C C e r - o r d e r a t Che end of Che a l p h a b e t . There i s , however, a h i g h d e g r e e of v a r i a b i l i c y i n t h i s a r e a even w i t h i n C l e m i n s o n ' s groups and s u b g r o u p s , and t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f e a t u r e t h e r e f o r e i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t by comparison w i t h t h e d i v e r g e n c e s from t h e l i n g u i s t i c s e c t i o n s o f e d i t i o n s from o t h e r g r o u p s . The

D u b li n m a n u s c r i p t , i n common w i t h Group 4, has no r e v e r s e - o r d e r a l p h a b e t , no ran d o m - o rd e r a l p h a b e t , no m o r p h o l o g i c a l p a r a d i g m s , no a c r o s t i c , no 3־ l e t t e r s y l l a b l e s w i t h л ( a l l as i n Moscow

1637); t h e t i t l e does n o t i n c l u d e th e word ,Б у к в а р ь ' and t h e r e a r e no r e a d i n g p a s s a g e s between th e forms pod t i t l a m i and t h e num erals ( a s i n Moscow 1657, 1664).

The s o u r c e f o r t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n i s pro b a b ly t h e r e f o r e a

Moscow s h o r t - f o r m a t p r i m e r o f t h e second h a l f o f the 17th c e n t u r y . I f o n l y b e c au s e o f t h e i n v o c a t i o n , one i s i n c l i n e d t o s u g g e s t t h a t i t may be an i m p r i n t c l o s e r t o 1669 than to 1688, o r a t l e a s t p r i o r t o th e l a t t e r .

2. Н а ѵ а л о в е ѵ е р н п

The second s e c t i o n i s a s e r v i c e o f v e s p e r s ta k e n from a c h a s o v n i k .

The h i s t o r y o f p r i n t e d c h a s o v n i k i ( d e s i g n a t e d by t h i s t i t l e as b y , f o r example, Zernova (1958) ) b a s i c a l l y spans t h e p e r i o d 4 from t h e very end o f t h e 16th c e n t u r y t o the Nikonian r e f o r m s . The ch a s o v n ik th e n seems t o have been d i s c o n t i n u e d i n f a v o u r of t h e more e x t e n s i v e and d e t a i l e d c h a s o s l o v and s l u z h e b n i k .

A c cord ing to Ze rn o v a, th e l a s t Moscow chasovnik ( s o d e s i g n a t e d ) was p r i n t e d i n 1654. However, o u t s i d e Muscovy c h a s o v n i k i

c o n t i n u e d t o be p r i n t e d , f o r example i n Mogilev i n 1701 and 1713.

The 1701 Mogilev e d i t i o n , o f which t h e r e i s a copy i n t h e B r i t i s h L i b r a r y , e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e s t h a t i t i s based on two p r e - N i k o n i a n Moscow c h a s o v n i k i , o f 1615 and o f th e p e r i o d 1645-1652. I t would a p p e a r t h a t th e u s e o f p r e - N i k o n i a n c h a s o v n i k i i n the p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s e e d i t i o n s was s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e i r i n t e n d e d u s e r s ,

presumably Old B e l i e v e r s o f t h e w e s t e r n m i g r a t i o n (se e M ar chad ie r 19775) .

Close s t u d y o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l , morpholo gical and o r t h o g r a p h i c a l f e a t u r e s o f our m a n u s c r i p t and o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s e l e c t i o n of m o s t l y , b u t n o t e x c l u s i v e l y , Moscow c h a s o v n ik i a l l o w s us to

i d e n t i f y t h e s o u r c e o f t h e former as Muscovite, and o f t h e e a r l y 1640s.

-XII-

I t i s p o s s i b l e , of c o u r s e , t h a t t h i s may n o t be a d i r e c t s o u r c e , s i n c e t h e comment i n th e Mogilev 1701 e d i t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t i n th e B e l o r u s s i a n / L i t h u a n i a n a r e a , p r e - N i k o n i a n c h a s o v n i k i were

c o p i e d and even r e p r i n t e d , and t h a t such a work c o u l d be t h e d i r e c t s o u r c e o f our m a n u s c r i p t .

There a r e two major changes o r o m i s s i o n s made by o u r s c r i b e : between th e p r a y e r of S t . Athenogenes and t h e e v e n i n g p r a y e r

(p. 36) t h e r e a r e no v a r i a t i o n s f o r e a c h day o f t h e week, and on page 42 the t e x t b r e a k s o f f w i t h a b o u t 190 words t o go,

i n c l u d i n g the p r a y e r o f S t . Ephraim and th e d i s m i s s a l / b e n e d i c t i o n s e c t i o n (which i n d i c a t e s m u l t i p l e o b e i s a n c e s ) . I t would have been p o s s i b l e t o f i t t h i s l a t t e r p a s s a g e i n t o t h e t h r e e and

t h r e e - q u a r t e r pages which were l e f t b l a n k b e f o r e t h e t h i r d s e c t i o n of t h e m a n u s c r i p t .

We may i n t e r p r e t t h e s e om issions i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e C a l v i n i s t n a t u r e o f the t h i r d and f o u r t h s e c t i o n s , as b e i n g due r e s p e c t i v e l y to t h e absence i n reformed churches o f d a i l y s e r v i c e s on a r e g u l a r b a s i s , and to t h e i n a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s o f m u l t i p l e o b e i s a n c e s f o r th e form of worship p r a c t i s e d by t h o s e c h u r c h e s . P e r h a p s i t was i n t e n d e d t o e l a b o r a t e a more a p p r o p r i a t e b e n e d i c t i o n s e c t i o n f o r the end o f the s e r v i c e , which was n e v e r c o m p le te d . Of i m p o r t a n c e , however, i s th e f a c t t h a t an e s s e n t i a l l y Orthodox form o f wo rshi p

( a l t h o u g h th e h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f Psalms i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e r v i c e could be seen as ecumenical) and a p r e - N i k o n i a n s o u r c e were ch os en . One may a l s o n o t e he re t h a t the b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s e r v i c e o f v e s p e r s was a common c o n s t i t u e n t of the r e a d i n g s e c t i o n o f E a s t S l a v o n i c

p r i m e r s ; however, the L o r d ' s P r a y e r i s a l s o f r e q u e n t i n w e s t e r n p r i m e r s .

3. П е р е в о д * с г и с п о в ѣ д н в £ р ы ; К р а т к о е о с А ^ а н Ve

* р и с т Ѵ ь а н с к Ѵ е в£ры

The t h i r d and f o u r t h s e c t i o n s of o u r m a n u s c r i p t may be ta k e n t o g e t h e r .

The t h i r d s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f a t r a n s l a t i o n i n t o r a t h e r d e f e c t i v e Ru ssian Church S l a v o n i c of t h e B e l g i e C o n f e s s i o n as approved by th e Synod o f Dort i n 1618/19. T h i s was o r i g i n a l l y composed i n French about 1560 and t h e n soon t r a n s l a t e d i n t o

L a t i n , Dutch and German. The f o u r t h s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f a s i m i l a r t r a n s l a t i o n o f a s h o r t e n e d v e r s i o n o r compendium o f th e H e i d e l b e r g Cath echis m, which was i t s e l f o r i g i n a l l y composed i n German, a g a i n

-XIII-

H e i d e l b e r g C a te ch ism was s i m i l a r l y approved by the Synod o f D o r t . ^ I t sh o u ld be n o t e d t h a t t h e B e l g i e C o n f e s s i o n and H e i d e l b e r g

C a te ch i s m were e f f e c t i v e l y a c c e p t e d o n l y i n t h e Low C o u n t r i e s where t h e y formed th e d o c t r i n a l b a s i s of t h e Dutch Reformed Church:

t h e p r e s e n c e a t th e Synod o f Dort o f t h e o l o g i a n s from England, S w i t z e r l a n d , t h e P a l a t i n a t e , Hesse and Bremen had no i n f l u e n c e on

t h e i r a c c e p t a n c e i n t h o s e la n d s o r e l s e w h e r e . In p a r t i c u l a r , no t h e o l o g i a n s a t t e n d e d from t h e P o l i s h - L i t h u a n i a n C a l v i n i s t c h u r c h e s . The use o f the s h o r t e n e d v e r s i o n o f t h e c a te c h is m u n d e r l i n e s the Dutch c o n n e c t i o n , as a g a i n i t s c u r r e n c y and a c ce p ta n c e was r e s t r i c t e d t o t h i s a r e a .

L i n g u i s t i c a l l y a l s o , t h e r e a r e c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t the t r a n s l a t i o n was made from th e Dutch v e r s i o n of the c o n f e s s i o n and s h o r t e n e d c a t e c h i s m : t h u s и а г и е т и е т ш в г 64 f o r Dutch m a h u m en tisten , d e s p i t e 17th c e n t u r y R u s s i a n м а г ( о ) м е т а н е (compare i n th e French v e r s i o n m ahom etans, i n th e L a t i n m a h u m eta n i), пренрецівнниновъ 85, 134, 147 f o r t h e Dutch W ederdooperen (French a n a b a p tis te s, L a t i n A n a b a p tis ta

* * * 9

н а с л ѣ д Ѵ л 81 f o r Dutch n a v o lg in g ( " i m i t a t i o n " ) , н в п ^ ѵ в г о 97 f o r от n i e t (which r e a l l y means " g r a t i s , f o r n o t h i n g " a l t h o u g h от o f t e n has a c a u s a l v a l u e ) , т о ѵ і ю 131 f o r a l l e e n ( " o n l y " i s o m i t t e d i n t h e French and L a t i n v e r s i o n s ) , and th e er ro n eo u s t r a n s l a t i o n

*

т а к о ж д е 146 f o r t e v o o rd e re n ( 2 0 t h c e n t u r y s p e l l i n g t e v o rd e re n

" t o adv a n ce " : compare Dutch v o o rd e r " t h e r e f o r e " ) . F u r t h e r evid e n ce f o r a Dutch o r i g i n a l may be se e n i n t h e use of 3rd p e r s o n p l u r a l

> ^ 9 *

121 f o r Dutch 8y ( L a t i n г і і а ), and i n к о г о в г ѵ е с т п н и ѣ ти 125 f o r i n a a h tin g e . . t e hebben ( L a t i n h o n o r ific e s e n t i r e) . I n p l a c e s t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e o f r e f e r e n c e t o th e L a t i n v e r s i o n ( e . g . п р а в д а ^{в ж}Ѵа

f o r Dutch de w a e r h e y t, L a t i n Dei v e r i t a s) .

There i s a n o t h e r copy o f t h i s t r a n s l a t i o n o f the c o n f e s s i o n and s h o r t e n e d c a t e c h i s m i n H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y ( S I . Ms.- 0 - 1 1 , f f . 33-7É T h i s i s i n q u i t e l e g i b l e c u r s i v e , and f o l l o w s a Russian t r a n s l a t i o n

( w i t h heavy B e l o r u s s i a n i n f l u e n c e and i n a d i f f e r e n t hand) of a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e t r i u m p h a l g a t e s a t The Hague f o r the v i c t o r i o u s r e t u r n i n 1691 o f W i l l i a m o f Orange from the campaign i n I r e l a n d . ^

A comparison o f t h e Dutch o r i g i n a l s o f the c o n f e s s i o n and c a t e c h i s m and th e Dublin ( h e r e a f t e r D) and H e l s i n k i (H) m a n u s c r i p t s r e v e a l s severa p o i n t s about t h e o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n and i t s f u r t h e r copying.

To ta k e th e o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n f i r s t ( a s i t i s r e f l e c t e d i n f e a t u r e s s h a r e d by D and H), one n o t e s a c e r t a i n amount o f

s i m p l i f i c a t i o n and o m i s s i o n s , some of which a r e m i n o r , such as th e om iss ion o f 1'f i g ' 1 b e f o r e л и с т в Ѵ е и г 98, some o f which a r e more s e r i o u s . There a r e a few, a p p a r e n t l y u n m o t i v a t e d , a d d i t i o n s . There a r e a l s o some c l e a r m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f t h e Dutch t e x t ,

e s p e c i a l l y i n more s y n t a c t i c a l l y complex p a s s a g e s .

As examples we may compare t h e S l a v o n i c , Dutch and L a t i n v e r s i o n s of p a s s a g e s on pages 67, 107 and 116 o f D:

67

иже и в ѵислЪ трѴбтсъ we l e k e i n o r d e n i s d e r d e r d e P e rso o n

-XV-

q u i o r d i n e t e r t i a e s t T r i n i t a t i s P e r s o n a , eiusdem e s s e n t i a e , g l o r i a e e t m a i e s t a t i s cum

л и ц г 6т ы л т р о ц ы

п о д о бѴв и ^ъ в в л п у е с т в З d e r D r y v u l d i c h e y t : e e n e s - s e l v i g e n w ese ns ,

и с л а в ѣ о ѵ е й и>

M a j e s t e y t ende E e r l i c h e y t

met den Vader ende den Sone, P a t r e e t F i l i o , z i j n d e w a e r a c h t i c h ende Ideoque e t i p s e

eeuwich God. v e r u s e t a e t e r n u s

Deus e s t .

с н о в н ѣ й и с т и н н ы » B t v 1 н ы н в г г

H e r e , " t h i r d 11 i s r e - i n t e r p r e t e d as " t h r e e " , t h e t h r e e g e n i t i v e s

" e s s e n c e , m a je s ty and g l o r y " ( o n l y t h e f i r s t i s m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y marked i n Dutch) become " i n t h e manner ( e s s e n c e ? ) o f t h e m a j e s t y and g l o r y " , and the Dutch p a r t i c p l e " b e i n g " i s o m i t t e d ( t h e L a t i n t e x t i s a l s o s y n t a c t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t ) . The r e s u l t a n t S l a v o n i c t e x t i s n o t v e r y a c c u r a t e , even i f a g e n e r a l meaning can be e x t r a c t e d from i t s s y n t a x .

. . q u i nos magis d i l i g a t quam q u i v i t a m suam p r o n o b i s p o s u i t . wien souden wy connen

v i n d e n , d i e ons meer beminde, dan hy d i e s i j n leve n v o o r ons g e l a t e n h e e f t .

107

к о г о ш Б р ѣ т е и г иже

н а с ! в о^л ю б н л ъ и ж и в о т ъ с в о й н а с ъ д а д Ъ

H e r e , " m o r e . , th a n he who" (meer . . dan hy d i e , magia quam q u i) i s o m i t t e d : a g a i n the o r i g i n a l t e x t i s d i s t o r t e d .

-XVI-

116

• • 8 0 i s h e t ampt a l l e r g e l o o v i g e n , volghende h e t woordt Godts, h a e r a f t e scheyden vanden genen, d ie n i e t vande Kereke en z i j n , ende h a e r t e voegen t o t dese v e r g a d e r i n g h e , f t sy op wat p l a e t s e d a t s e Godt g h e s t e l t h e e f t , a l waert schoon so d a t de M a g i s t r a t e n ende p l a c a t e n d e r P rin c e n d a e r te g e n waren, ende d a t de d o o d t , o f t e eenige

l i c h a m e l i c k e s t r a f f e da e r aen h i n g h e .

n в е р н ы й г по с л о в е с и ГСАНЮ к

ш д а л л т н е л тЪтсъ иже не ш ц е р ь к в п

С0В0Н0П А Ж Т И С А К C6U0V С О Б О р С В

т а к и* 1 и £ с т е * ъ г д ѣ п и г Б Г Ъ Б Ы Т И п ^ в о л п л ъ афв к гоненѴю н

з а п р е щ е н Ѵл кой ш к н ж э Алй в л а с т е л и н !

*׳ ״ ״" Ч »

б о ѵ дВт і a m в б ы и с и е р т ь н а с л е д о в а т ь и о г л а

omnium f i d e l i u m p a r t e s s u n t , s e s e

i u x t a Dei

verbum ab i i s omnibus d i s i u n g e r e , q u i s u n t e x t r a E c c le s ia m c o n s t i t u t i : huicque f i d e l i u m c o e t u i ac c o n g r e g a t i o n i se a d i u n g e r e , ubicunque i l l a m Deus c o n s t i t - u e r i t : e t s i i d c o n t r a r i a Pri ncipu m v e l Magistratuum

e d i c t a p r o h i b e a n t , i n d i c t a e t i a m i n eos c a p i t i s e t m o r t i s co rp o rea e poena, qui i d f e c e r i n t . While " e d i c t s 11 (,p la c a te tiл e d i c t a) and " b o d i l y punishment"

( lic h a m e lic k e s t r a f f ел poena) a r e l o s t , " e x p u l s i o n and p r o h i b i t i o n "

( г о н е н Ѵ е n ^ а пр е о іе н ¹ e ) a r e added; such a l e x i c a l l y c l e a r

a d d i t i o n i s unusual and may be viewed as b ein g e x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d , t h e t r a n s l a t o r h a v in g i n mind a r e a d e r who was indeed

s u b j e c t t o e x p u l s i o n and p r o h i b i t i o n . A s i m i l a r l y mo tiv ate d a d a p t a t i o n o f th e o r i g i n a l t e x t may be the g l o s s i n g over of the d o c t r i n e s of

th e A n a b a p t i s t s (who were i n c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h th e Reformed churches)

as иже двшйжды крціаютсл 134.

There a r e perhaps AO o r 50 such i n a c c u r a c i e s i n the o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n , p l u s a number of i n a c c u r a t e b i b l i c a l q u o t a t i o n s ( f o r example, * a e c иь п о у т ь *истпннын н ж н в о т ъ 111) b u t the

g r e a t m a j o r i t y a r e not as s u b s t a n t i v e as t h e s e . In a d d i t i o n t h e r e a r e a s i m i l a r number o f d i s t o r t i o n s s h a r e d by D and H where the o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n can be e x t r a p o l a t e d and i d e n t i f i e d : f o r example

D135: но т а к о иже оБѣщанѴм ł- а ж е . . , H58v но т а к и t-a же ОБѣщання 1־а ж е . . would appear t o c o r res p o n d t o an o r i g i n a l по т а к н и ъ же ОБѣціанѴАиъ ь а ж с . . This s u g g e s t s t h a t between

the o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n and D and H t h e r e was one o r more

i n t e r m e d i a t e c o p i e s ; some of the i n a c c u r a c i e s a s c r i b e d t o th e o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n c oul d o f c o u r s e be due t o t h i s i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e .

F i n a l l y , D shows upwards o f 80 f u r t h e r e r r o r s which a r e n o t s h a r e d by H, most i n v o l v i n g only one o r two l e t t e r s i n a word; t h e s e can u s u a l l y be a s c r i b e d t o th e copying o f a c u r s i v e m a n u s c r i p t by someone who was n o t too i n t e r e s t e d i n a t t e m p t i n g t o u n d e r s t a n d th e se nse of

th e t e x t . Thus we f i n d e r r o r s caused by l o s s of s u p e r s c r i p t s , c o n f u s i o n o f r e s o l v e d s u p e r s c r i p t s ( e s p e c i a l l y л and T:

с о г л л с и л с а 75 i n s t e a d of an i n f i n i t i v e (H41v: с о г л а с и т с я ) , и and vcarùya: в пшеланѴе с в о е 124 (H55r: в п о с л а н и е с в о е л і ) ) , c o n f u s i o n of ha rd and s o f t s i g n s ( о у с т а в и т ъ 105 f o r th e i n f i n i t i v e (H50r: С с т а в и т и ) ) , c o n f u s i o n of 6 and ю ( с п с н Ѵ е н а т е и 5 48;

й и € ю т г ра^рЪшенУю г р ѣ ^ о в ъ 120). Some o f th e e r r o r s t o be found i n D c o u l d be a s c r i b a b l e t o th e c o p y i s t ' s b e i n g a , n on- nativ e*

c y r i l l i c w r i t e r ( f o r example, п а т 8 р & 75 f o r н а т 8 р 8 ;

о в с ^ak и х . . н у ж д ъ 1 8 9 ) , but they a r e n o t g r e a t i n number and some ( f o r example но 135 f o r n o ) a r e s h a r e d w i t h H; f u r t h e r m o r e the d i a c r i t i c s , which were e x e c u t e d a t th e same time as th e b a s i c t e x t , show g r e a t a c c u r a c y , even on e v i d e n t l y i n a c c u r a t e p h r a s e s , such as

^ л о в ь і но 163 (H67r: я л ®с м ° ) • I t would seem, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t D was copied by a c y r i l l i c w r i t e r w i t h good command o f S l a v o n i c d i a c r i t i c s from a t e x t which was i t s e l f co pi ed by a n o n - n a t i v e w r i t e r ; i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t H was a l s o c o p i e d from t h i s t e x t , w i t h

t h e c o p y i s t however making a g r e a t e r a t t e m p t to c o r r e c t i n accordance w i t h t h e se nse of the work.

R e f l e c t i o n s i n the Dublin and H e l s i n k i m a n u s c r i p t s o f the d i a l e c t a l p h o n e t i c and m orp h o lo g ic al c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t o r o f t h e c o n f e s s i o n and c a t e c h i s m s u g g e s t t h a t he was from the B e l o r u s s i a n o r Smolensk a r e a ; bo th m a n u s c r i p t s have an o v e r l a y o f f e a t u r e s from e l s e w h e r e , and th e Dublin m a n u s c rip t i n p a r t i c u l a r seems t o " o v e r -

g c o r r e c t " w i t h th o s e west Russianisms i n mind .

Thus we f i n d akanye and y a k a n y e: 128 ( i n s t r u m e n t a l s i n g u l a r ; p o s s i b l y d a t i v e p l u r a l ; H56r * ?ало гои ) ; и л с р д Ѵ л 90

( a c c u s a t i v e s i n g u l a r ) ; с р е в р о л ю в і л 121 ( p r e p o s i t i o n a l s i n g u l a r ) . These f e a t u r e s a r e however more o f t e n found i n h y p e r c o r r e c t i o n , s u g g e s t i n g a l a c k of m o r p h o lo g ic a l awarenes s i n one c o p y i s t or a n o t h e r : в е з ^{h ü yÍ a o} 66; п л о д ъ ѵ р е в о и р Г и н о 86; ве*$о

-XVII-

в с я к о г о в ^ и р а н Ѵ е д і л г и * г 82. T h is - не ending f o r the g e n i t i v e s i n g u l a r o f n e u t e r nouns i n - n e i s f r e q u e n t i n D, u s u a l l y

( b u t n o t always) c o r r e s p o n d i n g to th e c o r r e c t ending i n H:

о с т а в л е Ѵ і е р а д и 92 ( Н : - и я ) , п о ^ н а н Т е 93 ( * Н ) , с п а с е н Ѵ е 115 (H; с п а н и ь а ) , и а н а я й н Т е 118 (H: - и я ) , %ванѴе 124

( H : - n h a ) t крщвнѴв 129, 134, 183 (Н: - и я ) , рожденѴе 137 ( « Н ) , e t c • The f a c t t h a t H r e t a i n s some o f the h y p e r c o r r e c t e d forms

s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s e were a f e a t u r e o f an i n t e r m e d i a t e copy, c o r r e c t e d back by H. Although - Ы 6 / - М 6 can be an a r c h a i c ( « f u n c t i o n a l l y

s l a v o n i c i s i n g ) e n d i n g f o r t h e fem ini ne g e n i t i v e s i n g u l a r a d j e c t i v e , 9 th e analogy w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e s i n g u l a r o f n e u t e r nouns s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n had t h e c o r r e c t S l a v o n i c - Ы А / - 1 А e n d i n g s , h y p e r c o r r e c t e d by an i n t e r m e d i a t e c o p y i s t and p a r t l y

r e i n s t a t e d by H ( f o r example: дражайшѴе к р о в и 132 (H57r дражаышие к р о в и ) , п р а в д и в ы е ц р к в и 118 (Н53ѵ п р а в д и в и ь а ц р н в и ) ) ; out o f 11 such i n s t a n c e s i n D, H " c o r r e c t s " 7 o f them; D h a s , i n a d d i t i o n

( a s w i t h t h e n e u t e r nouns a b o v e ) , 8 o c c u r e n c e s of the - ы д / - 1 ^a e n d i n g ( s h a r e d w i t h H) ; one may a l s o n o t e t h a t H does n o t " c o r r e c t "

t h e new v e r n a c u l a r e n d i n g - о й / - е й , which occurs 8 ti m e s ( t w i c e , however, i n в о д н о й ) .

The H e l s i n k i m a n u s c r i p t a l s o shows what we may term u ka n ye, which may be a Smolensk o r S-W B e l o r u s s i a n f e a t u r e : вѣрую H54v f o r

вѣрою (D120) ф у р т З н е H41v (D74: ф ш р ' т о у и е ) , д £ 8 и ъ Н67ѵ (D165:

дтЕоиъ) . The Du bl in m a n u s c r i p t only r e f l e c t s t h i s i n h y p e r c o r r e c t i o n : в і р о ю 170, 172 f o r в€рук>, с о в е р ш е н н о 85 (H: с о в е р т е к н у ) .

T h i s may be due t o m i s r e a d i n g of a c u r s i v e o r i g i n a l .

There i s a h i n t o f ohokanye i n th e H e l s i n k i m anus cri pt o n ly : и ц і е л и и с я f o r и с ц е л п и с я , о ѵ е л о в Ъ ѵ е ^ .

There a r e i n d i c a t i o n s i n b o t h D and H t h a t г was f r i c a t i v e . The ik a n y e which o c c u r s may be viewed as an o v e r l a y i n t r o d u c e d by i n t e r m e d i a t e c o p y i s t s . I t i s more f r e q u e n t i n H ( п р и р а ж а е т 57r (D131 : п р е р о ж а е т г ) , г р и * и 4 6 r , 68v (D92, D169: r p t j c h ) )

t h a n i n D ( н е п р м и ѣ н н о л : 82 (H: н е п р е и ѣ н н а м ) ) . I t may be p o s s i b l e t o s e e h y p e r c o r r e c t i o n i n в п о г и в е л е 82 (H: п о г и в е л н ) ,

д» п ш с ׳ ланѴе 51 (Н: д і п о с л а и и Т ) , and 25 o c c u re n c e s o f the p r e p o s i t i o n a l s i n g u l a r o f n e u t e r nouns i n - е й 16 as a g a i n s t 8 w i t h - 6 h Ï h (H s h a r e s 18 o f th e 25 i n - e t n e , with 7 i n - в и т ; H s h a r e s 7 o f t h e 8 i n -емѴи, w i t h one i n - e t n e ) . These f e a t u r e s

may be of a m o r p h o l o g i c a l r a t h e r t h a n p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r , a l t h o u g h H shows c l e a r h y p e r c o r r e c t i o n i n п р е с т у л а е и г H51v (111: п р и - ) ,

о Б Л вѵ ени H62v (151: оЕЛИѴвнм) .

The p r i n c i p a l m o r p h o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e which can be c h a r a c t e r i s e d as s o u t h e r n ( i n c l u d i n g w e s t e r n ) i s th e c o n f u s i o n o f n e u t e r and fem inine d e c l e n s i o n s . There a r e two o c c u r r e n c e s o f в € ѵ н о е с и л а 47, 57, a t t r i b u t a b l e p e r h a p s t o h y p e r c o r r e c t a ka n ye ( b u t s h a r e d by H); compare дша . . и ^ г и б л о 85 (H: дша и з г и в л а ) . C l e a r e r examples a r e : шm т о й с в і т л о с т и в к о т о р о й * Hjti с о т в о р и л *

г \ б г ъ 69, coBOHovnÀ в ж с т в в н н о в с в о е е с т е с т ’ в о с ' ѵл ѵс к о ю 105, сил п р Ѵ ь а т и е я лицЬ с н о в и Ъ й 86 (Н: . . с н о в м Ъ ) , приклшмжаК

вые своЪ 115 (Н: . . выю с в о ю ) , З в д е р ж а н Ѵ е т е л е с і і ц р к о в и о й 126, с о е д и н е н Ѵ е т Ъ л е с Ь ? с р с т о в о й 137 (Н: . . * р с т о в а ) ,

в * c u t ; ( * и и л а д е н ѵ е с к о е и г р о у в ы т и в и е н л е т * 150

(Н: . . - о е и г р ы ) . Apart from t h e n o t e d v a r i a n t s , H s h a r e s t h i s f e a t u r e .

Another m o r p h o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e , s h a r e d by d i a l e c t s and S l a v o n i c , o c c u r s i n D and H t o d i f f e r i n g d e g r e e s : t h e - в - - À a l t e r n a t i o n i n th e a c c u s a t i v e and g e n i t i v e c a s e s o f 1s t and 2n<* s i n g u l a r and r e f l e x i v e pronouns. D has th e - À form ( с е в л , и е н л ) a lm o s t everyw here, th e only e x c e p t i o n b e i n g b i b l i c a l q u o t e s where с е в е ,

й е н е , т е к е a r e e x c l u s i v e l y found; i t would a p p e a r t h a t th e c o p y i s t i n t h i s i n s t a n c e d i d have a c l e a r i d e a o f t h e d i s t i n c t i o n between S l a v o n i c and s t a n d a r d Muscovite R u s s i a n . The c o p y i s t o f H on the o t h e r hand, w h i l e a l s o e x c l u s i v e l y u s i n g the - e ( - f c ) form i n b i b l i c a l q u o t e s , a l s o uses i t e l s e w h e r e (14 ex 18 ti m e s f o r th e a c c u s a t i v e , 1 ex 6 times f o r t h e g e n i t i v e ) . I f t h e - ж forms were i n t r o d u c e d by an i n t e r m e d i a t e c o p y i s t r a t h e r t h a n by D, H would t h e r e f o r e be r e i n s t a t i n g th e more c o r r e c t S l a v o n i c forms; t h i s i s a c l e a r p o s s i b i l i t y , ta k e n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h H ' s a p p a r e n t l y g r e a t e r awareness of c e r t a i n o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f S l a v o n i c morphology such as the pronominal en d in g o f в с л к о г о ( o f 7 o c c u r e n c e s , H has a l l i n - o r o , w h i l e D has o n l y 3 i n - o r o ( 5 2 , 82, 141) and e l s e w h er e u se s th e S l a v o n i c a d j e c t i v a l - a r o (5 9 , 69, 157, 1 9 1 ) ) .

While the bor row ings from w e s t European l a n g u a g es ( L a t i n - b a s e d ) a r e u n e x c e p t i o n a l f o r the l a t e 17C^ c e n t u r y : а р т и к у л ! 45, 54, 147, 169, и н с т р у м е н т * 95, 96, к р о н и к а 50, н а т у р а 75, 85 ( е с т е с т в о i s the u s u a l t r a n s l a t i o n f o r Dutch n a t u r e, a l t h o u g h

-XIX-

i t a l s o does f o r g e s i n t h e y t 78, g e s c h la c k te 79, e t c . ) » с е к т * 118, ф о р т у н а 71, 74, ф у н д а и е м т ъ 97, ц в р е и о н Ѵ л 104, we may a l s o ob serv e a few P o lo n is m s :

о с т р е г а т н с А 126 (H: ш с т е р е г а т н с я ) , о с т р е г а т е л ь н ш 145 (H:

œ c т e р е г а т ( ? ) / і н о , and и а р т в п и Нбіѵ (149: и в р т в і и ) . Whether t h e s e a r e o r i g i n a l o r a c o p y i s t ' s a d d i t i o n i s d i f f i c u l t t o a s c e r t a i n .

A p u t a t i v e stemna f o r t h i s t e x t would, i n summary, i n v o l v e an

o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n i n i n t e n d e d S l a v o n i c , w it h B e l o r u s s i a n ( i n c l u d i n g Smolensk) f e a t u r e s : y a k a n y e, p o s s i b l y a t t h i s s t a g e h y p e r c o r r e c t y a k a n y e f u k a n y e, f e m i n i n e - n e u t e r d e c l e n s i o n c o n f u s i o n ; a few Polonisms

i n t r u d e , p r o b a b l y a t t h i s s t a g e . The second s t a g e would have been a copy, pr o b a b ly by a f o r e i g n e r who a t te m p te d t o e x c l u d e t h e s e w e s t e r n d i a l e c t a l f e a t u r e s i n f a v o u r o f Muscovite R u s s i a n , b u t went too f a r , w i t h r e s u l t a n t h y p e r c o r r e c t i o n , i n t r o d u c t i o n of n o n - S l a v o n i c forms

such as c e t A , and h y p e r c o r r e c t i o n o f S l a v o n i c forms such as в с а к о г о ) . The t h i r d s t a g e would have encompassed the p r o d u c t i o n o f D by a

Ru ssi an v e r s e d i n u n c i a l w r i t i n g b u t w i t h l i t t l e m o t i v a t i o n t o expunge th e i n a c c u r a c i e s i n t r o d u c e d a t th e second s t a g e , and the p r o d u c t i o n of H by a c o p y i s t who was a b l e t o r e i n s t a t e some o f t h e S l a v o n i c . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t th e second s t a g e c o n s i s t e d of two p a r t s , H b e i n g taken

from the f i r s t , l e s s a l t e r e d ( a l t h o u g h the g r e a t e r number o f o c c u re n c e s o f ik a n y e than i n D makes one h e s i t a t e about b e i n g too c a t e g o r i c a l )

(2a) and D from the second ( 2 b ) . 2a may have tended to expunge yakanye and to ik a n y e, 2b may have been done by th e f o r e i g n e r . While i t might be p o s s i b l e t o e n v i s a g e D as b e i n g copied from H, t h i s i s u n l i k e l y : a p a r t from o r t h o g r a p h i c a l d i v e r g e n c i e s : р а ^ ' ^ о р и т г fi п ш г в в и т ъ 70 ( i n f i n i t i v e s ; H: р а ־? о р н т и 1 п о г у в и т п ) , л а в ы . . лревывау! 183 (Н: . . - а т п ) , п р е д л а г а т и 108 ( f i r s t p e r s o n p l u r a l , p a s t t e n s e ; H: п р е д л а г а л и ) , р о д п т с л 83 ( t h i r d pe rson s i n g u l a r , f u t u r e t e n s e ; H: р о д и л с я ) , и н о г о к р а н н о е 55 (H: и н о г о с ш в р а н н о е ) , th e

c l e a r e r ik a n y e tendency o f H and i t s o c c a s i o n a l o m i s s i o n s : в с е г д а выло и т о г д а H45r (D88: в с е г д а выла с 1 ѵл"ѵескою т а к о ж д е

> ф ч

е г д а и во r p o s f c выл и т о г д а ) a r e c l e a r e v i d e n c e to th e c o n t r a r y . Conclusions

From the f o r e g o i n g , i t i s c l e a r t h a t the d a t e o f c o m p i l a t i o n of th e Dublin m a n u s c r i p t i s i n t h e l a t e r 1 7 ^ c e n t u r y , p r o b a b l y , g i v e n the p a p e r d a t i n g , th e 1 6 8 0 's o r 1 6 9 0 ' s . This would conform t o th e

absence o f any marks o f use b e f o r e th e m a n u s c r i p t was d e p o s i t e d i n Dublin -XX-

i n 1706.

I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t i t was i n t e n d e d as a specimen o f an e x o t i c language f o r one o f the s c h o l a r s o f th e p e r i o d w i t h o r i e n t a l i s t i n t e r e s t s , o r as a r e a d i n g book f o r such a p e r s o n . S e v e r a l f a c t o r s seem t o c o n t r a d i c t t h i s view and t o s u g g e s t t h a t i t s pu rp ose was of a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r : the p o s s i b l y M u s c o v i t e - s t y l e l e a t h e r - o n - w o o d e n boards b i n d i n g , the e x t e n s i v e u s e , as i n Moscow-printed bo oks , of red f o r i n i t i a l s and t i t l e s , the ch oic e o f t e x t s , and the c l e a r l y

l i t u r g i c a l l y determined o m is s io n s from t h e v e s p e r s . The l a s t i s p e r h a p s the most s i g n i f i c a n t .

I f i t was i n t e n d e d f o r p r a c t i c a l u s e as a r e a d i n g p r i m e r i n a reformed community w i t h i n th e E a s t - S l a v o n i c - s p e a k i n g a r e a , we may see i n i t a r e a l i s a t i o n by some members o f t h e re f o rm e d , c a l v i n i s t church t h a t an opening t o the Old B e l i e v e r s might be p o s s i b l e , e i t h e r w i t h i n t h e contemporary, e s s e n t i a l l y w e s t e r n , movement towards

C h r i s t i a n r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o r o t h e r w i s e . T h i s c oul d e x p l a i n th e use of t h e p r e - N i k o n i a n chasovnik ( i t may, however, have been th e only a p p r o p r i a t e t e x t a v a i l a b l e t o the c o m p i l e r o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t ) , and th e p r e - N i k o n i a n f e a t u r e s of th e t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e c o n f e s s i o n and c a t e c h i s m , p a r t i c u l a r l y the s i n g l e - i form o f , J e s u s ' . While t h i s may n o t be e n t i r e l y s i g n i f i c a n t f o r o c c u r r e n c e s pod t i t l o m , th e d o u b l e - i

form does occur i n H (53v, 58r) and t h e s e a r e avoided t o t a l l y by D.

The f u l l form і с С с г does oc cur b u t o n l y i n t h e p h r a s e к н и г а

í c t t c a с п р а ^ о в а 53. The s t r e s s i n g o f в (⁰) в ѣ к и i s i n c o n s i s t e n t : в ' вЪки 100, 179, 180 b u t во вѣнн 168, 190. The use of a

S l a v o n i c i s i n g l i n g u i s t i c medium, which r u n s a g a i n s t t h e u s u a l R e fo rm ati o n p r i n c i p l e of use of the v e r n a c u l a r (compare P a s t o r G l u c k ' s t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e B i b l e i n t o ' t h e simple Russian l a n g u a g e ' a t th e same p e r i o d ^ ) , c ou ld a l s o be s i g n i f i c a n t , a l t h o u g h , a g a i n , t h i s was t h e o n l y t r a n s l a t i o n of the c o n f e s s i o n and c a t e c h i s m a v a i l a b l e . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g ,

however, the s e n s i t i v i t i e s of the Old B e l i e v e r s i n such m a t t e r s were o b v io u s ly not f u l l y a p p r e c i a t e d by t h e commissioner o f the m a n u s c r i p t i f such was h i s pu rp o se .

Whether or n o t t h i s m a n u s c rip t was i n t e n d e d f o r use amongst th e Old B e l i e v e r s , i t s p l a c e of c o m p i l a t i o n c ou ld be one o f t h r e e : Muscovy, the B e l o r u s s i a n - L i t h u a n i a n a r e a , o r th e N e t h e r l a n d s . The

f a c t t h a t the m a n u s c r i p t was not f u l l y c o m p l e t e d , y e t was bound, and shows no s i g n s of wear s u g g e s t s t h a t Muscovy was not t h e p l a c e o f

-XXI-

־ X X I I ־

c o m p i l a t i o n , even though w i t h th e coming t o f u l l power o f P e t e r the F i r s t and h i s e s p o u s a l o f w e s t e r n i d e a s ( i n c l u d i n g C h r i s t i a n u n i t y a g a i n s t t h e T u r k s , as i n 1695), the f o r e i g n communities t h e r e might have f e l t t h a t t h e ban on p r o s ' e l y t i s a t i o n amongst the n a t i v e Russians could have been weakening. The s i t u a t i o n i n B e l o r u s s i a - L i t h u a n i a was o f c o u r s e d i f f e r e n t and more conducive t o such a c t i v i t y , b u t the a p p a r e n t absence o f t h e Dutch i n any numbers and Dutch Reformed

Church d o c t r i n e from t h i s a r e a p r o b a b l y p r e c l u d e s i t as th e provenance or i n t e n d e d d e s t i n a t i o n o f th e m a n u s c r i p t , d e s p i t e the e x i s t e n c e of C a l v i n i s t c h u r c h e s a t V i t e b s k , Zhuprany, Rakov, Minsk and Bykhov

_ . _ th 11

i n t h e l a t e 1/ c e n t u r y

We must t h e r e f o r e s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r th e N e t h e rl a n d s i t s e l f as the p l a c e o f c o m p i l a t i o n , w i t h th e i n t e n t i o n , n e v e r r e a l i s e d , o f i t s e x p o r t f o r use i n B e l o r u s s i a - L i t h u a n i a o r Muscovy i t s e l f . For t h i s , we need th e c a n n a b a l i s a t i o n o f th e b i n d i n g o f a Russian volume, the p r e s e n c e o f a c i r c a 1640 c h asov ni k ( p o s s i b l y a l a t e r one from B e l o r u s s i a ) , t h e e x p o r t o f a l a t e r 1 7 ^ c e n t u r y p r i m e r , and th e p r e s e n c e of a t r a n s l a t o r o f g e n e r a l l y B e l o r u s s i a n o r i g i n v e r s e d i n Church S l a v o n i c , a l o n g w i t h o t h e r s more o r l e s s p r o f i c i e n t i n Russian as c o p y i s t s from time t o tim e.

I f t h e N e t h e r l a n d s i s th e most l i k e l y p l a c e of c o m p i l a t i o n of the m a n u s c r i p t and t h e l a t e 17C^ c e n t u r y th e most l i k e l y d a t e , t h e person whom one would most a s s o c i a t e w i t h such a c t i v i t y would be E l i a s Kopievsky o r Kopiewicz, pr o p o sed by Begunov as th e a u t h o r of the t e x t i n the f i r s t p a r t o f t h e H e l s i n k i m a n u s c r i p t ( a l s o a t r a n s l a t i o n from Dutch, b u t much more h e a v i l y B e l o r u s s i a n th a n th e t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e c o n f e s s i o n and c a t e c h i s m ) . The t i t l e - p a g e o f t h e , Ode on the V i c t o r y a t Azov*

(1700) q u a l i f i e s him as ״ AYTtOBHaro ѵпну р е ф о р и а т с к п А в Ь р ы " . A Dutch document q u a l i f i e s him "p ol on us i n p r e s e n t i a r u m h a b i t a n s Amstelodami11 ; he c a l l e d h i m s e l f '1v e r b i d e i m i n i s t e r p o lo n u s " i n a

l e t t e r t o A. G. F r a n c k e ; L u d o l f knew him as " l i t a u e r " ; L e i b n i t z i n 1701 m entio ns Kopievsky a s a L i t h u a n i a n o f the Reformed f a i t h who knows " s l a v o n i c u m l i t e r a l e " . Unbegaun, however, was somewhat

d i s m i s s i v e o f K o p i e v s k y ' s knowledge o f Church S lavonic as e x e m p l i f i e d i n th e grammar o f 1706 12. The 1958 О п и с а н и е изданий напечатанных

к и р и л л и ц е й s u g g e s t s t h a t K o p i e v s k y ' s e x i l e from P o l a n d - L i t h u a n i a may have been due t o t h e s u p r e s s i o n o f S o c i n i a n i s m i n 1660, 13 but t h e r e i s a l s o a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t he s t u d i e d i n Moscow i n the 1 6 6 0 ' s :

h i s e x i l e i n t h i s ca se c ou ld be due t o an a t t a c h m e n t t o p r e - N i k o n i a n d o c t r i n e . (One sh ou ld n o t e , however, t h a t he r e t u r n e d t o R u s s i a i n a bo ut 1710 and u n de rtoo k o f f i c i a l work t h e r e ) . The B e l o r u s s i a n - Smolensk f e a t u r e s of th e o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e c o n f e s s i o n and c a t e c h i s m could w e l l be due t o K o p i e v s k y ’ s n a t i v e s p e e c h , th e l a t e r c o p y i s t o f D p o s s i b l y b e i n g one o f th e Muscovite R u s s i a n s who came w est t o s tu d y more t e c h n o l o g i c a l s u b j e c t s i n H o lla n d •

Kopievsky would have p e r h a p s had t h e p r e - N i k o n i a n , o r s i m i l a r , ch a s o v n ik i n h i s l i b r a r y , and t h e н а ѵ а л н о е у у е п п е s e c t i o n c oul d have been bro ugh t back from Moscow by t h e f o r e i g n e r ( p e r h a p s *IS' h i m s e l f ) who commissioned t h e volume, e i t h e r f o r h i s own p u r p o s e s , o r t o be used i n Muscovy as h y p o t h e s i s e d above. I t i s i n t r i g u i n g t o c o n j e c t u r e t h a t t h i s might have been a c e r t a i n и о н с п е у р ъ Л о ^ а н г Стра?снъ whose name a p p e a r s as one o f t h e owners o f t h e copy o f t h e 1688 н а ѵ а л н о в у ѵ в н и в which i s now i n th e B r i t i s h L i b r a r y (1 5 6 8 /4 1 6 0 ).

I have been unable t o f i n d o u t a n y t h i n g f u r t h e r a b o u t him.

That our m a n u s c r i p t was n e v e r p u t t o an i n t e n d e d u s e amongst

th e Old B e l i e v e r s o f Muscovy o r t h e i r s y m p a t h i s e r s must have been due t o a change of c i r c u m s t a n c e . P o s s i b l y th e f r e q u e n t message coming o u t of P e t e r ' s R u s s ia t h a t no r e l i g i o u s books i n R u s s i a n o r S l a v o n i c were t o be imported d i s s u a d e d t h e c o m p i l e r from h i s p u r p o s e ; p o s s i b l y t h e commissioner ( i f he were IS) d i e d , l e a v i n g J e p h so n t o a c q u i r e th e m a n u s c r i p t and t r a n s f e r i t t o D u b l i n .

-XXIII־

E r r a t a and Addenda Belov a r e r e c o r d e d :

A. a s e l e c t i o n of c o r r e s p o n d i n g forms from the H e l s i n k i ms. where t h e s e h e l p t o e l u c i d a t e o p a c i t i e s i n th e Dublin t e x t ( m o r p h o l o g i c a l and p h o n e t i c v a r i a n t s a r e n o t n o t e d , n o r a r e i n a c c u r a c i e s i n H which a r e n o t p a r a l l e l e d i n D);

B. d i s t o r t i o n s sh are d by D and H where the o r i g i n a l can be r e c o n s t r u c t e d by r e f e r e n c e t o th e Dutch t e x t ;

C. th e s e c t i o n from th e s h o r t e n e d c a t e c h i s m which i s o m i t t e d i n from D181, a f t e r l i n e 15.

A.

D H

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т в о р и т и должны й и а н е* й

к е л о в ѣ ЕжѴе к о г о д а и ы в ѣ ѵ е н г при а л а в а

в о ^ н и с к а т е л ь н ш вещи

й ^ Б И р а н н о и З п ш д а е т г к ,

с в о е в о л н о е ѵ а с ъ

0 &р5ѵанны по окдер жан Ѵе

вслкѴи . . си исканѴи н а с г aqie

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т а й н С д а л т и сии е вьеж е не в ѵинаиъ

-XXV