4.16.2 5RKVWRI¿QKDOW

Das EUROPEAN COMMITTEE OF MANUFACTURERS OF

E^LECTRICAL M^{ACHINES AND} P^OWER E^LECTRONICS JHKW GDYRQ DXV GDVV GHU 0DWHULDOEHGDUI PLWGHQVWHLJHQGHQ(I¿]LHQ]NODVVHQ]XQLPPW7DE JLEWGHQGXUFKVFKQLWWOLFKHQ5RKVWRIIJHKDOWIU YHUVFKLHGHQJUR‰H0RWRUHQGHU.ODVVHQ,(XQG ,( JHPl‰CEMEP DQ )U 0RWRUHQ GHU .ODVVHQ,(XQG,(NRQQWHQNHLQHHQWVSUHFKHQ -GHQ=DKOHQHUPLWWHOWZHUGHQ

'LH 9HUZHQGXQJ HLQHV .XSIHUOlXIHUNl¿JV VWDWW HLQHV $OXPLQLXPOlXIHUNl¿JV HUK|KW GHQ .XSIHU -EHGDUIHLQHV$V\QFKURQPRWRUVGHXWOLFKZLH7DE DQHLQHP%HLVSLHOEHOHJW

7DE0LQGHVWHI¿]LHQ]LQLQGHQ(I¿ -zienzklassen IE1 – IE3 für beispiel-haft ausgewählte Motorparameter 4 Pole,

50 Hz IE1 IE2 IE3

N:

N:

N:

)U GLH $OWHUQDWLYWHFKQRORJLH SHUPDQHQWHUUHJWHU 6\QFKURQPRWRUHQ ZHUGHQ SHUPDQHQWPDJQH-WLVFKH 0DWHULDOLHQ EHQ|WLJW ZREHL )HUULWH RGHU 1G)H%0DJQHWH ]XP (LQVDW] NRPPHQ N|QQHQ YJO.DSLWHO

'HU 5RWRU YRQ 5HOXNWDQ]PRWRUHQ EHVWHKW DXV HLQHP PDJQHWLVFK KRFK SHUPHDEOHQ ZHLFKPDJ QHWLVFKHQ :HUNVWRII ,Q GHU 5HJHO NRPPHQ KLHU (OHNWUREOHFKH]XP(LQVDW]'DEHLKDQGHOWHVVLFK XPHLQHQ6WDKOZHUNVWRIIPLW6LOL]LXPXQG$OXPLQL -XPDQWHLOHQYRQELV]XXQGJHULQJHUHQ0HQJHQ YRQ 0DQJDQ 6FKZHIHO XQG 6WLFNVWRII S^TAHL-I^N

-FORMATIONS-ZENTRUM

4.16.3 Foresight

industrielle Nutzung

'HUZHOWZHLWDQKDOWHQGH7UHQG]XU(LQIKUXQJXQG (UK|KXQJYRQ(I¿]LHQ]PLQGHVWVWDQGDUGVMEPS ZLUG +HUVWHOOHU ZHLWHU ]XU (QWZLFNOXQJ HI¿]LHQWHU Technologien motivieren (R^ESEARCHAND M^ARKETS ,P )RNXV VWHKHQ GDEHL DOOHUGLQJV QLFKW QXU GLH 0RWRUHQ VRQGHUQ ]XQHKPHQG HI¿]LHQWH

*HVDPWO|VXQJHQ XQWHU %HUFNVLFKWLJXQJ YRQ

*HWULHEHQXQGDQGHUHQ.RPSRQHQWHQ

4.16.4 Foresight Rohstoffbedarf

'D .XSIHU HLQ YLHOIlOWLJ HLQJHVHW]WHU 0DVVHQURK-VWRIILVWZLUGGLHZHOWZHLWH*HVDPWQDFKIUDJHVHOEVW EHL ÀlFKHQGHFNHQGHP (LQVDW] YRQ .XSIHUOlXIHU-Nl¿JHQLQLQGXVWULHOOHQ0RWRUHQQXUXPZHQLJHUDOV VWHLJHQANGERERHWDO(LQYHUPHKUWHU (LQVDW] YRQ 6\QFKURQ5HOXNWDQ]PRWRUHQ ZUGH GDJHJHQHLQHJHULQJHUH1DFKIUDJHDQ.XSIHUXQG

$OXPLQLXP EHGHXWHQ B^ROSCH (LQ VWDUNHU

=XJHZLQQGHUSHUPDQHQWHUUHJWHQ6\QFKURQPRWR-UHQ PLW VHOWHQHUGHOHPHQWKDOWLJHQ 0DJQHWHQ EHU GLHEHUHLWVH[LVWLHUHQGHQ$QZHQGXQJHQKLQDXVLVW LQGHUEUHLWHQLQGXVWULHOOHQ$QZHQGXQJQLFKWDQ]X -QHKPHQ GD VLH PLW ZHVHQWOLFK K|KHUHQ .RVWHQ YHUEXQGHQ VLQG XQG LKUH 9RUWHLOH GHV JHULQJHUHQ

*HZLFKWV XQG 9ROXPHQV LQ YLHOHQ LQGXVWULHOOHQ

$QZHQGXQJHQ QLFKW DXVVFKODJJHEHQG LVW YJO .DSLWHO ,QVJHVDPW VLQG GDKHU DXVJH-KHQG YRQ 7HFKQRORJLHQ IU XOWUDHI¿]LHQWH LQGXV WULHOOH0RWRUHQNHLQHXQJHZ|KQOLFKHQ,PSXOVHDXI GLH5RKVWRIIQDFKIUDJHDE]XVHKHQ

*XVVHLVHQ

$OXPLQLXP

.XSIHU

Isoliermaterial

3DFNPDWHULDO

,PSUlJQLHUKDU]

Farbe

Tab. 4.43: Kupfergehalt von vierpoligen 5,5 und 11 kW Kurzschlussläufermo-toren mit Aluminium- und Kupfer-rotoren (ANGERER et al. 2009)

Aluminium-rotor

Kupfer-rotor 5,5 kW 11 kW 5,5 kW 11 kW .XSIHUPDVVH

6WDWRULQNJ

.XSIHUPDVVH

Rotor in kg

.XSIHUPDVVH

gesamt in kg

4.16.5 Recycling, Ressourcen-HI¿]LHQ]XQG6XEVWLWXWLRQ

.XSIHU JHK|UW ZLH (LVHQ XQG$OXPLQLXP ]X GHQ 0HWDOOHQPLWHWDEOLHUWHQ0DVVHQUHF\FOLQJVWU|PHQ

%HLP5HF\FOLQJYRQ0RWRUHQZHUGHQGLH.RPSR-QHQWHQJHWUHQQWXQGGHQMHZHLOLJHQ5HF\FOLQJVWU| - PHQ]XJHRUGQHW,P9HUJOHLFK]XDQGHUHQ0HWDO-OHQ HUUHLFKHQ GLH 0DVVHQURKVWRIIH .XSIHU (LVHQ XQG$OXPLQLXPKRKH5HF\FOLQJTXRWHQGRAEDEL et DO'LHZHOWZHLWH5HF\FOLQJUDWHYRQ.XSIHU QDFK GHU 1XW]XQJVSKDVH GHU 3URGXNWH (QGRI /LIH5HF\FOLQJ5DWH (R/55 ODJ YRQ ELV EHL “ GLÖSER HW DO (LQ 6FKOVVHO ]XU (UK|KXQJ GHU JOREDOHQ 5HF\FOLQJ -TXRWH LVW GLH 9HUEHVVHUXQJ GHU 6DPPOXQJ YRQ ,QGXVWULHPRWRUHQDP(QGHLKUHU1XW]XQJVSKDVH

4.17 Thermoelektrische Generatoren

4.17.1 Technologiebeschreibung

%HL YLHOHQ WHFKQLVFKHQ 3UR]HVVHQ LQVEHVRQGHUH 9HUEUHQQXQJVSUR]HVVHQHQWVWHKW$EZlUPH.DQQ GLHVH QLFKW GLUHNW YHUZHUWHW ZHUGHQ ]% EHU :lUPHWDXVFKHU ]XU /XIWYRUZlUPXQJ ELHWHW VLFK GLH (U]HXJXQJ YRQ (OHNWUL]LWlW DXV GHU$EZlUPH DQ'LHVORKQWVLFKYDIU.UDIWZHUNHXQG7UDQV -SRUWPLWWHO)DKU]HXJH)OXJ]HXJHHWFEHLGHQHQ

Funktionsweise und Kenngrößen

'LH 8PZDQGOXQJ YRQ :lUPH ]X 6WURP GXUFK WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH *HQHUDWRUHQ EHUXKW DXI GHP 6HHEHFN(IIHNW =ZLVFKHQ ]ZHL 6WHOOHQ HLQHV HOHNWULVFK OHLWHQGHQ 0DWHULDOV HQWVWHKW HLQH HOHN WULVFKH3RWHQ]LDOGLIIHUHQ]6SDQQXQJZHQQGLHVH XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH 7HPSHUDWXUHQ DXIZHLVHQ ,P

%HUHLFKK|KHUHU7HPSHUDWXUHQEHZHJHQVLFKGLH IUGLHHOHNWULVFKH/HLWXQJ]XVWlQGLJHQ(OHNWURQHQ VFKQHOOHUDOVLP%HUHLFKQLHGULJHUHU7HPSHUDWXUHQ 6RNRPPWHV]XHLQHU$QUHLFKHUXQJGHU(OHNWURQHQ LPNlOWHUHQ%HUHLFK'LHHQWVWHKHQGH3RWHQ]LDOGLI -IHUHQ]EHZLUNWHLQHQ5FNÀXVVYRQ(OHNWURQHQGHU

GLH$QUHLFKHUXQJDXVJOHLFKW(VHQWVWHKWHLQHIU GDV VSH]L¿VFKH /HLWHUPDWHULDO FKDUDNWHULVWLVFKH 6SDQQXQJ

U = ĮāǻT

U: 6SDQQXQJLQ9

Į 6HHEHFN.RQVWDQWH7KHUPRNUDIWLQ9.

ǻT:7HPSHUDWXUGLIIHUHQ] ]ZLVFKHQ GHU KHL

-‰HQXQGNDOWHQ6WHOOHLQ.

)UHLQHQKRKHQ:LUNXQJVJUDGVROOWHHLQWKHUPR-HOHNWULVFKHV 0DWHULDO EHL HLQHU EHVWLPPWHQ 7HP -SHUDWXUGLIIHUHQ] HLQH P|JOLFKVW KRKH 6SDQQXQJ OLHIHUQ'DIUVROOWHVHLQHHOHNWULVFKH/HLWIlKLJNHLW P|JOLFKVW KRFK VHLQ XP HLQHQ DXVUHLFKHQGHQ (OHNWURQHQÀXVV]XJDUDQWLHUHQ*OHLFK]HLWLJVROOWH GLHWKHUPLVFKH/HLWIlKLJNHLWP|JOLFKVWJHULQJVHLQ XPGLH7HPSHUDWXUGLIIHUHQ]DXIUHFKW]XHUKDOWHQ Dies ist auch aus dem elektrischen Wirkungsgrad HLQHVWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHQ*HQHUDWRUVȘi ersichtlich, LQ GHQ GLH HOHNWULVFKH /HLWIlKLJNHLW GLUHNW SURSRU WLRQDOGLHWKHUPLVFKH/HLWIlKLJNHLWXPJHNHKUWSUR -SRUWLRQDOHLQJHKW

P: HOHNWULVFKH/HLVWXQJLQ:

Q: :lUPHOHLVWXQJLQ:

A: /HLWHUTXHUVFKQLWWLQP l: /HLWHUOlQJHLQP

ı HOHNWULVFKH/HLWIlKLJNHLWLQȍ m ț :lUPHOHLWIlKLJNHLWLQ:P.

Și LQQHUHUHOHNWULVFKHU:LUNXQJVJUDGGHV 7(*GLPHQVLRQVORV

$OV.HQQ]DKOIUGLHWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH/HLVWXQJV-IlKLJNHLWHLQHV6WRIIHVZLUGPHLVWGHUGLPHQVLRQV -ORVH Ä=7:HUW³ DQJHJHEHQ EHL GHP JHJHQEHU dem inneren Wirkungsgrad die Temperaturdiffe-UHQ] GXUFK GHQ 7HPSHUDWXUPLWWHOZHUW HUVHW]W LVW 'HU=7:HUWLVWVRPLWQLFKWQXUPDWHULDODEKlQJLJ VRQGHUQDXFKWHPSHUDWXUDEKlQJLJ

ZT = Į · ı ț · T

ı HOHNWULVFKH/HLWIlKLJNHLWLQȍ m ț :lUPHOHLWIlKLJNHLWLQ:P.

]X :lUPH LP *HQHUDWRU DQJLEW DOOHUGLQJV QLFKW GHQ*UDGGHU$XVQXW]XQJGHU:lUPHTXHOOHEVSZ HLQHV$EJDVVWURPVEHLQKDOWHW'LHVH(I¿]LHQ]GHU :lUPHDXVNRSSHOXQJ JLEW GHU lX‰HUH :LUNXQJV -grad ȘaZLHGHU

Șa ±T_out T_in

Șa :LUNXQJVJUDGGHU:lUPHDXVNRSSHOXQJ T_in 7HPSHUDWXU GHV :lUPHVWURPV YRU GHP

7(*

T_out7HPSHUDWXUGHV:lUPHVWURPVQDFKGHP 7(*

'HU*HVDPWZLUNXQJVJUDGGHUWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHQ

$QZHQGXQJLVWGDV3URGXNWDXVGHQ7HLOZLUNXQJV - JUDGHQ(UJLEWDQZHOFKHU$QWHLOGHV:lUPHDQ-JHERWVLQ(OHNWUL]LWlWXPJHZDQGHOWZLUG

Ș = Și · Șa

)U WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH *HQHUDWRUHQ JHHLJQHWH 0DWHULDOLHQ PLW KRKHU HOHNWULVFKHU DEHU JHULQ-JHU:lUPHOHLWIlKLJNHLWVLQGVHOWHQGDHLQHJXWH Elektronenleitung in der Regel mit einer guten 3KRQHQOHLWXQJ XQG VRPLW :lUPHOHLWXQJ HLQKHU -JHKW6RVLQGEHL0HWDOOHQ:lUPHOHLWIlKLJNHLWXQG HOHNWULVFKH/HLWIlKLJNHLWKRFKEHL,VRODWRUHQVLQG EHLGHJHULQJ+DOEOHLWHUKDEHQEHLEHLGHQ*U|‰HQ PLWWOHUH:HUWHXQGHUUHLFKHQGLHEHVWHQ=7:HUWH ZLH DXV 7DE KHUYRUJHKW =XU 0D[LPLHUXQJ YRQ=7:HUWHQZLUGGHU]HLWLQWHQVLYH0DWHULDOIRU -VFKXQJEHWULHEHQ'HWDLOVV.DSLWHO

DQWUDQVSRUWLHUW DQ GHU NDOWHQ 6HLWH JHNKOW E]Z :lUPH DEWUDQVSRUWLHUW 'LH WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHQ 0RGXOHPVVHQJUR‰H7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQWHQXQG HQWVSUHFKHQGH %HODVWXQJHQ XQG 9HUIRUPXQJHQ

EHU YLHOH (UZlUPXQJV XQG $ENKOXQJVGXUFK -JlQJHDXVKDOWHQ

1HEHQGHQ(LJHQVFKDIWHQGHUWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHQ 0DWHULDOLHQV.DSLWHOPXVVGHVKDOEDXFK GDV JHVDPWH 0RGXOGHVLJQ RSWLPLHUW ZHUGHQ 'D]X ]lKOHQ HOHNWULVFKH 9HUELQGXQJVHOHPHQWH Ä'UlKWH³:lUPHWDXVFKHUXQGGHU:HFKVHOULFK-WHU]XU8PZDQGOXQJGHVHU]HXJWHQ*OHLFKVWURPV LQ:HFKVHOVWURP

Anforderungen an thermoelektrische Materialien bzw. Generatoren

1HEHQHLQHPP|JOLFKVWKRKHQ=7:HUWGHVWKHU-PRHOHNWULVFKHQ0DWHULDOVXQGZHLWHUJHKHQGHLQHP KRKHQ :LUNXQJVJUDG GHV *HQHUDWRUV LQVJHVDPW JLEWHVQRFK]DKOUHLFKHZHLWHUH$QIRUGHUXQJHQDQ 7(*

– /DQJ]HLWVWDELOLWlWFKHPLVFKHPHFKDQLVFKH WKHUPLVFKH6WDELOLWlW

– /HLVWXQJVGLFKWHLQ:FPMHK|KHUGLH/HLV -WXQJVGLFKWHGHVWRZHQLJHU*HZLFKWKDWGHU WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH*HQHUDWRU

– .RVWHQLQ(XUR:DWW

– 9HUIJEDUNHLWGHUHLQJHVHW]WHQ0DWHULDOLHQ – 8PZHOWYHUWUlJOLFKNHLW

Tab. 4.44: Thermoelektrische Eigenschaften von Isolatoren, Metallen und Halbleitern bei Raumtemperatur nach (FLEURIAL 1993)

Isolatoren Metalle Halbleiter

6HHEHFN.RQVWDQWHĮ ^±9.

(OHNWULVFKH/HLWIlKLJNHLWı ȍP ^±

:lUPHOHLWIlKLJNHLWț :P. ± ± ±

.HQQ]DKO=7 ^{± ±} ±

)UNRQNUHWH$QZHQGXQJHQLVWDX‰HUGHPZLFKWLJ GDVVGHUWHPSHUDWXUDEKlQJLJH=7:HUWGHV0DWH -rials auch im relevanten Temperaturbereich hoch LVW

Vor- und Nachteile gegenüber Konkurrenz-technologien und resultierende Anwendungs-felder

*HJHQEHU DQGHUHQ 7HFKQRORJLHQ ]XU 8PZDQG-OXQJYRQ$EZlUPHLQ(OHNWUL]LWlWYD25&$QOD -JHQKDEHQWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH*HQHUDWRUHQHLQHQ JHULQJHUHQ:LUNXQJVJUDG9RUWHLOKDIWLVWMHGRFKGHU HLQIDFKH$XIEDXGHUWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHQ*HQHUD-WRUHQDXVGHPVLFKHLQHKRKH9HUOlVVOLFKNHLWXQG /HEHQVGDXHU VRZLH HLQ JHULQJHU :DUWXQJVDXI-ZDQGHUJLEW=XGHPVLQGWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH*HQH -UDWRUHQ VNDOLHUEDU XQG N|QQHQ GH]HQWUDO DQ GLH MHZHLOLJH$QZHQGXQJ DQJHSDVVW HLQJHVHW]W ZHU -GHQ6LHHLJQHQVLFKDX‰HUGHPIU$QZHQGXQJHQ EHLGHQHQEHZHJOLFKH7HLOHDXVJHVFKORVVHQVLQG XQG DUEHLWHQ JHUlXVFKORV ,P7HPSHUDWXUEHUHLFK XQWHUƒ&ZlUHQWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH*HQHUDWR-UHQNRQNXUUHQ]ORVHVH[LVWLHUHQDEHUQRFKNHLQH PDUNWUHLIHQ/|VXQJHQW^IETSCHELHWDO

%LVKHU NDPHQ WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH *HQHUDWRUHQ GDKHU YD LQ 1LVFKHQDQZHQGXQJHQ ]% HQHU-JLHDXWDUNH 6HQVRUHQ +HU]VFKULWWPDFKHU &DP -SLQJ]XEHK|U]XP(LQVDW],QGHU5DXPIDKUWXQG EHLP0LOLWlU¿QGHQWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH*HQHUDWRUHQ

$QZHQGXQJGDGRUWGLH9HUOlVVOLFKNHLWLP9RUGHU-JUXQGVWHKWXQG.RVWHQHLQHJHULQJH5ROOHVSLHOHQ

In der Raumfahrt garantieren Thermoelektrika die 6WURPYHUVRUJXQJZHQQ6RODU]HOOHQDXIJUXQGJUR

-‰HU(QWIHUQXQJ]X/LFKWTXHOOHQXQJHHLJQHWVLQG

Im Dokument Rohstoffe für (Seite 109-113)