• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

4.28.2 5RKVWRI¿QKDOW

Im Dokument Rohstoffe für (Seite 173-180)

Thermoelektrische Wandler

)XQNWLRQVZHUNVWRIIHDXI%DVLVYRQ:LVPXW7HOOXULW

%LTe VRZLH GHQ 0LVFKNULVWDOOHQ ZHOFKH %LTe

PLW:LVPXW6HOHQXQG$QWLPRQ7HOOXULWELOGHWVWHO -OHQ RSWLPDOH$XVJDQJVPDWHULDOLHQ IU PLW 0LNUR-HOHNWURQLN NRPSDWLEOH WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH $QZHQ -dungen bei Raumtemperatur dar (BÖTTNER (LQJlQJLJHV9HUIDKUHQ]XU=FKWXQJGHUGRWLHUWHQ

%LTe.ULVWDOOHLVWGDV%ULGJPDQ9HUIDKUHQZREHL GLHHLQ]HOQHQ7KHUPRSDDUVFKHQNHODQVFKOLH‰HQG DXVGHP.ULVWDOOJHVlJWXQG]ZLVFKHQ]ZHLPHWDOOL-VLHUWHQ.HUDPLNVXEVWUDWHQYHUO|WHWZHUGHQ+LHU]X ZHUGHQ$O2 E]Z$O1±6XEVWUDWHHLQH&X0HWDO-OLVLHUXQJPLW1L$X)LQLVKVRZLH6Q6E/RWHKELK R- HLQJHVHW]W (LQH 8PPDQWHOXQJ DXV 6LOLNRQ ELHWHW6FKXW]YRU)HXFKWLJNHLWXQG6FKPXW]SDUWL -NHOQ

'LH 0DWHULDO]XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ HLQHV HQWVSUH-FKHQGHQ 7KHUPRHOHPHQWV GHU .DQWHQOlQJH [PPðXQG+|KHYRQPPLVWLQ7DE ]XVDPPHQJHIKUW 'LH 0DWHULDODXIVFKOVVHOXQJ ZLUG LP )ROJHQGHQ IU GLH +RFKUHFKQXQJ GHV 5RKVWRIIEHGDUIV IU WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH :DQGOHU DQJHVHW]W GD PLW HLQHU HQWVSUHFKHQGHQ (LQKHLW SRWHQ]LHOO KLQUHLFKHQGH /HLVWXQJHQ ]XP %HWULHE PLNURHOHNWURQLVFKHU 6\VWHPH HU]HXJW ZHUGHQ N|QQHQ 'LH SK\VLNDOLVFKH (LQKHLW NDQQ GDUEHU KLQDXVDOVW\SLVFKIUVHQVRULVFKH$QZHQGXQJHQ EH]HLFKQHWZHUGHQ

Piezoelektrische Vibrationswandler

$XIJUXQG GHU KRKHQ HU]LHOEDUHQ 3LH]RNRHI¿]L -HQWHQ IU GHQ /RQJLWXGLQDO VRZLH 7UDQVYHUVD-OHIIHNW KDEHQ VLFK SLH]RHOHNWULVFKH .HUDPLNHQ ZLH%DULXP7LWDQDW%D7L2YRUDOOHPDEHU3=7

%OHL=LUNRQDW7LWDQDW 3E=U7L2 IU GLH SLH]R -HOHNWULVFKHQ (QHUJLHZDQGOXQJ GXUFKJHVHW]W %HL GHU3=7.HUDPLNKDQGHOWHVVLFKXPHLQHQ0LVFK -NULVWDOODXV%OHL]LUNRQDW3E=U2VRZLH%OHLWLWDQDW 3E7L2GHUPLWYHUVFKLHGHQHQ=XVlW]HQLQJHULQ -JHQ .RQ]HQWUDWLRQHQ ]XU$QSDVVXQJ GHU 0DWHUL-DOHLJHQVFKDIWHQHUKlOWOLFKLVWIVERS-TIFFÉE

)U %LPRUSKVWUXNWXUHQ ZHUGHQ 3LH]RNHUDPLNHQ GLUHNWDXIPHWDOOLVFKHQ6XEVWUDWHQJHVLQWHUWE]Z LQ NRQIHNWLRQLHUWHQ 9HUEXQGZHUNVWRIIHQ JHNOHEW 'LH +HUVWHOOXQJ GHU PDVVLYHQ .HUDPLNHQ HUIROJW QDFK GHU )RUPJHEXQJ DXV 3XOYHUQ PLW .RUQJU|

-‰HQLP—P%HUHLFKLQHLQHP6LQWHUSUR]HVVEHLFD

ƒ&3=7$QVFKOLH‰HQGZHUGHQGLH'LSROH GHU .ULVWDOOLWH LP HOHNWULVFKHQ )HOG DXVJHULFKWHW )U VHQVRULVFKH$QZHQGXQJHQ W\SLVFKH /HLVWXQ -JHQXPHWZDP:N|QQHQPLWHLQHULQ7DE EHVFKULHEHQHQ&DQWLOHYHU6WUXNWXUHU]LHOWZHUGHQ XQG GLHQHQ GDKHU DOV IXQNWLRQDOH (LQKHLW IU GLH 8QWHUVXFKXQJGHV5RKVWRIIEHGDUIV

Induktive Wandler

)U GLH +HUVWHOOXQJ LQGXNWLYHU :DQGOHU VLQG DOV

*UXQGHOHPHQWH 6SXOHQ XQG 3HUPDQHQWPDJQHWH

Tab. 4.70: Exemplarische Zusammensetzung eines Thermoelements (eigene Abschätzung)

Komponente Zusammensetzung

* In Legierung vorliegend

Gewicht

pro Einheit [mg] Anteil [%]

7UlJHU 6XEVWUDWH$O2

)XQNWLRQVZHUNVWRII

7KHUPRVFKHQNHO%L

7KHUPRVFKHQNHO7H

7KHUPRVFKHQNHO6E

7KHUPRVFKHQNHO6H

9HUGUDKWXQJ

0HWDOOLVLHUXQJ&X

0HWDOOLVLHUXQJ1L)LQLVK

0HWDOOLVLHUXQJ$X)LQLVK

Elektrische .RQWDNWLHUXQJ

/RW6Q

/RW6E

Gesamt 5.873,6 100,0 %

]X EHWUDFKWHQ )U 6SXOHQ ZHUGHQ LQVEHVRQGHUH ]XU 9HUPLQGHUXQJ GHU RKPVFKHQ 9HUOXVWH 0DWH-ULDOLHQ PLW QLHGULJHP VSH]L¿VFKHP :LGHUVWDQG HLQJHVHW]W)UIHLQZHUNWHFKQLVFKH6\VWHPHVLQG GLHV EOLFKHUZHLVH 6WDQGDUGNRPSRQHQWHQ GLH

GXUFK :LFNOXQJ HLQHV .XSIHUGUDKWHV XP HLQHQ ZHLFKPDJQHWLVFKHQ .HUQ RGHU DOV UHLQH /HLWHU-VFKOHLIHQ KHUJHVWHOOW ZHUGHQ 7\SLVFKH ZHLFKPD -JQHWLVFKH0DWHULDOLHQVLQG(LVHQOHJLHUXQJHQ]%

(OHNWUREOHFK 8P KRKH PDJQHWLVFKH )OXVVGLFK -7UlJHU

)HGHUVWDKO6L

)HGHUVWDKO0Q

)HGHUVWDKO3

)HGHUVWDKO6

)HGHUVWDKO&U

)HGHUVWDKO0R

)HGHUVWDKO1L

)HGHUVWDKO1

)XQNWLRQVZHUNVWRII

3=73E2

3=7=U2

3=77L2

3=7/D2

(OHNWULVFKHU.RQWDNW (OHNWURGHQ1L

0HFKDQLVFKHU.RQWDNW (LQVSDQQXQJ$O

Gesamt 29.479,85 100,0 %

Tab. 4.72: Exemplemplarische Zusammensetzung eines induktiven Wandlers (eigene Abschätzung)

Komponente Zusammensetzung

*In Legierung vorliegend

Gewicht

pro Einheit [mg] Anteil [%]

+DOWHUXQJ 3RO\PHU QD QD

6SXOH 'UDKW&X

Isolierung QD QD

)XQNWLRQVZHUNVWRII

3HUPDQHQWPDJQHW1G

3HUPDQHQWPDJQHW)H

3HUPDQHQWPDJQHW%

3HUPDQHQWPDJQHW1L

3HUPDQHQWPDJQHW&X

3HUPDQHQWPDJQHW'\

3HUPDQHQWPDJQHW&R

0DJQHWLVFKHU.UHLV Elektroblech, Fe

(OHNWUREOHFK6L

Gesamt 183.720,0 100,0 %

WHQ]XHU]HXJHQZHUGHQIU3HUPDQHQWPDJQHWH KDUWPDJQHWLVFKH 0DWHULDOLHQ HLQJHVHW]W GLH VLFK GXUFKHLQHKRKH5HPDQHQ]%RXQG.RHU]LWLYIHOG -VWlUNH+cDXV]HLFKQHQ'D]X]lKOHQYRUQHKPOLFK /HJLHUXQJHQDXV6DPDULXP.REDOWXQGDXV1HR -G\P(LVHQ%RU IVERS-TIFFÉE 'DEHL NRP-PHQ 9HUELQGXQJHQ DXV 6P&R EHYRU]XJW XQWHU KRKHQ %HWULHEVWHPSHUDWXUHQ ]XP (LQVDW] $XI

*UXQG GHU KRKHQ PDJQHWLVFKHQ (QHUJLHGLFKWH VLQG9HUELQGXQJHQDXV1G)H%IUGHQ(LQVDW]LQ miniaturisierten induktiven Wandlern besonders JXW JHHLJQHW 8P HLQH (QWPDJQHWLVLHUXQJ EHL HUK|KWHQ 7HPSHUDWXUHQ DE ƒ& ]X YHUKLQGHUQ LVWGLH=XJDEHYRQ'\VSURVLXPE]Z7HUELXPHUIRU-GHUOLFK=XVlW]HYRQ.REDOWHUK|KHQGDUEHUKLQ - DXVGLH.RUURVLRQVVWDELOLWlW(QWVSUHFKHQGH.RQ-]HQWUDWLRQHQLQGHU/HJLHUXQJODVVHQVLFKGDKHULQ W\SLVFKHQ0DJQHWZHUNVWRIIHQKJMAGNETICS R-LGHQWL¿]LHUHQ+DOWHUXQJHQIUGLHIHLQZHUNWHFKQL -VFKHQ .RPSRQHQWHQ ZHUGHQ ]XU *HZLFKWVUHGX-]LHUXQJW\SLVFKHUZHLVHDXV.XQVWVWRIIDXVJHIKUW 7DE HQWKlOW GLH H[HPSODULVFKH 0DWHULDODXI-VFKOVVHOXQJHLQHVDP)UDXQKRIHU,=0HQWZLFNHO -WHQ:DQGOHUVIUGLH$SSOL]LHUXQJXQGGHQ%HWULHE VHQVRULVFKHU(LQKHLWHQ]XU=XVWDQGVEHUZDFKXQJ DQ5DGVDW]ODJHUQYRQ6FKLHQHQIDKU]HXJHQ

4.28.3 Foresight

industrielle Nutzung

'LH LQGXVWULHOOH 1XW]XQJ YRQ (QHUJ\ +DUYHVWLQJ 6\VWHPHQIUGUDKWORVH6HQVRUHQZLUGLQGHQNRP -PHQGHQ -DKUHQ VLJQL¿NDQW ]XQHKPHQ %HLVSLHOH IU GLH LQGXVWULHOOH $QZHQGXQJ DXWDUN EHWULHEH -QHU6HQVRULN¿QGHQVLFKYRUDOOHPLP%HUHLFKGHU

=XVWDQGVEHUZDFKXQJ PHFKDWURQLVFKHU .RP

SRQHQWHQVRZLHYRQ%HWULHEVSDUDPHWHUQDQ$QOD -JHQIUHLQHHI¿]LHQWH5HJHOXQJYRQ3UR]HVVHQ

$EE ]HLJW GLH H[HPSODULVFKH ,QWHJUDWLRQ HLQHV WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHQ (QHUJLHZDQGOHUV LQ HLQ PLNURV\VWHPWHFKQLVFKHV 6HQVRUV\VWHP ]XU hEHUZDFKXQJ NULWLVFKHU 3DUDPHWHU DQ$QWULHEHQ HLQHU 3DSLHUPDVFKLQH 'HU WKHUPLVFKH 3IDG GHV LQWHJULHUWHQ7KHUPRHOHPHQWVZLUGGDEHLEHUGDV

*HKlXVHUHDOLVLHUW

1HEHQ 3URGXNWLRQVXPJHEXQJHQ ZHUGHQ DXWDUNH (QHUJLHYHUVRUJXQJVV\VWHPH ]XNQIWLJ DXFK LP

%HUHLFK GHU 7UDQVSRUWPLWWHOEHUZDFKXQJ HLQH 6FKOVVHOUROOHLQGHU(UVFKOLH‰XQJQHXHU$QZHQ-GXQJHQHLQQHKPHQ'DUXQWHUIlOOWGLH(LQELQGXQJ GHU'DWHQHUIDVVXQJLQGDV,QWHUQHWGHU'LQJHIU GLH 'XUFKIKUXQJ YRQ )HUQGLDJQRVHQ XQG GLH (FKW]HLWDXIQDKPH YRQ 'DWHQKLVWRULHQ QDFK$EE 'DUEHUKLQDXVELHWHQGLHHLQJDQJVJHQDQQ-WHQ $QZHQGXQJHQ ]% GLH YHUWHLOWH 0HVVGDWH -QHUIDVVXQJ YRQ 8PZHOWGDWHQ VRZLH GLH *HElX-GHWHFKQLN KRKHV (QWZLFNOXQJVSRWHQ]LDO IU GDV 0LFUR(QHUJ\+DUYHVWLQJ

'HPHLQHUVHLWVZDFKVHQGHQ%HGDUIQDFKNDEHOOR-VHQLQWHJULHUEDUHQWHFKQLVFKHQ/|VXQJHQIUGLH (QHUJLHYHUVRUJXQJ VWHKHQ GHU]HLW QRFK .RVWHQ EHJUHQ]WH/HLVWXQJVGLFKWHXQGIHKOHQGH(QWZLFN -OXQJVURXWLQHQ ]XU (LQELQGXQJ YRQ 0LFUR (QHUJ\

+DUYHVWHUQ LP 6\VWHPHQWZXUI JHJHQEHU )U ]XNQIWLJH 0DUNWHQWZLFNOXQJHQ VLQG MHGRFK GLH IRUWVFKUHLWHQGH (QWZLFNOXQJ ]X OHLVWXQJVDUPHQ 3UR]HVVRUDUFKLWHNWXUHQ |NRQRPLVFKHQ 6NDOH-QHIIHNWHQEHLGHU+HUVWHOOXQJGHU:DQGOHUVRZLH (I¿]LHQ]VWHLJHUXQJHQ LP (QHUJ\ +DUYHVWLQJ LQ .RPELQDWLRQPLWGHUQDFKJHODJHUWHQ(QHUJLHZDQG OXQJVNHWWH]XEHUFNVLFKWLJHQ'DEHLZLUGGLHIRUW-Abb. 4.77: Thermoelektrisch betriebenes Condition Monitoring System in der

Anwendungsumgebung Papierfabrik (Quelle: NIEDERMAYER et al. 2014)

VFKUHLWHQGH 9HUVFKODQNXQJ GHU 6\VWHPEDXZHLVH LQ .RPELQDWLRQ PLW VLQNHQGHQ 6WFNSUHLVHQ GHQ (QWZLFNOXQJVWUHQG]XDXWRQRPHQ:DQGOHUQZHLWHU XQWHUVWW]HQXQGGLH$WWUDNWLYLWlWJHJHQEHUNRQ -YHQWLRQHOOHQ%DWWHULHO|VXQJHQHUK|KHQ

+RFKUHFKQXQJHQ DXV GHP -DKU EH]LIIHUQ GHQ 0DUNWZHUW YRQ (QHUJ\ +DUYHVWHUQ IU GUDKW -ORVH 6HQVRUHQ DXI 0LR 86 EHL HLQHU 6WFN]DKOYRQ0LR(QHUJLHZDQGOHUQEHUGLH YHUIJEDUH%DQGEUHLWHGHUGLVNXWLHUWHQ:DQGOHUW\-pen (IDTECHEXD*OHLFK]HLWLJNRPPWHV]X HLQHUDQQlKHUQGHQ$QJOHLFKXQJGHUSUR]HQWXDOHQ

$QWHLOHYRQLQGXNWLYHQSLH]RHOHNWULVFKHQXQGWKHU -PRHOHNWULVFKHQ:DQGOHUQPLWHLQHPJHULQJIJLJHQ

$QWHLOSKRWRYROWDLVFKHU:DQGOHU$EE'LHVH (QWZLFNOXQJ OlVVW VLFK DXV GHU %HREDFKWXQJ GHU 0DUNWDQWHLOH LP =HLWUDXP ]ZLVFKHQ ± ableiten (IDTECHEX E$P0DUNWZHUWEHPHV-VHQHMlKUOLFKH:DFKVWXPVUDWHQZHUGHQPLW ,'7HFK([FLP=HLWUDXPYRQ±IU SLH]RHOHNWULVFKH :DQGOHU GXUFKVFKQLWWOLFK (INFINERGIA CONSULTING LP =HLWUDXP YRQ

±IUWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH:DQGOHUEH]LI -IHUW*OHLFK]HLWLJZHUGHQ3UHLVUHGXNWLRQHQ]%IU WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH 0RGXOH YRQ ELV ]X 3UR]HQW SUR-DKUSURJQRVWL]LHUW

'LHVH +RFKUHFKQXQJHQ XPIDVVHQ QHEHQ GHP LQ GLHVHP$EVFKQLWWDGUHVVLHUWHQ%HUHLFKLQGXVWULHOOHU )XQNVHQVRUHQDXFK&RQVXPHU3URGXNWH]%SLH-]RHOHNWULVFKH:DQGOHUIUHOHNWULVFKH)HXHU]HXJH XQGWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH:DQGOHUIU/HLVWXQJVEHUHL-FKHREHUKDOEYRQHLQHP:DWW]%*HQHUDWRUHQ

PLW9HUEUHQQXQJVTXHOOH(VLVWMHGRFKGDYRQDXV -]XJHKHQGDVVGLH(QWZLFNOXQJHQLP0LFUR(QHUJ\

+DUYHVWLQJYRQVLQNHQGHQ3URGXNWLRQVNRVWHQ(I¿ -]LHQ]VWHLJHUXQJHQ XQG 0DUNWGXUFKGULQJXQJ GHV DEVROXWHQ0DUNWYROXPHQVSUR¿WLHUHQZHUGHQ

%DVLHUHQGDXIGHQLPYRULJHQ$EVFKQLWWGLVNXWLHU -WHQ|IIHQWOLFK]XJlQJOLFKHQ=DKOHQLVWLP-DKU YRQ0LR(QHUJ\+DUYHVWLQJ(LQKHLWHQDXV]X -JHKHQ %HL$QQDKPH JOHLFKHU$QWHLOH LQGXNWLYHU SLH]RHOHNWULVFKHUXQGWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHU:DQGOHU HUJHEHQVLFKHWZDMHZHLOV(LQKHLWHQGHU HQWVSUHFKHQGHQ7HFKQRORJLHQ'DNHLQHHLQGHXWL- JHQ3URJQRVHZHUWHIUGLH(QWZLFNOXQJGHU6WFN- ]DKOHQGHUHLQ]HOQHQ3ULQ]LSLHQGHV(QHUJ\+DU-YHVWLQJVELV]XP-DKUYRUOLHJHQZLUGIUGLH +RFKUHFKQXQJGHV5RKVWRIIEHGDUIVHLQHMlKUOLFKH :DFKVWXPVUDWH YRQ IU GLH GUHL 3ULQ]LSLHQ LQGXNWLY SLH]RHOHNWULVFK XQG WKHUPRHOHNWULVFK DQJHQRPPHQ 'LH DQJHQRPPHQH :DFKVWXPV -UDWHVSLHJHOWGLHVWHLJHQGH1DFKIUDJHQDFKGLHVHQ

=XNXQIWVWHFKQRORJLHQGDUZHOFKHVLFKNXU]QDFK E]ZJHUDGHLQGHU0DUNWHLQIKUXQJEH¿QGHQ'LH VWHWLJ VLQNHQGH $QZHQGXQJVKUGH GXUFK RSWL -PLHUWH (QWZLFNOXQJVPHWKRGHQ VRZLH NRPSDWLEOH VFKDOWXQJVWHFKQLVFKH /|VXQJHQ ZLUG GDPLW DXFK ODQJIULVWLJ]XVWHLJHQGHP8PVDW]LP0LFUR(QHUJ\

+DUYHVWLQJIKUHQ'XUFKGLHKRKH'\QDPLNGLHVHU MXQJHQ7HFKQRORJLHQLVWMHGRFK]XPKHXWLJHQ=HLW-SXQNWVFKZHUDEVFKlW]EDUZDQQHLQH6lWWLJXQJLQ GHU1DFKIUDJHDXWDUNHU6HQVRUHQHLQVHW]HQZLUG VRGDVVHVVLFKOHGLJOLFKXP6FKlW]XQJHQKDQGHOQ NDQQ$XVGHQhEHUOHJXQJHQHUJHEHQVLFKGLHLQ 7DESURGX]LHUWHQ6WFN]DKOHQLQGHQ-DKUHQ XQG

Abb. 4.78: Integration von autarker Sensorik für die Zustandsüberwachung von Transportmitteln

(Quelle: NIEDERMAYER et al. 2014)

Abb. 4.79: Prozentuale Marktanteile der Wirkprinzipien im Jahr 2016 (Quelle: IDTECHEX 2015b)

4.28.4 Foresight Rohstoffbedarf

%DVLHUHQG DXI GHQ GH¿QLHUWHQ 6WFN]DKOHQ DXV 7DEZXUGHQGLHIUGLHHLQ]HOQHQ7HFKQROR-JLHQ HUPLWWHOWHQ 5HIHUHQ]GDWHQVlW]H IU NULWLVFKH 5RKVWRIIHDXV$EVFKQLWWIUGLH-DKUH XQGKRFKVNDOLHUWXQGPLWGHQ)|UGHUTXRWHQ DXVGHP-DKUYHUJOLFKHQ7DE

$XI *UXQG GHU LP -DKU QRFK QLHGULJHQ

$EVDW]]DKOHQIDOOHQGLHDJJORPHULHUWHQ6WRIIPHQ - JHQLP9HUJOHLFK]XU*HVDPWI|UGHUTXRWHQLFKWVLJ-QL¿NDQWLQV*HZLFKW%HL$QQDKPHJOHLFKEOHLEHQ -GHU 0DWHULDO]XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ )|U-GHUTXRWH XQG KRFKVNDOLHUWHU 6WFN]DKO HQWVWHKW LP -DKU

IU1HRG\PXQG'\VSURVLXPMHGRFKHLQQHQQHQV -ZHUWHU %HGDUI DQ GLHVHQ NULWLVFKHQ 5HVVRXUFHQ 'DEHLOLHJWGLHJHVFKlW]WH0HQJHIU'\VSURVLXP LP=XNXQIWVV]HQDULREHLHWZDGHUJHI|UGHU-WHQ*HVDPWPHQJH$XFKZHQQGLH6FKlW]XQJGHU ]X HUZDUWHQGHQ DJJUHJLHUWHQ 6WRIIPHQJHQ HLQHU KRKHQ 6FKZDQNXQJVEUHLWH XQWHUOHJHQ LVW VWHOOHQ GLH =DKOHQ HLQHQ HUVWHQ$QKDOWVSXQNW IU SRWHQ- ]LHOOH]XNQIWLJH(QWZLFNOXQJHQGDUGLHLPZHLWH-UHQ9HUODXINULWLVFKEHREDFKWHWZHUGHQVROOWHQ

%HLGHUYRUOLHJHQGHQ6FKlW]XQJGHU5RKVWRIIPHQ-JHQLVW]XQlFKVW]XEHDFKWHQGDVVGLH1DFKIUDJH DQGUDKWORVHQ6HQVRUHQIUGHQLQGXVWULHOOHQ(LQ -VDW]GHU+DXSWWUHLEHUIUGHQ%HGDUIDQDXWDUNHQ Energieversorgungsmodulen darstellt und durch GHVVHQ (QWZLFNOXQJV]ZHLJ GDKHU PD‰JHEOLFK JHWULHEHQ ZLUG 'HU$QWHLO DQ 0LFUR(QHUJ\ +DU -YHVWLQJ 0RGXOHQ LQ GLHVHQ 6\VWHPHQ ZLUG GXUFK GLH %HUHLWVFKDIW ]XU ,QYHVWLWLRQ LQ LQQRYDWLYH (QHUJ\+DUYHVWLQJ /|VXQJHQ PLW HQWVSUHFKHQG HUK|KWHP (QWZLFNOXQJVDXIZDQG JHJHQEHU NRQYHQWLRQHOOHQ EDWWHULHEHWULHEHQHQ 6\VWHPHQ HQWVFKLHGHQ 'LH WHFKQRORJLVFKH +UGH ]XU (LQ -ELQGXQJLQGLH$SSOLNDWLRQVLQNWGDEHLWHQGHQ]LHOO PLWIRUWVFKUHLWHQGHU6WHLJHUXQJYRQ(I¿]LHQ]XQG

=XYHUOlVVLJNHLW VRZLH GHU :HLWHUHQWZLFNOXQJ YRQ HQWZLFNOXQJVEHJOHLWHQGHQ 'HVLJQPHWKRGHQ 'HU PLW VWHLJHQGHQ 3URGXNWLRQVYROXPLQD

HLQKHUJH-Tab. 4.74: Globale Produktion 2013 (Quelle: BGR 2015b) und Rohstoffbedarf für den Einsatz induktiver, piezoelektrischer und thermoelektrischer Energy Harvester in t

Rohstoff Produktion 2013 Bedarf 2013 Bedarfvorschau 2035

$QWLPRQ %

6HOHQ 5

=LQQ %

5

&KURP %

7L2 %

.XSIHU %

5

1HRG\P

'\VSURVLXP

.REDOW %

5

B. Bergwerksförderung 55DI¿QDGHSURGXNWLRQ

1 berechnet aus Chromit, USGS 2015d

2 Metallproduktion berechnet aus den SEO, Schätzung inkl. illegaler Förderung in China (Quelle: KINGSNORTH 2015) Tab. 4.73: Jährlich verkaufte Micro Energy

Harvester für Industriesensorik

2012 2035

*HVDPWVWFN]DKO XPJHVHW]WHU0LFUR (QHUJ\+DUYHVWHU

0LR 0LR

9HUWHLOXQJQDFK3ULQ]LSLHQ ,QGXNWLRQ3LH]RHOHNWULN 7KHUPRHOHNWULN

,P(QWZLFNOXQJVSUR]HVVDXWDUNHU6HQVRUHQUFNW GLH (QHUJLHYHUVRUJXQJVHLQKHLW ]XNQIWLJ LPPHU VWlUNHULQGHQ)RNXVGHUJDQ]KHLWOLFKHQ6\VWHP -EHWUDFKWXQJ 'HU KLHU DQJHVHW]WH 0DWHULDOPL[ IU GLHGLVNXWLHUWHQ(QHUJLHZDQGOHUEDVLHUWDXIIUGHQ KHXWLJHQ6WDQGW\SLVFKH5RKVWRIIPHQJHQEHLGHU 5HDOLVLHUXQJDXWDUNHU6\VWHPHXQGVWHOOWHLQHVWDWL - VFKH$XIQDKPHXQG+RFKVNDOLHUXQJGHU7HFKQROR-JLHEHVFKUHLEXQJGDU0LWIRUWVFKUHLWHQGHU(QWZLFN -OXQJ YRQ HQHUJLHHI¿]LHQWHQ PLNURHOHNWURQLVFKHQ 6HQVRUHQ 3UR]HVVRUHQ 6SHLFKHUQ XQG .RPPX -QLNDWLRQVEDXVWHLQHQ UFNHQ LQ KRFKLQWHJULHUWHQ 6HQVRUSDFNDJHV ]XNQIWLJ 0(060LFUR(OHFWUR -0HFKDQLFDO6\VWHP:DQGOHULQGHQ9RUGHUJUXQG GHU %HWUDFKWXQJ PLQLDWXULVLHUWHU 6\VWHPH :lK -UHQG KLHU YHUJOHLFKEDUH 0DWHULDOV\VWHPH 3=7 'QQVFKLFKWHQIUSLH]RHOHNWULVFKH.RPSRQHQWHQ

%LTe IU 'QQVFKLFKWHQ LQ WKHUPRHOHNWULVFKHQ :DQGOHUQ XQG KDUWPDJQHWLVFKH :HUNVWRIIH ]XU

$SSOLNDWLRQ DP %DFNHQG GHU 0(063UR]HVVLH-UXQJHLQJHEUDFKWZHUGHQZLUGGDGXUFKGLHDEVR -OXWH0HQJHGHUVWRIÀLFKHQ=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJSUR :DQGOHUEDXVWHLQZHLWHUUHGX]LHUW)UGLH%HWUDFK -WXQJGHV5RKVWRIIEHGDUIVLVWGDQQGLH%HWUDFKWXQJ GHU JHVDPWHQ 3UR]HVVNHWWH XQXPJlQJOLFK XP GHQ HUIRUGHUOLFKHQ 2YHUKHDG LP 0DWHULDOEHGDUI EHL GHU %XON XQG 2EHUÀlFKHQSUR]HVVLHUXQJ GHU 6XEVWUDWH LQ GHU 0DWHULDOELODQ]LHUXQJ ]X EHUFN-VLFKWLJHQ

6XEVWLWXWHIUSLH]RHOHNWULVFKH:DQGOHUZHUGHQLQ )RUP EOHLIUHLHU )XQNWLRQVZHUNVWRIIH ZHLWHUHQWZL-FNHOWGLHGHU]HLW]ZDUJHULQJHUH/HLVWXQJVGLFKWHQ MHGRFK ZHQLJHU WR[LVFKH ,QKDOWVVWRIIH DXIZHLVHQ ]%%D7L2)UWKHUPRHOHNWULVFKH:DQGOHUVLQG 6L*H9HUELQGXQJHQLQ+RFKWHPSHUDWXUDQZHQGXQ-JHQ]XNQIWLJYRQZHLWHUHP,QWHUHVVH$OWHUQDWLYH 0DJQHWZHUNVWRIIH ]X 1G)H% ELHWHQ LQ +RFKWHP-SHUDWXUDQZHQGXQJHQ9HUELQGXQJHQDXI%DVLVYRQ 6P&R ZHOFKH MHGRFK GXUFK GHQ KRKHQ (LQWUDJ YRQ.REDOWHQWVSUHFKHQGQHXH8PZHOWSUREOHPD -WLNHQQDFKVLFK]LHKHQ

DXFK PLNURV\VWHPWHFKQLVFKH 0RGXOH IU HLQH JHHLJQHWH 5FNIKUXQJ LQ GLH .UHLVODXIZLUWVFKDIW ]XVRUJHQXPHLQHU'LVVLSDWLRQGHU:HUNVWRIIHLQ /DQJ]HLWDQZHQGXQJHQPLWVWDUNHU|UWOLFKHU9HUWHL-OXQJGHU6HQVRUHQLQ8PZHOWXQGJUR‰WHFKQLVFKHQ LQGXVWULHOOHQ$QODJHQHQWJHJHQ]XZLUNHQ

4.29 Windkraftanlagen

4.29.1 Technologiebeschreibung

'LH*HZLQQXQJYRQHOHNWULVFKHU(QHUJLHDXV:LQG LVW HLQH EHZlKUWH 7HFKQRORJLH 'HQQRFK ZHUGHQ DXIJUXQGSROLWLVFKHU)|UGHUXQJJOREDOXQJHZ|KQ -OLFKKRKH=XZDFKVUDWHQELVHUZDUWHW1HXH

*HQHUDWRUWHFKQRORJLHQ N|QQWHQ GHQ 0DWHULDOEH - GDUIYHUlQGHUQ$XIEDXXQG'LPHQVLRQHLQHU:LQG-NUDIWDQODJH:.$VLQGLQ$EEGDUJHVWHOOW

Generatortechnologien

6HQNUHFKW DXIWUHIIHQGHU :LQG YHUVHW]W GLH VSH-]LHOO JHIRUPWHQ 5RWRUEOlWWHU HLQHU :LQGNUDIWDQ -ODJHGXUFKG\QDPLVFKHQ$XIWULHELQ5RWDWLRQ'LH PHFKDQLVFKH (QHUJLH GHU 5RWDWLRQVEHZHJXQJ ZLUG LP *HQHUDWRU LQ HOHNWULVFKH (QHUJLH XPJH-ZDQGHOW'D]XOLHJWDP5RWRUGHV*HQHUDWRUVHLQ 0DJQHWIHOG DQ 'LH 5RWDWLRQ GHV 0DJQHWIHOGHV LQGX]LHUW LQ GHQ /HLWHUZLFNOXQJHQ GHV XPJHEHQ -GHQ6WDWRUVHLQHQ6WURPÀXVVVRGDVVHOHNWULVFKH (QHUJLH JHZRQQHQ ZHUGHQ NDQQ /DXIHQ 5RWRU XQG0DJQHWIHOGV\QFKURQVSULFKWPDQYRQHLQHP 6\QFKURQJHQHUDWRU (LOW GHU 5RWRU GHP 0DJQHW-IHOG YRUDXV EH]HLFKQHW PDQ GHQ *HQHUDWRU DOV

$V\QFKURQJHQHUDWRU %HL SHUPDQHQWPDJQHWLVFK HUUHJWHQ *HQHUDWRUHQ ZLUG GDV 0DJQHWIHOG DP 5RWRU GXUFK $QEULQJXQJ YRQ 'DXHUPDJQHWHQ 1G)H%0DJQHWHQVDXFK.DSLWHOJHZlKU -OHLVWHW,QHOHNWULVFKHUUHJWHQ*HQHUDWRUHQZLUGGDV 0DJQHWIHOG EHU VWURPGXUFKÀRVVHQH .XSIHUVSX -OHQLQGX]LHUW/RUHQW]NUDIW'D]XZLUGHOHNWULVFKH (QHUJLHEHQ|WLJWGLHDOOHUGLQJVGHXWOLFKNOHLQHUDOV GLHDP(QGHJHZRQQHQHHOHNWULVFKH(QHUJLHLVW

%HLGLUHNWDQJHWULHEHQHQXQGVRPLWJHWULHEHORVHQ :LQGNUDIWDQODJHQÄ'LUHFW'ULYH³LVWGHU*HQHUDWRU GLUHNW DQ GLH 5RWRUZHOOH DQJHVFKORVVHQ XQG KDW VRPLWGLHJOHLFKH8PGUHKXQJV]DKOZLHGLH5RWRU - EOlWWHUGHU:LQGNUDIWDQODJH+|KHUH8PGUHKXQJV-]DKOHQ VR JHQDQQWHU +LJK6SHHG:LQGNUDIWDQOD -JHQ ZHUGHQ GXUFK HLQ *HWULHEH ]ZLVFKHQ 5RWRU XQG*HQHUDWRUEHZHUNVWHOOLJW'LHVHUP|JOLFKWHLQH SODW] JHZLFKWV PDWHULDO XQG NRVWHQVSDUHQGH

$XVOHJXQJ GHV *HQHUDWRUV (LQ *HWULHEH NDQQ DOOHUGLQJVGHU.RVWHQHLQHU:LQGNUDIWDQODJH DXVPDFKHQHUK|KW6W|UDQIlOOLJNHLWXQG:DUWXQJV -EHGDUIGHU$QODJHXQGVHQNWGHQ:LUNXQJVJUDGGHU (QHUJLHJHZLQQXQJVIEBAHNHWDO$OVÄ+\E -ULG³]ZLVFKHQ'LUHFW'ULYHXQG+LJK6SHHG:.$

JHOWHQ0LGGOH6SHHG:LQGNUDIWDQODJHQPLWHLQHP QLHGULJEHUVHW]HQGHQ*HWULHEHRKQHVW|UDQIlOOLJH .XSSOXQJ

'HU]HLW ZHUGHQ :.$*HQHUDWRUHQ HQWZLFNHOW LQ GHQHQ GLH HOHNWULVFKHQ :LFNOXQJHQ ]XU (U]HX-JXQJ GHV 0DJQHWIHOGHV DXV +RFKWHPSHUDWXUVX -SUDOHLWHUQ +76 V DXFK .DSLWHO EHVWHKHQ 'D GLHVH +RFKWHPSHUDWXUVXSUDOHLWHU HLQHQ YLHO

JHULQJHUHQ HOHNWULVFKHQ :LGHUVWDQG DOV .XSIHU KDEHQHUK|KWLKU(LQVDW]EHLJOHLFKHP*HZLFKWGLH PDJQHWLVFKH)HOGVWlUNHXQGVRPLWGLH*HQHUDWRU-OHLVWXQJ6RN|QQWHQLQHLQHU0:$QODJH GHV *HQHUDWRUJHZLFKWV JHJHQEHU HLQHU SHUPD-QHQWPDJQHWLVFKHQÄ'LUHFW'ULYH³:LQGNUDIWDQODJH HLQJHVSDUWZHUGHQBUCHERTVIEBAHNHWDO BINE INFORMATIONSDIENST DE (EHQIDOOVLQGHU(QWZLFNOXQJEH¿QGHQVLFK5HOXN -WDQ]*HQHUDWRUHQ GHUHQ :LUNXQJ QLFKW DXI GHU /RUHQW]NUDIW VRQGHUQ DXI PDJQHWLVFKHP :LGHU -VWDQG5HOXNWDQ]EHUXKWVIEBAHNHWDO 7DE IDVVW GHU]HLW IU :LQGNUDIWDQODJHQ HLQ-JHVHW]WHRGHUHQWZLFNHOWH*HQHUDWRUWHFKQRORJLHQ ]XVDPPHQ *HQHUDWRUDUWHQ GLH QLFKW IU :LQG-NUDIWDQODJHQ UHOHYDQW VLQG ZHUGHQ QLFKW EHUFN -VLFKWLJW

Abb. 4.80: Aufbau und Dimension einer Windkraftanlage (Quelle links: Arne Nordmann, WIKIMEDIA, CC BY-SA 3.0; rechts: Karle Horn, WIKIMEDIA, CC BY-SA 3.0)

Rotorblatt Blattverstellung Getriebe

Bremse

Messinstrumente Generator Gondel Windrichtungs-nachführung

Turm

Netzanschluss Fundament Aufstieg

Kenngrößen

'LH EOLFKH .HQQJU|‰H HLQHU :LQGNUDIWDQODJH LVW LKUH PD[LPDOH /HLVWXQJ Ä1HQQOHLVWXQJ³ 'LH WDWVlFKOLFK GXUFK HLQH :LQGNUDIWDQODJH HU]HXJWH /HLVWXQJ LVW DEKlQJLJ YRP :LQG XQG VRPLW YRP 6WDQGRUW VRZLH YRQ VDLVRQDOHQ XQG WlJOLFKHQ bQGHUXQJHQ(LQ.DSD]LWlWVIDNWRUJLEWGDKHUGDV 9HUKlOWQLVYRQGXUFKVFKQLWWOLFKHU]HXJWHU/HLVWXQJ ]X0D[LPDOOHLVWXQJDQIEAF

Onshore und Offshore

:LQGNUDIWDQODJHQ DQ /DQG Ä2QVKRUH³ EH¿QGHQ VLFKEHUHLWVLQGHUEUHLWHQ$QZHQGXQJ0LW:LQG -NUDIWDQODJHQ DXI 6HH Ä2IIVKRUH³ HU|IIQHW VLFK VHLW HLQLJHQ -DKUHQ HLQ QHXHU 7HFKQRORJLH]ZHLJ 'DLQEHLGHQ6HJPHQWHQDQKDOWHQGKRKH:DFKV-WXPVUDWHQHUZDUWHWZHUGHQEHWUDFKWHQZLULQGLH -VHU6\QRSVHEHLGH7HFKQRORJLH]ZHLJH$XIJUXQG XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHU lX‰HUHU %HGLQJXQJHQ ZHUGHQ GLH 0DUNWDQWHLOH GHU LQ 7DE ]XVDPPHQJH-IDVVWHQ *HQHUDWRUWHFKQRORJLHQ LQ EHLGHQ 6HJ -PHQWHQYHUVFKLHGHQVHLQZLHLP$EVFKQLWW QlKHUGLVNXWLHUWZLUG

'LH9RUWHLOHGHU2IIVKRUH:LQGHQHUJLHJHZLQQXQJ HUJHEHQVLFKDXVK|KHUHQXQGNRQWLQXLHUOLFKHUHQ :LQGJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQ DXI 6HH 1DFKWHLOLJ VLQG GDJHJHQK|KHUH.RVWHQIU,QVWDOODWLRQ7UDQVSRUW )XQGDPHQWLHUXQJ :DUWXQJ XQG 1HW]DQVFKOXVV (BRADSHAW HW DO IEA F VRZLH HLQH VWlUNHUH%HODVWXQJGHU%DXWHLOHGXUFKVDO]LJH/XIW (MOSSHWDO

2IIVKRUH:.$ HUUHLFKHQ .DSD]LWlWVIDNWRUHQ YRQ

± 0LW$EVWDQG YRQ GHU .VWH VWHLJW GHU .DSD]LWlWVIDNWRU MHGRFK DXFK GLH .RVWHQ IU ,Q VWDOODWLRQ :DUWXQJ XQG 1HW]DQVFKOXVV ,($

F )U 2QVKRUH:.$ VLQG .DSD]LWlWVIDNWR-UHQYRQ±LP-DKUHVGXUFKVFKQLWWW\SLVFK 6HKU JHHLJQHWH ,QVWDOODWLRQVSOlW]H N|QQHQ XQGPHKUHUUHLFKHQ,($F

%HVRQGHUV LQWHUHVVDQW VLQG 2IIVKRUH:LQGNUDIW -DQODJHQ IU /lQGHU ZLH 'HXWVFKODQG LQ GHQHQ ZLUWVFKDIWOLFK ORKQHQGH 6WDQGRUWH IU :LQGNUDIW -DQODJHQDQ/DQGEHUHLWVDOVDXVJHVFK|SIWJHOWHQ XQGVRPLWHLQZHLWHUHU$XVEDXQXU2IIVKRUHRGHU GXUFK 5HSRZHULQJ VWDWW¿QGHQ NDQQ 5HSRZHULQJ EH]HLFKQHW GHQ $XVWDXVFK EHUHLWV LQVWDOOLHUWHU :LQGNUDIWDQODJHQGXUFKQHXHUH0RGHOOHPLWK|KH-UHU1HQQOHLVWXQJ

Im Dokument Rohstoffe für (Seite 173-180)