4.7.2 5RKVWRI¿QKDOW

$OV ZHLWHUH (LQVDW]EHUHLFKH ZHUGHQ /XIWELOG -DXIQDKPHQ IU 0HGLHQ )LOP XQG 0DUNHWLQJ IU

$UFKlRORJLHXQGIUGLH.DUWLHUXQJYRQ*HELHWHQ JHQDQQW 'DUEHU KLQDXV LVW HLQH NUHDWLYH %DVW-OHUV]HQHHQWVWDQGHQGLH]DKOUHLFKH(LJHQHQWZLFN -OXQJHQXQG2SHQ6RXUFH3URMHNWHYRUDQWUHLEW :LFKWLJH7UHLEHUIUGLH0DUNWGXUFKGULQJXQJVLQG JHHLJQHWH0DQDKPHQ]XU,QWHJUDWLRQYRQXQEH -PDQQWHQ/XIWIDKUWV\VWHPHQLQGHQ/XIWUDXPVRZLH NRVWHQJQVWLJH.RPSRQHQWHQXQGQHXH6\VWHP-O|VXQJHQ ZDV GXUFK GLH JURH %DQGEUHLWH DQ

$QELHWHUQPLWWHOIULVWLJJHVLFKHUWHUVFKHLQW$896, +HPPQLVVHVLQGDXVKHXWLJHU6LFKW%HGHQ -NHQ EHU GHQ 6FKXW] GHU 3ULYDWVSKlUH XQG GHU Flugsicherheit (DHL

:LFKWLJH(QWZLFNOHUXQG$QELHWHUYRQXQEHPDQQ - WHQ/XIWIDKUWV\VWHPHQLQ'HXWVFKODQGVLQGGLH)LU-PHQ0LFURGURQHVXQG+HLJKW7HFK=XGHQDNWLYHQ )LUPHQ LP %HUHLFK *WHUWUDQVSRUW ]lKOHQ '+/

'HXWVFKH3RVW$*=RRNDO*RRJOH$PD]RQXQG )HG([

8QEHPDQQWH/XIWIDKU]HXJHJHK|UHQ]XGHQV\V-temischen Innovationen, die mehrere bereits am 0DUNWHWDEOLHUWH.RPSRQHQWHQNRPELQLHUHQ$QJH-VLFKWVGHU9LHO]DKODQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ6\VWHP -NRQ¿JXUDWLRQHQ PXVV IU HLQH (LQVFKlW]XQJ GHV 5RKVWRI¿QKDOWHV HLQH$XVZDKO DQ .RPSRQHQWHQ XQG(LQVDW]]ZHFNHQHUIROJHQ

7DE ]HLJW ZHVHQWOLFKH 2SWLRQHQ ]X .RP-SRQHQWHQ XQG ,QIRUPDWLRQHQ EHU 0DWHULDOLHQ LP hEHUEOLFN

$XFK ZHQQ GLH 3URMHNWLRQHQ IU .RPSRVLWH $LU-IUDPH )OJHO XQG 5RWRUHQ DXI VWDUNHV :DFKV

-1DFKIUDJHLPSXOVHHQWVWHKHQ

'DV $XIWUDJVYROXPHQ IU $QWULHEH XQEHPDQQWHU /XIWIDKU]HXJHLVWUHODWLYNOHLQ'DKHUVWHKHQLQGHU 5HJHO NHLQH 0LWWHO IU GLH 1HXHQWZLFNOXQJ HLQHV SHUIHNW JHHLJQHWHQ 7ULHEZHUNV IU XQEHPDQQWH /XIWIDKU]HXJH ]XU 9HUIJXQJ$XV GLHVHP *UXQG QLPPWPDQPHLVWHLQHQEHVWHKHQGHQ$QWULHEXQG passt ihn an (FLUGREVUE %HLHLQHPPDV-VHQKDIWHQ (LQVDW] YRQ XQEHPDQQWHQ /XIWIDKU -]HXJHQN|QQWHQXQWHU8PVWlQGHQQHQQHQVZHUWH 1DFKIUDJHLPSXOVH DXI /LWKLXP$NNXV DXVJHO|VW ZHUGHQ

'LH.RPSRQHQWHQIU$YLRQLNXQG3D\ORDGVVLQG ZHQLJ VSH]L¿VFK IU XQEHPDQQWH /XIWIDKU]HXJH

*366HQVRUHQEH¿QGHQVLFKLQ0LOOLDUGHQ0RELO-WHOHIRQHQDXFK6WDQGDUG6HQVRUHQZLHEHLVSLHOV -ZHLVH IU ,QIUDURW ,5 ZHUGHQ LQ $SSOLNDWLRQHQ ZLH %HZHJXQJVPHOGHUQ PDVVHQKDIW HLQJHVHW]W )U GDV :DFKVWXPVVHJPHQW )HUQHUNXQGXQJ IU 3UHFLVLRQ$JULFXOWXUH NRPPHQ YRU DOOHP ,5 XQG PXOWLVSHNWUDOH6HQVRUHQ]XP(LQVDW]COLOMINA

& M^OLINA *HUPDQLXPKDWEHL,5XQGRSWL -VFKHQ 6HQVRUHQ HLQ ZLFKWLJHV $QZHQGXQJVIHOG ,QGHU6HQVRULNXDDXFKEHL%DURPHWHUQ*\UR -PHWHUQXQG$FFHOHURPHWHUQJLEWHVHLQHQVWDUNHQ LQGHU/RJLVWLNYHUZHQGHWGLH0LFURGURQHÄ3DNHW-FRSWHU³ 0DJQHWRPHWHU GLH GDV (UGPDJQHWIHOG LQ VHLQHU UlXPOLFKHQ $XVGHKQXQJ PHVVHQ IU GLH 1DYLJDWLRQ*36XQG0DJQHWRPHWHUZHUGHQDXFK ]X(LQKHLWHQNRPELQLHUW$Q0DJQHWRPHWHU7HFK-QRORJLHQZHUGHQ)OX[JDWH0DJQHWRPHWHUVXSUDO - HLWHQGH4XDQWHQLQWHUIHUHQ]JHUlWH3URWRQ0DJQH-WRPHWHU +HOLXP XQG +HOLXP0DJQHHLWHQGH4XDQWHQLQWHUIHUHQ]JHUlWH3URWRQ0DJQH-WRPHWHU XQG $ONDOL0DJQHWRPHWHU JHQDQQW HOVDE HW DO )U XQEHPDQQWH /XIWIDKU]HXJH ZLUG LQV -EHVRQGHUH GHU (LQVDW] YRQ$ONDOLPDJQHWRPHWHUQ 5E&V.GLVNXWLHUW

:lKUHQGIUGLH)HUQHUNXQGXQJJUXQGVlW]OLFKDOOH P|JOLFKHQ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQLQ)UDJHNRPPHQJLEW HV IU GHQ (LQVDW] LQ EHVLHGHOWHQ *HJHQGHQ EHL JHULQJHQ )OXJK|KHQ 5HVWULNWLRQHQ *HPl '+/

LVWIUGLH/RJLVWLNLQ6WlGWHQXQGGLH,QWUD-ORJLVWLNYRUDOOHPGLH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQ0XOWLFRSWHUPLW (OHNWURDQWULHE JHHLJQHW 0LW NJ (LJHQJHZLFKW NDQQGDV0RGHOOPGIUELV]X0LQXWHQ LQ GHU /XIW EOHLEHQ XQG GDEHL 6SLW]HQJHVFKZLQ-GLJNHLW YRQ FD NPK HUUHLFKHQ M^ICRODRONES

4.7.3 Foresight industrielle Nutzung

=XU]XNQIWLJHQ1XW]XQJYRQXQEHPDQQWHQ/XIW -IDKU]HXJHQOLHJHQQXUZHQLJHSXQNWXHOOH$QJDEHQ PLW EHWUlFKWOLFKHU %DQGEUHLWH YRU AUVSI

HARRISONZDVDXIGHQJHULQJHQ5HLIHJUDG GHU,QGXVWULH]XUFNJHIKUWZHUGHQNDQQ)UGLH QlKHUH=XNXQIWZLUGHUZDUWHWGDVVGHUNRPPHU-]LHOOH0DUNWIUXQEHPDQQWH/XIWIDKUWV\VWHPHELV XQWHUGHVJOREDOHQ*HVDPWPDUNWHVEOHL-EHQZLUGW^ARWICK & D^ICKERSON 'HU$QWHLO GHU 86$ DQ GHQ ZHOWZHLWHQ$XVJDEHQ IU XQEH-PDQQWH /XIWIDKUWV\VWHPH ZLUG LQ GHQ NRPPHQ -GHQ ]HKQ -DKUHQ DOV GRPLQLHUHQG HLQJHVFKlW]W 5'7 (%HVFKDIIXQJT^EAL G^ROUP

)U GLH 86$ OLHJW HLQH 3URMHNWLRQ GHU MlKUOLFKHQ 9HUNlXIHYRQXQEHPDQQWHQ/XIWIDKU]HXJHQQDFK 6WFN]DKOHQELVYRUVOLPE'HPQDFK GRPLQLHUHQ DNWXHOO GLH XQEHPDQQWHQ /XIWIDKU -]HXJHGHV|IIHQWOLFKHQ6HNWRUVXQGZDFKVHQYRQ DNWXHOOUXQG6WFNYD0LOLWlUELVDXI Tab. 4.18: Komponenten und Materialen für zivile unbemannte Luftfahrzeuge

(Zusammenstellung des ISI, basierend auf B^ONIEL et al. 2014,

C^OLOMINA & M^OLINA2014, G^UPTA et al. 2013, K^RUCZKOWSKI 2012, M^OON et al. 2014, N^ORTHWEST UAV P^ROPULSION S^YSTEMS2011, S^CHMIDKE et al. 2011, V^OLPE 2013)

Heutige Situation Neue Entwicklungen

$LUIUDPH &DUERQIDVHUYHUVWlUNWH3RO\PHUH 0DUNWYROXPHQ versorgung und -speicherung 6L11DQRNRPSRVLWNHUDPLN

%UHQQVWRII]HOOHQ3KRWRYROWDLNXQG K\EULGH6\VWHPH

)OJHOE]Z5RWRU 5RWRUHQDXV&DUERQIDVHU&DUERQIDVHU

*ODVPDWUL[6FKDXP

$GGLWLYH)HUWLJXQJYRQ.RPSRQHQWHQ EDVLHUHQGDXI3336$%66FKDXP

$YLRQLN

/XIWIDKUWHOHNWURQLN

3D\ORDG1XW]ODVW 6HQVRUHQIUGDVJHVDPWH

HOHNWURPDJQHWLVFKH6SHNWUXPLQVE VLFKWEDU,55DGDUPXOWLVSHNWUDO meteorologische, biologische XQGFKHPLVFKH6HQVRUHQ

WHQ/XIWIDKU]HXJHVROODXIGLH.DWHJRULHQÄ0LFUR³ XQGÄ6PDOO³HQWIDOOHQ$OOHLQHIUGLHhEHUZDFKXQJ XQG%HVSUKXQJYRQ*HWUHLGHZHUGHQJHPlGLH-VHU3URMHNWLRQIUUXQG]XVlW]OLFKH XQEHPDQQWH/XIWIDKU]HXJHEHQ|WLJWVOLPE ,QVJHVDPWVROOGHU0DUNWIUXQEHPDQQWH/XIWIDKU -]HXJHLQGHQ86$EHL6WFNOLHJHQ 'LH )$$ NRPPW IU GLH 86$ DXI GHXWOLFK PRGHUDWHUH 6FKlW]XQJHQ 'HPQDFK VROOHQ GLH 6WFN]DKOHQEHLUXQGXQGEHL UXQG OLHJHQ 'LHVH 3URMHNWLRQHQ EHUXKHQ DXI GHU$QQDKPH GDVV NRPPHU]LHOOH$NWLYLWlWHQ QLFKWYRUEHJLQQHQNHLQHZLFKWLJHDXHUJH -Z|KQOLFKH1DFKIUDJHHQWVWHKWXQGGLH.RVWHQIU XQEHPDQQWH /XIWIDKUV\VWHPH PLW ]XQHKPHQGHU 7HFKQRORJLHUHLIH XQG 0DVVHQSURGXNWLRQ VLQNHQ ,Q HLQHU DQGHUHQ 0RGHOOLHUXQJ ZHUGHQ GLH JU| -WHQ0DUNWDQWHLOHLQGHQ86$ELVIU3UHFLVLRQ

$JULFXOWXUHFD±6WFND XQG |IIHQWOLFKH 6LFKHUKHLW FD 6WFND JHVHKHQUXQGHQWIDOOHQDXIGHQ5HVW

(AUVSI

/XIWIDKU]HXJH LQ GHQ 86$ YRUZLHJHQG IU GHQ

|IIHQWOLFKHQ6HNWRUYHUNDXIW:LUVFKlW]HQJHPl

9ROSHGDVVLP-DKULQGHQ86$UXQG XQEHPDQQWH/XIWIDKU]HXJHIUGHQ|IIHQW -OLFKHQ6HNWRUYHUNDXIWZHUGHQ6WFNIU 3UHFLVLRQ)DUPLQJXQG6WFNIUVRQVWLJH NRPPHU]LHOOH=ZHFNH

)UGLH$EVFKlW]XQJGHUZHOWZHLWMlKUOLFKYHUNDXI-WHQXQEHPDQQWHQ/XIWIDKU]HXJHDXVGHQ'DWHQIU GLH86$ZHUGHQIROJHQGH$QQDKPHQJHWURIIHQ – gIIHQWOLFKHU6HNWRU'HU:HOWPDUNWDQWHLOGHU

86$EHWUlJWLP-DKU,Q3URMHN -WLRQ$ZLUGHULP-DKUHEHQVR EHWUDJHQLQ3URMHNWLRQ%QXUQRFK

$QQDKPH.RQYHUJHQ]GHUJOREDOHQ0lUNWH XQEHPDQQWHU/XIWIDKU]HXJH

– 3UHFLVLRQ)DUPLQJ'LHJOREDOHODQGZLUWVFKDIW-OLFKH1XW]ÀlFKHEHWUlJWNP, GDYRQHQWIDOOHQDXIGLH86$NP

&,$,Q3URMHNWLRQ$ZLUGDQJHQRP - PHQGDVVGDV0DUNWSRWHQ]LDOIUXQEH-PDQQWH/XIWIDKU]HXJHSURSRUWLRQDO]XU )OlFKHGHUHOI2(&'/lQGHUPLWGHUJU|WHQ ODQGZLUWVFKDIWOLFKHQ1XW]ÀlFKHLVW86$$XV -WUDOLHQ.DQDGD0H[LFR7UNHL)UDQNUHLFK 6SDQLHQ3ROHQ'HXWVFKODQG,WDOLHQ8.

Tab. 4.19: Projektionen der weltweit verkauften Stückzahlen und Massen an unbemannten Luftfahrzeugen

Stückzahl 2013

Stückzahl 2035

Masse [t]

(5 kg)

Masse [t]

(25 kg)

Masse [t]

(250 kg)

Gesamt-masse [t]

Öffentlicher Sektor

3URMHNWLRQ$

3URMHNWLRQ%

Precision Farming

3URMHNWLRQ$

3URMHNWLRQ%

Andere kommerzielle Zwecke

3URMHNWLRQ$

3URMHNWLRQ%

,Q3URMHNWLRQ$EHWUlJWGHU)OlFKHQDQWHLOGHU 86$,Q3URMHNWLRQ%ZHUGHQ]XVlW]OLFK ]XGLHVHQHOI2(&'/lQGHUQGLH%5,&/lQ -GHU,QGLHQ&KLQD5XVVODQG%UDVLOLHQGLH 1XPPHUQ]ZHLELVIQIGHU:HOWQDFKODQG - ZLUWVFKDIWOLFKHU1XW]ÀlFKHLQGLH+RFKUHFK-QXQJHLQEH]RJHQ,Q3URMHNWLRQ%EHWUlJWGHU )OlFKHQDQWHLOGHU86$

– $QGHUHNRPPHU]LHOOH1XW]XQJHQLQVEH -VRQGHUH/RJLVWLN+LHUZLUGEHLVSLHOKDIWGHU (LQVDW]YRQXQEHPDQQWHQ/XIWIDKU]HXJHQLQ GHQ7RSXUEDQHQ$JJORPHUDWLRQHQ ]XJUXQGHJHOHJWUN P^OPULATION D^IVISION ,Q3URMHNWLRQ$ZLUGDQJHQRPPHQ

=XVlW]OLFK VLQG GLH 8$9V QDFK $QZHQGXQJHQ DXI *HZLFKWVNODVVHQ DXIJHWHLOW ZRUGHQ )U GHQ

|IIHQWOLFKHQ 6HNWRU YHUWHLOHQ VLH VLFK DXI GLH NJ.ODVVH NJ.ODVVH XQG NJ.ODVVH LP 9HUKlOWQLV IU 3UHFLVLRQ )DUPLQJ LP 9HUKlOWQLV XQG IU DQGHUH NRPPHU]LHOOH

=ZHFNHLP9HUKlOWQLV+LHUDXVOlVVWVLFK DEVFKlW]HQ ZHOFKHV *HVDPWJHZLFKW GLH MlKUOLFK YHUNDXIWHQ XQEHPDQQWHQ /XIWIDKU]HXJH LP -DKU LQHWZDKDEHQZHUGHQ

'LH *HVDPWPDVVH DQ MlKUOLFK YHUNDXIWHQ XQEH -PDQQWHQ /XIWIDKU]HXJHQ LP -DKU OLHJW LQ 3URMHNWLRQ$ EHL 7RQQHQ LQ 3URMHNWLRQ% EHL 7RQQHQ =XP 9HUJOHLFK 'DV /HHUJHZLFKW HLQHV $LUEXV $ OLHJW EHL 7RQQHQ

*U|HUH XQEHPDQQWH /XIWIDKU]HXJH PLW HLQHP

*HZLFKW YRQ PHKU DOV NJ ZXUGHQ LQ GLHVHU

$EVFKlW]XQJ QLFKW EHUFNVLFKWLJW GD VLH YRU-ZLHJHQG PLOLWlULVFKHQ =ZHFNHQ GLHQHQ XQG LKUH

=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJGHU*HKHLPKDOWXQJXQWHUOLHJW

)UGLH1DFKIUDJHQDFK5RKVWRIIHQEHGHXWHWGLHV GDVV QXU DXI 6SH]LDOLWlWHQ HLQ QHQQHQVZHUWHU 1DFKIUDJHLPSXOV GXUFK XQEHPDQQWH /XIWIDKU-]HXJH DXVJHO|VW ZHUGHQ NDQQ 'D PLW &DUERQ -IDVHUQ KHXWH VFKRQ HLQ JXWHU :HUNVWRII IU GHQ

$LUIUDPH]XU9HUIJXQJVWHKWGUIWHQVLFK6FDQ -GLXPOHJLHUWH$OXPLQLXPOHJLHUXQJHQ ZHQQ EHU-KDXSW QXU LQ VSH]LHOOHQ (LQVDW]JHELHWHQ HWDEOLH -UHQ'LH$QWULHEVHLQKHLWHQZHUGHQLQGHU5HJHODOV 'HULYDWHGHU0DVVHQSURGXNWHIUGHQEHPDQQWHQ

$QWULHE HQWZLFNHOW VR GDVV KLHU LP 9HUJOHLFK ]XU EHPDQQWHQ /XIWIDKUW NHLQH QHQQHQVZHUWHQ 5RK -VWRIIEHGDUIH]XHUZDUWHQVLQG

$QJHVLFKWV GHU KRKHQ 6WFN]DKOHQ YRQ XQEH-PDQQWHQ/XIWIDKU]HXJHQN|QQHQGLH$YLRQLN6HQ -VRUHQ XQG (PSIlQJHU 0DJQHWRPHWHU *36

%DURPHWHU *\URPHWHU $FFHOHURPHWHU XQG GLH 3D\ORDG6HQVRUHQ HOHNWURPDJQHWLVFKH :HOOHQ LQVEHVRQGHUH,5XQWHU8PVWlQGHQHLQHUHOHYDQWH 5RKVWRIIQDFKIUDJH LQGX]LHUHQ *HUPDQLXP LQ ,5 XQGRSWLVFKHQ6HQVRUHQVRZLH5XELGLXPXQG&DH - VLXPLQ$ONDOL0DJQHWRPHWHUQN|QQWHQP|JOLFKHU-ZHLVHURKVWRI¿QWHQVLYZHUGHQ(VOLHJHQDEHUQLFKW DXVUHLFKHQG'DWHQIUHLQHVHUL|VH$EVFKlW]XQJ YRU:lKUHQG.DOLXPLQJURHQ0HQJHQJHI|UGHUW ZLUG VLQG GLH ZHOWZHLWHQ 3URGXNWLRQVPHQJHQ DQ

&lVLXPXQG5XELGLXPXQEHNDQQW

4.7.5 Recycling, Ressourcen-HI¿]LHQ]XQG6XEVWLWXWLRQ

=XP 5HF\FOLQJ XQG ]XU 5HVVRXUFHQHI¿]LHQ] OLH-JHQ NHLQH DXVVDJHNUlIWLOLH-JHQ ,QIRUPDWLRQHQ YRU 'HU9HUOXVWDQXQEHPDQQWHQ/XIWIDKU]HXJHQGXUFK

$EVWXU] GUIWH HLQH ZLFKWLJH /FNH LP 0DWHULDO -NUHLVODXIVHLQ'LHJHULQJHQ0DWHULDOPHQJHQXQG GLH9HUZHQGXQJYRQ9HUEXQGPDWHULDOLHQHUVFKZH -UHQGDV5HF\FOLQJ

8QEHPDQQWH /XIWIDKU]HXJH KDEHQ HLQH /HEHQV-GDXHUYRQFDHOI-DKUHQXQGVLQGOHLFKWLQ6WDQG ]XKDOWHQAUVSI

'HU]HLWNRQNXUULHUHQYLHOH7HFKQRORJLHQXQG.RP-SRQHQWHQLQGHQ0lUNWHQIUXQEHPDQQWH/XIWIDKU -V\VWHPH hEHU GHQ (LQÀXVV YRQ 5RKVWRIISUHLVHQ RGHU HQJSlVVHQ DXI GDV 'HVLJQ YRQ 8$9V LVW QLFKWVEHNDQQW

4.8.1 Technologiebeschreibung

,QHOHNWURQLVFKHQ$QZHQGXQJHQZDUHQEOHLKDOWLJH /RWH6WDQGDUGELVVLHLQGHU(8DXV*HVXQGKHLWV XQG 8PZHOWVFKXW]JUQGHQ YHUERWHQ ZXUGHQ 'LHVH 6\QRSVH EHIDVVW VLFK PLW EOHLIUHLHQ /RWHQ GLHVLFKDOV6XEVWLWXWHIUEOHLKDOWLJH/RWHLQ(OHNW -URQLNDSSOLNDWLRQHQHLJQHQ

Löten

/|WHQLVWHLQH7HFKQLN]XU9HUELQGXQJPHWDOOLVFKHU :HUNVWRIIH 'D]X ZLUG GDV 9HUELQGXQJVPDWHULDO JHQDQQW /RW GXUFK :lUPH]XIXKU YHUÀVVLJW ,P

*HJHQVDW] ]XP 6FKZHLHQ ZHUGHQ GDEHL DOOHU-GLQJV QLFKW GLH ]X YHUELQGHQGHQ :HUNVWRIIH DXI -JHVFKPRO]HQ $XIJUXQG HLQHU KRKHQ /|VOLFKNHLW LQGHUÀVVLJHQ/RWSKDVHGLIIXQGLHUHQ$WRPHGHU ]XYHUELQGHQGHQ:HUNVWRIIHLQGLHVHKLQHLQ%HLP

$ENKOHQ HQWVWHKHQ DQ GHU *UHQ]ÀlFKH /HJLH -UXQJHQ ZHOFKH GLH FKHPLVFKH 9HUELQGXQJ YRQ :HUNVWRII XQG /RW EHZHUNVWHOOLJHQ 'DV /|WHQ JHK|UW VRPLW ]XU .DWHJRULH VWRIIVFKOVVLJHU 9HU-ELQGXQJHQZLH]%DXFK6FKZHLHQXQG.OHEHQ 'HPJHJHQEHUVWHKHQQLFKWVWRIIVFKOVVLJHOHLFKW O|VEDUH 9HUELQGXQJVWHFKQLNHQ ZLH EHLVSLHOZHLVH 6FKUDXEHQXQG.OHWWYHUVFKOXVV

:HLO GLH 6FKPHO]WHPSHUDWXU GHV /RWHV QLHGUL -ger als die des Werkstoffes sein muss, bestehen /RWHDXVQLHGULJVFKPHO]HQGHQ0HWDOOJHPLVFKHQ 'DIUVLQGHXWHNWLVFKH*HPLVFKHEHVRQGHUVLQWHU-HVVDQWGHQQLKU6FKPHO]SXQNWLVWQLHGULJHUDOVGHU 6FKPHO]SXQNWGHUHLQ]HOQHQ.RPSRQHQWHQ$EE

%HL6FKPHO]WHPSHUDWXUHQELV&VSULFKW PDQ YRQ :HLFKORWHQ GDUEHU YRQ +DUWORWHQ$E

&NRPPHQ+RFKWHPSHUDWXUORWH]XP(LQVDW]

'DV/RWPDWHULDONDQQLQ)RUPYRQ/RWGUDKWRGHU /RWSDVWHHUZRUEHQZHUGHQ)OXVVPLWWHOVLQG]XP 7HLO HQWKDOWHQ RGHU ZHUGHQ EHLP 3UR]HVV ]XJH -VHW]WXP2EHUÀlFKHQR[LGHYRQGHQ:HUNVWRIIHQ ]XHQWIHUQHQXQGGHUHQ1HXELOGXQJYRU]XEHXJHQ

Bleifreies Löten in der Elektronik

)DVWMHGHVHOHNWURQLVFKH*HUlWHQWKlOWHLQHJHO|WHWH /HLWHUSODWWH$EE$QZHQGXQJHQVLQGVRPLW XD &RPSXWHU /DSWRSV 6PDUWSKRQHV )HUQVH-KHU PHGL]LQLVFKH *HUlWH *ODVIDVHUUH]HSWRUHQ 'DWHQVSHLFKHU)DKU]HXJH.I]XQG=XJYHUNHKU /XIW XQG 5DXPIDKUW DEHU DXFK +DXVKDOWVHOHNW -URQLN ZLH EHLVSLHOVZHLVH :DVFKPDVFKLQHQ XQG DQGHUH ÄZHLH :DUH³ BURTON TRANSPA

-RENCY M^ARKET R^ESEARCH E(LQL3DGHQWKlOW ]% /|WVWHOOHQ IU ZHOFKH LQVJHVDPW J

=LQQEHQ|WLJWZHUGHQS^IMPSON

%HLP/|WHQYRQ/HLWHUSODWWHQZHUGHQDXVVFKOLH -OLFK :HLFKORWH YHUZHQGHW (XWHNWLVFKH E]Z QDKHXWHNWLVFKH=LQQ%OHL*HPLVFKHJDOWHQODQJH

=HLWDOV6WDQGDUGPDWHULDO$EE'HU9RUWHLO HLQHV*HPLVFKHVPLWHXWHNWLVFKHU=XVDPPHQVHW - ]XQJLVWGDVVGLHVHVNRQJUXHQWEHLHLQHU7HPSHUD-WXUVFKPLO]WXQGHUVWDUUW(LQHXWHNWLVFKHV*HPLVFK YHUKlOWVLFKDOVRZLHHLQUHLQHV0HWDOO%HLDQGHUHQ

=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJHQ GHV *HPLVFKHV NRPPW HV KLQJHJHQ ]X JUDGXHOOHQ 3KDVHQXPZDQGOXQJHQ HQWODQJ GHU 6ROLGXV XQG /LTXLGXVNXUYHQ $EE ZRUDXVHLQ*HIJHPLWVFKOHFKWHUHQPHFKD-QLVFKHQ(LJHQVFKDIWHQUHVXOWLHUW.ODVVLVFKH=LQQ Abb. 4.20: Gelötete Leiterplatte einer

HDD-Festplatte (Quelle: eigenes Werk)

%OHL/RWHHQWKDOWHQPLWHWZDVPHKU=LQQDOV GLHHXWHNWLVFKH=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJGD=LQQEHLP /|WHQ VFKQHOOHU GXUFK 2[LGDWLRQ XQG 5HDNWLRQHQ PLWGHP6XEVWUDWYHUORUHQJHKWSWEATMAN & SUPE

-RIOR

%OHL NDQQ DOOHUGLQJV EHLP 0HQVFKHQ DNXWH XQG FKURQLVFKH 9HUJLIWXQJHQ YHUXUVDFKHQ )U OHW]-WHUH JHQJW EHUHLWV GLH$XIQDKPH UHODWLY NOHLQHU 0HQJHQPJSUR7DJEHUHLQHQOlQJHUHQ=HLW-UDXP KLQZHJ GD VLFK GDV %OHL LP PHQVFKOLFKHQ .|USHU YD LQ GHQ .QRFKHQ DQVDPPHOW XQG NDXPDXVJHVFKLHGHQZLUG(LQHFKURQLVFKHRGHU DNXWHhEHUGRVLV%OHLVFKlGLJWGDV1HUYHQV\VWHP EHHLQWUlFKWLJW GLH %OXWELOGXQJ XQG )UXFKWEDUNHLW XQGYHUXUVDFKW0DJHQ'DUP%HVFKZHUGHQVRZLH 1LHUHQVFKlGHQ (LQH %OHLYHUJLIWXQJ NDQQ W|GOLFK HQGHQ =XGHP JLOW %OHL DOV NUHEVHU]HXJHQG LP 7LHUYHUVXFK

'LH*HIDKUGHV(LQDWPHQVYRQ%OHLVWlXEHQRGHU GHU$XIQDKPH EHU 1DKUXQJ LVW EHL /HLWHUSODWWHQ

LQ HOHNWURQLVFKHQ *HUlWHQ VHKU JHULQJ 'LH $XI - QDKPHGXUFK+DXWNRQWDNWVSLHOWQXUHLQHXQWHUJH-RUGQHWH5ROOHXQGLVWHEHQIDOOVXQZDKUVFKHLQOLFK

%HGHQNHQHUJDEHQVLFKDXVGHU3UREOHPDWLNGHU ZHOWZHLWHQ (QWVRUJXQJVSUDNWLNHQ YRQ (OHNWURQLN -VFKURWW7URW] RI¿]LHOOHU 5HF\FOLQJV\VWHPH EVSZ LQ'HXWVFKODQGHQGHQ(OHNWURQLNSURGXNWHKlX¿J DXI0OONLSSHQlUPHUHU/lQGHULQ$VLHQXQG$IULND (H^AGELÜKEN :HUWYROOH 5RKVWRIIH ZHUGHQ GRUWRKQH6LFKHUKHLWVYRUNHKUXQJHQXQGPLWJHULQ-JHU$XVEHXWH]XUFNJHZRQQHQ'LHRUWVDQVlVVLJH

%HY|ONHUXQJLVWVRHQWZHGHUGLUHNWGXUFKIHKOHQ-GHQ $UEHLWVVFKXW] RGHU LQGLUHNW GXUFK ]X KRKH .RQ]HQWUDWLRQLQ%RGHQXQG:DVVHUYRQ%OHLDXV (OHNWURVFKURWWEHWURIIHQ

$XVGLHVHQ*UQGHQOHJWHGLH(8PLWGHU5LFKWOL -QLH(*JHQDQQWÄ5R+6³IU5HVWULFWLRQ RI +D]DUGRXV 6XEVWDQFHV HLQHQ *UHQ]ZHUW YRQ IU GHQ *HKDOW YRQ %OHL LQ :HUNVWRIIHQ IU HOHNWURQLVFKH$QZHQGXQJHQIHVW'DGLH(QWZLFN -OXQJ YRQ EOHLIUHLHQ /RWHQ JOHLFKHU 4XDOLWlW QLFKW

20 40 60 80

Anteil Sn in Stoffmengen - % (at %)

Anteil Sn in Masse - % (m %)

20 40 60 80

61,9 m %

100 200 300

Temperatur in °C

183 °C E

Schmelze

α β

α+β α + Schmelze

β + Schmelze

Pb Sn

Abb. 4.21: Phasendiagramm Blei (Pb) – Zinn (Sn): Nur bei eutektischer Zusammensetzung (E: 61,9 Masse-% Sn) schmilzt ein Blei-Zinn-Gemisch kongruent bei einer Schmelz-temperatur von 183 °C. Bei allen weiteren Zusammensetzungen kommt es zu einem teilweisen bzw. graduellen Erstarren oder Schmelzen entlang der gezeichneten Kurven (Quelle: eigene Darstellung)

IUPLOLWlULVFKHXQGSROL]HLOLFKH9HUZHQGXQJ'LH QDFKIROJHQGH 5LFKWOLQLH (8 JHQDQQW Ä5R+6³EHNUlIWLJWHGLH*UHQ]ZHUWHIU%OHLXQG EHIULVWHWHGLH$XVQDKPHUHJHOXQJIUPHGL]LQLVFKH

*HUlWHELVXQGIU.RQWUROOXQGhEHU-ZDFKXQJVV\VWHPHELV

(VZXUGHHUZDUWHWGDVVZHOWZHLWYLHOH6WDD -WHQ PLW lKQOLFKHQ (UODVVHQ QDFK]LHKHQ ZUGHQ 'LH 6FKZHL] XQG GLH 7UNHL KDEHQ LQ]ZLVFKHQ lKQOLFKH 5LFKWOLQLHQ HLQJHIKUW $XFK LQ &KLQD JHOWHQVHLWDQGLH5R+6DQJHOHKQWH%HVWLP -PXQJHQ'HU*UHQ]ZHUWIU%OHLLQHOHNWURQLVFKHQ :HUNVWRIIHQ ZXUGH EHUQRPPHQ $OOHUGLQJV LVW HLQhEHUVFKUHLWHQGHV*UHQ]ZHUWVLQ&KLQDQLFKW YHUERWHQVRQGHUQPXVVOHGLJOLFKJHNHQQ]HLFKQHW ZHUGHQ MEYER-GÜLDNER ,Q GHQ 86$ JLEW HV 6WHXHUYHUJQVWLJXQJHQ IU GLH 9HUZHQGXQJ EOHLIUHLHU/RWHXQGLQYHUHLQ]HOWHQ%XQGHVVWDDWHQ DQGLH5R+6DQJHOHKQWH'LUHNWLYHQR^OHSG^UIDE.

COM -DSDQVSLHOWHDXIGHP*HELHWGHUEOHLI-UHLHQ/RWHHLQH9RUUHLWHUUROOHXQGDUEHLWHWHEHUHLWV LQWHQVLY DQ GHUHQ (QWZLFNOXQJ LAU & LIU

'RUWJLEWHVNHLQHVSH]L¿VFKHQJHVHW]OLFKHQ

*UHQ]ZHUWH DEHU GLH DOOJHPHLQHQ 5LFKWOLQLHQ ]X 5HGXNWLRQ:LHGHUYHUZHQGXQJXQG5HF\FOLQJYRQ (OHNWURQLNVFKURWW QHKPHQ GLH +HUVWHOOHU VWDUN LQ GLH9HUDQWZRUWXQJXQGPRWLYLHUHQGLHVHHQWVSUH -FKHQG bKQOLFKHV JLOW IU 6GNRUHD ROHSGUIDE.

COM

.ULWLVLHUWZLUGKlX¿JGDVVGLH9HUZHQGXQJYRQ%OHL LQ/RWHQVWDUNUHJOHPHQWLHUWZXUGHZlKUHQGHVIU GLH+DXSWDQZHQGXQJLQ%OHLDNNXPXODWRUHQ6WDU -WHUEDWWHULHQYRQ3.:NHLQH%HVFKUlQNXQJHQJLEW (LQHYHUJOHLFKHQGHgNRELODQ]GHU868PZHOWEH - K|UGH(3$NRQQWHNHLQHQHLQGHXWLJHQ8PZHOWQXW-]HQ EOHLIUHLHU /RWH JHJHQEHU EOHLKDOWLJHQ /RWHQ KHUDXVVWHOOHQ(3$1HEHQGHP6LFNHUZDV-VHUDXVEOHLKDOWLJHPQLFKWXPZHOWJHUHFKWHQWVRUJ -WHP(OHNWURVFKURWWZXUGHQLQGLHVHUgNRELODQ]GHU

$EEDXXQGGLH([WUDNWLRQGHVKlX¿JLQEOHLIUHLHQ /RWHQ YHUZHQGHWHQ 6LOEHUV XQG GHU (QHUJLHYHU-EUDXFKEHLP/|WHQDOVVWDUNH8PZHOWHLQÀXVVIDN -WRUHQLGHQWL¿]LHUW

'XUFKVWHFNPRQWLHUWH%DXWHLOH7KURXJK+ROH7HFK-QRORJ 7+7 KDEHQ 'UDKWDQVFKOVVH GLH GXUFK .RQWDNWO|FKHU LQ GHU /HLWHUSODWWH JHVWHFNW ZHU-GHQ$QVFKOLHHQGZHUGHQVLHGXUFK:HOOHQO|WHQ PLWGHQ/HLWHUEDKQHQGHU/HLWHUSODWWHYHUEXQGHQ 'D]X ZLUG ]XQlFKVW HLQ )OXVVPLWWHO DXI GLH /HL-WHUSODWWHQ DXIJHWUDJHQ$QVFKOLHHQG ZHUGHQ VLH YRUJHKHL]W'DUDXIKLQIDKUHQGLH/HLWHUSODWWHQEHU HLQH :HOOH DXV ÀVVLJHP /RW 6FKOLHOLFK HUIROJW HLQNRQWUROOLHUWHV$ENKOHQ

2EHUÀlFKHQPRQWLHUWH %DXHOHPHQWH 6XUIDFH 0RXQWHG7HFKQRORJ\607ZHUGHQGXUFK:LHGHU -DXIVFKPHO]O|WHQ5HÀRZ/|WHQDQGHU/HLWHUSODWWH EHIHVWLJW XQG NRQWDNWLHUW 'D]X ZLUG ]XQlFKVW LP 6LHEGUXFNYHUIDKUHQ /|WSDVWH ]7 DXFK .OHEHU DXIGLH.RQWDNWVWHOOHQGHU/HLWHUSODWWHDXIJHEUDFKW 'DQDFKEHVWFNWPDQGLH3ODWWHPLW%DXWHLOHQ,P /|WRIHQHUIROJWDQVFKOLHHQGGDVHLJHQWOLFKH/|WHQ GXUFK:lUPH]XIXKU'DEHLZLUGDXFKGHUHYWODXI-JHWUDJHQH.OHEHUDXVJHKlUWHW

'DV:LHGHUDXIVFKPHO]O|WHQGHUREHUÀlFKHQPRQ -WLHUWHQ%DXWHLOHLVWNRVWHQJQVWLJHUXQGHUP|JOLFKW HLQHK|KHUH'LFKWHYRQ%DXWHLOHQDXIGHU/HLWHU -SODWWH 'DGXUFK ZXUGHQ :HOOHQO|WHQ E]Z GXUFK-VWHFNPRQWLHUWH %DXWHLOH DXHUKDOE &KLQDV DXV YLHOHQ$QZHQGXQJHQYHUGUlQJW,Q&KLQDZHOFKHV FDGHV=LQQEHGDUIVIU/|WPDWHULDOLHQEHDQ -VSUXFKW EHLVSLHOVZHLVH IU GLH 3URGXNWLRQ YRQ +DXVKDOWVHOHNWURQLNZHLH:DUHLVW:HOOHQO|WHQ DOOHUGLQJVQRFKLPPHU6WDQGDUG$XFKDOOJHPHLQ LQ GHU /HLVWXQJVHOHNWURQLN VLQG GXUFKVWHFNPRQ -WLHUWH %DXWHLOH QDFK ZLH YRU JlQJLJH (OHPHQWH LQVEHVRQGHUH EHL VWDUNHU PHFKDQLVFKHU %HODV -WXQJRGHUKRKHU6WURPEHODVWXQJEHLZHOFKHUGLH 2EHUÀlFKHQPRQWLHUXQJ NHLQHQ DXVUHLFKHQGHQ +DOW JHZlKUOHLVWHW %HLGH 0RQWDJHWHFKQRORJLHQ N|QQHQ DXFK DXI HLQHU /HLWHUSODWWH NRPELQLHUW ZHUGHQ LQGHP GXUFKVWHFNPRQWLHUWH %DXWHLOH DQ GHU 2EHUVHLWH XQG REHUÀlFKHQPRQWLHUH %DXWHLOH DQGHU8QWHUVHLWHDQJHEUDFKWZHUGHQ,Q]ZLVFKHQ JLEWHVDXFK/HLWHUSODWWHQPLWPHKUHUHQGXUFKNRQ -WDNWLHUWHQ (EHQHQ 0HKUODJHQSODWLQHQ 0XOWL/D\-HU3ODWWHQ

$OV$OWHUQDWLYHQ]XP/|WHQLQGHU(OHNWURQLNEUDQ - FKHVLQGQDFK$QJDEHQGHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHQ=LQQ-YHUEDQGV,75,HOHNWULVFKOHLWHQGH.OHEVWRIIHHLQ -JHEHWWHWH .RPSRQHQWHQ RGHU (LQSUHVVWHFKQLNHQ GHQNEDU %LVKHU NRQQWHQ VLH GHU /|WWHFKQRORJLH DEHU NHLQH QHQQHQVZHUWHQ 0DUNWDQWHLOH DEQHK-PHQ

Im Dokument Rohstoffe für (Seite 64-71)