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} ® “ “D“  ’ H ’™ ¯ m  H  H H³€ H x C QC † H†  %† À Ha{ H w  H  H Š H#v H ¬  à Hà  Hr Hs  H  • W •  ¬¬ G •  ` G` H ¬ B k H & l Œ XŒ ¹ W ¹  ¬ G ¹  ¤ G¤ ˆ 2ˆ ¨ W ¨ G ¨ Ø GØ §  2: W:G:  H    Ð

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THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993, updated 1996)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)



$ c

L \ Ë Ê Ž X

3

H H š ‘ R

( ^ Æ ¡ 2

D µ n , < 8

Front Central Back Close

Close-mid

Open-mid

Open

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

± z

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plosive SE WG Ș FÑ NJ T*

Nasal P — Q  1 ²

Trill × U 5

Tap or Flap _ ©

Fricative )% IY 7' V¬¬] 6= ‰Ÿ o- [9 ;Ç ‹" K+

Lateral

fricative Ó /

Approximant ¥ Š · M Ù

Lateral

approximant O Ò – .

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

SUPRASEGMENTALS VOWELS

OTHER SYMBOLS

Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives

!

Bilabial

œ

Bilabial

Examples:

Û

Dental

Í

Dental/alveolar

S ’

Bilabial

!

(Post)alveolar

Ü

Palatal

W ’

Dental/alveolar

Ú

Palatoalveolar

¦

Velar

N ’

Velar

”

Alveolar lateral

Î

Uvular

V ’

Alveolar fricative

Primary stress

 Secondary stress

 IR8Q W,6Q

« Long H«

Ô Half-long HÔ

Extra-short H Û Minor (foot) group

” Major (intonation) group

Syllable break ŠL ±NW

§ Linking (absence of a break)

TONES AND WORD ACCENTS

LEVEL CONTOUR

H¬B

RU

k

Extrahigh

H& 

or

l

Rising

H r

High

H s

Falling

H# v

Mid

H 

Highrising

Ha {

Low

H À w

Lowrising

H³ €

Extralow

H x

Rising-falling

¯

Downstep

m

Global rise

}

Upstep

®

Global fall

DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. 1

Voiceless

Q

G 

Breathy voiced

ED

Dental

W¬G

Voiced

VW¬

Creaky voiced

ED £

Apical

W¬£G£

Ð

Aspirated

WÐGÐ …

Linguolabial

W¬…¬G…

Laminal

W¬G

More rounded

2 :

Labialized

W:G:

Nasalized

H

ˆ

Less rounded

2ˆ ¨

Palatalized

W¨G¨ Ø

Nasal release

Œ

Advanced

XŒ ¹

Velarized

W¹¬G¹ ¤

Lateral release

Retracted

H •

Pharyngealized

W•¬¬G• `

No audible release

G`

¬

¬

Ã

Centralized



Velarized or pharyngealized

Mid-centralized

H

Raised

H

¬(

Š

= voiced alveolar fricative)

C

Syllabic

QC †

Lowered

(

= voiced bilabial approximant)

Non-syllabic

H

Advanced Tongue Root

H

“

Rhoticity

“D“ ’

Retracted Tongue Root

™

Voiceless labial-velar fricative

Alveolo-palatal fricatives

Z

¬Voiced labial-velar approximant

ª

Alveolar lateral flap

É

Voiced labial-palatal approximant

Í

Simultaneous

6

and

[ Ï

Voiceless epiglottal fricative

¢

¬Voiced epiglottal fricative

Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols

¬¸

¬Epiglottal plosive

joined by a tie bar if necessary.

NSWV ( (

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