Integrated Protection of Fruit Crops IOBC-WPRS Bulletin Vol. 123, 2017 pp. 140-142
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Survey of Drosophila suzukii in Switzerland from 2011 to 2016
Fabio Kuonen, Catherine-Aryelle Baroffio
Agroscope, Research Centre, Eterpys 18, 1964 Conthey, Switzerland e-mail: catherine.baroffio@agroscope.admin.ch
Extended abstract: Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is a highly polyphagous vinegar fly native to Asia, which first invaded Switzerland in 2011 (Baroffio & Fischer, 2011; Baroffio et al., 2014; Cini et al., 2014). The pest was found in all regions of the country, from low altitudes to the timberline. D. suzukii spread over the years and completely invaded the country in 2014. It is considered as a pest of stone and small fruit not only in Switzerland but in all the countries where it has been introduced (Hauser, 2011; Cini et al., 2012, Depra et al., 2014; Asplen et al., 2015; Hamby et al., 2016; Shearer et al., 2016). Crop losses ranging from 30-40% on blueberry, blackberry and raspberry in Italy and up to 80% on strawberry in France have been reported (Lee et al., 2011). In the future, increasing production costs and potential market losses might be expected.
Additional time, money and workforce are necessary in order to correctly apply control methods against D. suzukii (Cini et al., 2012; Asplen et al., 2015; Haye et al., 2016). Most countries have established integrated pest management strategies to fight the pest. Switzerland has developed its approach based on a national survey and a combination of control methods including sanitary measures, mass trapping, nets and chemical or alternative treatments (Haye et al., 2016).
The monitoring survey began in 2012 and the network consisted of about 200 traps distributed according to the importance of fruit growing areas (Baroffio et al., 2014). Many different types of traps and attractants were used during the first years. Then traps and attractants were standardized. The trap in current use is a plastic cup trap. Two models are available: a ready-to-use cup trap from Riga Company (www.becherfalle.ch) containing 85 ml of a standardized attractant composed of vine, vinegar, sugar and fruit juice, and a refillable cup trap from Profatec Company (www.profatec.ch). The same attractant as the one in the ready-to-use trap is proposed in 10 l bag-in-boxes and can be used in the Profatec trap.
Important parameters like surrounding environment, weather data and localization of the traps via GPS coordinates were assessed. Traps are controlled every month in the winter period and every week from April onwards. Each canton is responsible for its region and reports catches results in an online Google Doc file. This document is updated weekly on our webpage:
www.drosophilasuzukii.agroscope.ch. This webpage is consulted on average 500 times a day, and over 1000 times a day during peak weeks.
Our results showed that cherries, raspberries and wild berries were very attractive throughout the season, even in absence of fruits on the trees and plants, respectively. While fewer attacks were reported in 2012, there were many economic damages in 2013 and 2014, especially in late harvested crops such as raspberries and blackberries. The very warm and dry summer of 2015 helped to reduce the Drosophila population in the crops, but there were important populations in the woods and in shady places. The mild winter and the wet spring of 2016 caused a dangerous increase of the populations. Cherries, raspberries and apricots were attacked during July 2016.
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There is a correlation between the winter temperature and the catches in the traps: during the winters of 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, temperatures were around or below zero degrees Celsius on average, and there were no catches in the traps, while they were above zero degrees Celsius during the winter of 2013-2014, and since May 2014 there was a continuous activity of Drosophila suzukii around the traps.
This survey shows the diversity between the different regions and seasons. The surrounding factors and the non-crop host plants play a very important role on the development of the population (Arno et al., 2016; Briem et al., 2016; Pelton et al., 2016).
There is not always a good relation between the catches and the damages on the fruits, but the monitoring traps give indications on the activity of the pest in a given region. Monitoring is a very useful tool and allows reacting quickly enough to fight Drosophila suzukii with the maximum efficacy.
Key words: Drosophila suzukii, berry, survey, trap
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