Lec e No e in Info ma ic (LNI), Ge ell chaf fÈ Info ma ik, Bonn 15
Modelling he Pe fo mance, Ene g Con mp ion and Ef®cienc of Da a Managemen S em
Raik Niemann1and Todo I ano
Ab ac :Man app oache , p opo al and e o e al a e, mea e and op imi e he ene g ef®cienc of da a managemen em e e made d ing he la co ple of ea e ing he impo ance of hi e ea ch ®eld.
F om he p ac i ione pe pec i e, fo e ample de elope and end e of da a managemen - em , he e i a big n mbe of fac o ha in¯ ence he pe fo mance and ene g ef®cienc of a pa ic la da a managemen em. Fo e ample, he eplacemen of ha d a e componen o he o nding ope a ing em can ha e a igni®can impac . Bo h de elope and end e p m ch effo in o ®nding pe fo mance bo leneck , be e ha d a e e o ce ili a ion and con®- g a ion . Be ide , hen i come o a cale-o cena io, end e of en face he i a ion o ®nd a ha d a e con®g a ion ha offe bo h a ea onable pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion, i.e. a
e o ce planning.
M l iple e idence p e en ed in hi pape gge ha a model o im la e bo h he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion of a da a managemen em i fea ible. Thi allo o e al a e he ene g ef®- cienc b nning a im la ion a he han b pe fo ming eal e pe imen . Compa ed o adi ional a , fo e ample eg e ion and compa ibili e , im la ion n a e in ended o d a icall ed ce he in e men , bo h in ime and ha d a e.
In hi pape , bo h he ea on o c ea e ch im la ion model a ell a he cha ac e i ic and bene® of i f ndamen al de ign e e di c ed.
Ke o d :Pe fo mance, Ene g ef®cienc , Da a managemen em
1 In od c ion
The incen i e o deal i h he ene g ef®cienc a i e in man ®eld . When he n mbe of inco po a ed componen o handle a p oblem eache a peci®c limi , he componen
hem el e become a co fac o . E ample fo ch ®eld a e da a managemen and p o- ce ing em a ell a en o and mobile de ice ne o k .
To ill a e hi i e, one can con ide he de elopmen of da a managemen em in he la co ple of ea . The amo n of info ma ion ha i being c ea ed o ld ide inc ea e e ponen iall . The adi ional da a managemen and p oce ing em a e no able o o e and o p oce hi amo n ef®cien l . Thi lead o all he effo ha can
1In i e of Info ma ion S em , Depa emen of M l imedial Info ma ion S em , Uni e i of Applied Science Hof, Hof (Ge man ),raik.niemann@iisys.de
Chai fo Da aba e and Info ma ion S em , In i e fo Info ma ic and Ma hema ic , Goe he Uni e i F ankf , F ankf am Main (Ge man ),todor@dbis.cs.uni-frankfurt.de
be mma i ed nde he e m Big Da a . E ample a e he appea ance ofNoSQLda a managemen em o da a p oce ing f ame o k likeHadoop.
Al ho gh ho e em allo he o age and p oce ing of h ge da a amo n mo e ef-
®cien l , ope a o a e ill challenged. Fo e ample, he e i a high n mbe of combina- ion ega ding he elec ion of ope a ing em , da a managemen em and ha d a e con®g a ion . When i come o a cale-o cena io o e o ce planning acco ding o changed demand and eq i emen , adeoff a e e i ing. The e m g een comp ing combine all effo o ®nd ho e adeoff .
I ha been e e al ea ince heCla amon epo [AAB+ 8] ho ed he di ec ion , challenge and po en ial of g een comp ing . The in en ion a o im la e he e- ea ch of ne a chi ec e , e ca e and implemen a ion of da a managemen em . Al ho gh ome of hem e e eali ed, he eali ho ha ene g ef®cienc op imi a-
ion of da a managemen em a e ambigo a o lined b Wang e al.[WFXS11].
The emaining pape i o gani ed a follo : Sec ion b ie¯ de c ibe he calc la ion and me hodolog of he ene g ef®cienc . Sec ion di c e i e i h e pec o he e al a ion of he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion of da a managemen em . Sec- ion 4 add e e he e i e and ho ±a a ol ion± ha a model fo he im la ion of bo h he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion i p ac ical. Sec ion 5 de c ibe he f nda- men al de ign, he model and i ke bene® he ea Sec ion p e en he e l of o
® im la ion model . Sec ion mma i e he pape .
E al a ion of he Ene g Ef®cienc
The e i a ell kno n eq a ion o calc la e he ene g ef®cienc EEof a da a managemen em ([WFXS11], [XTW1 ]):
EE=WDB
We =Pe f·
P· =Pe f
P (1)
he eWDB i he ef l o k he da a managemen em did and We he elec ical o k i con med.Pdeno e he mean effec i e po e . A WDBi ome hing a bi a , i can no be e p e ed i h a ph ical ni . In gene alWDBi he eq i alen of he mean pe fo mancePe fo e he ime .
A Eq a ion 1 a e , i i e en ial fo he calc la ion of he ene g ef®cienc o mea e bo h he mean pe fo mance and he ene g con mp ion. The fo me i gi en b a e me hodolog and he la e b a de®ni ion of he e appa a . Fo compa abili ea on ,
anda d ha e been de eloped fo bo h.
Fo in ance, o e al a e he pe fo mance of a da a managemen em, a benchma k implemen ing one o mo e eal e ca e , i n on op of i . The e a e idel accep ed benchma k fo all kind of da a managemen em . All he e benchma k a e imila in ha he epo a a pe fo mance me ic ei he he e pon e ime o he h o ghp . In
gene al he e pon e ime i de e mined b e ec ing a peci®c o kload and mea ing he ime pe iod f om he ini ial acce of he da a managemen em n il he end of he e ec ion. Thi can be done im l aneo l i h a highe n mbe of clien o e al a e he
h o ghp .
Fo mea ing he ene g con mp ion hile pe fo ming a benchma k, one o mo e ene g con mp ion mea emen de ice a e ed. The e appa a p o ide a de c ip ion on ho o mea e he ene g con mp ion. I al o p o ide a li i h he em componen
ha ho ld be mea ed.
I e in he E al a ion of Ene g Ef®cienc
The e a e e e al i e hen i come o he e al a ion and op imi a ion of he ene g ef-
®cienc i h e pec o da a managemen em . Eq a ion 1 a e ha an op imi a ion follo ei he he inc ea e of he pe fo mance o he ed c ion of he ene g con mp ion.
Fo end e and de elope of da a managemen em he op imi a ion di ec ion i im- po an and ill no clea [WFXS11]. Since he common a o e al a e and calc la e he ene g ef®cienc i b pe fo ming benchma k hile mea ing he ene g con mp ion, bo h g o p ha e o in e in o ime (fo he benchma k) and ha d a e componen (fo
he benchma k nning on diffe en combina ion of ha d a e componen ). A a e l , all effo lead o hecompa abili of da a managemen em in e m of pe fo mance, ene g con mp ion and ®nall ene g ef®cienc . The abili o compa e o diffe en da a managemen em o o diffe en e ion of he ame one allo he deci ion making and he e o ce planning. Fo in ance, de elope of da a managemen em need compa abili a he ba i fo eg e ion e . Simila l , end e need compa a- bili o choo e he mo e pe fo man and ene g ef®cien da a managemen em fo a gi en e ca e.
A gene al compa abili of all kno n da a managemen em i impo ible beca e hi eq i e a gene al benchma k ha co e all imaginable e ca e and a common acce in e face o he da a managemen em in o de o e al a e hei pe fo mance.
Addi ionall ch a benchma k al o eq i e a gene al me hodolog and e appa a o mea e he ene g con mp ion fo all po ible combina ion of ha d a e componen . De pi e of ha , i i fea ible o compa e da a managemen em ha ha e a common acce in e face o a common domain. The e a e benchma k fo mo domain ha an- da di e he o kload o e al a e he pe fo mance of he e ed da a managemen - em . Ho e e , he e benchma k a e no con i en ega ding he epo ed me ic hich make he e l compa i ion mo e dif®c l . A ecen e on benchma k fo Big Da a [QZ1 ] e en i el e ie he c en me ic and di c e ome of he cha ac e i - ic and challenge he ho ld add e . An impo an poin ha he a ho make i he need of a comple e, end- o-end benchma king i e, incl ding bo h componen -ba ed and applica ion-o ien ed benchma k along i h c i ical me ic ch a ene g con mp ion.
On he con a , mo e gene al me ic hich a e independen of o kload pe o ba ed on p oce o mic o-a chi ec e cha ac e i ic a e epo ed. E ample a e C cle pe In-
c ion (CPI), ® le el da a cache mi e pe 1 in c ion (L1 MPKI) and la le el cache (LLC) mi a io, p e en ed in [XYB+1 ] and [DKL+1 ]. Finall , impo an ne me ic like da a p oce ed pe econd and da a pe Jo le a e p opo ed b [LZJ+1 ]
o be e mea e da a p oce ing and ene g con mp ion.
In con a o he e al a ion of he pe fo mance, he me hodolog o mea e he con med elec ical ene g acco ding o Eq a ion 1 i no con i en . In pa ic la e efe o he follo ing i e :
• The e a e onl o majo anda d ha a e idel accep ed:SPECpo e [(SP15]
andTPC-Ene g [(TP15]. In con a oTPC-Ene g hich anda di e an addi- ional me ic fo hei TPC-(C,E,H,DS) benchma k,SPECpo e i a mo e gene al
a o ela e he pe fo mance o he ene g con mp ion.
• The e of componen o be mea ed i no con i en . TPC-Ene g a ell a SPECpo e de®ne he componen of a em nde e (SUT) b ome of hem a e onl op ional. Ho e e , he eali ho ha onl he mea emen of he o e - all po e con mp ion ma e . Thi i ba ed on he fac ha bo hTPC-Ene g and SPECpo e eq i e he age of a epa a e of a e ha i e pon ible fo he en i e benchma k e ec ion and al o o mea e he ene g con mp ion of he inco po- a ed de ice . In fac , hi of a e ppo onl a co ple of mea emen de ice .
• Ano he impo an a pec i he incon i en de®ni ion of he ime f ame ha ho ld be mea ed. TPC-Ene g de®ne hi a he ime pe iod ha i ake o e ec e he benchma k.SPECpo e e end hi ime pe iod i h ho ime pe iod befo e and af e he benchma k ( o called amp- p ). The ea on fo hi i o e¯ec he p epa a ion of he benchma k.
4 Rea on fo a Model
In o opinion all app oache ha e e de eloped in he la decade o a d he op i- mi a ion of he ene g ef®cienc in da a managemen em ho ed he ame empi ical p og e and eman ic a he one kno n f om he beha io al cience.
Thi mean ha h ee age a e eq i ed o f ll nde and a opic. In he ® age all fac o ha co ld ha e a po en ial in¯ ence a e ga he ed. In he econd age he in¯ ence fac o a e e ed indi id all o e ima e hei impac . In he ®nal hi d age a model ab ac all ®nding and allo he ded c ion of ne kno ledge.
Wi h e pec o he opic of hi pape i i o belief ha eno gh e ea ch e l e e p bli hed o ®nall fo m a model. To p o e o poin e e ed p ominen p blica ion and app oache .
The ® e ea ch conce ning he fac o ha co ld ha e a po en ial in¯ ence on he ene g ef®cienc e e e al a ed and p e en ed b X e al.[XTW1 ],Wang e al.[WFXS11]
andT i ogianni e al.[THS1 ]. Al ho gh he foc ed on ela ional da a managemen em , impo an in¯ ence fac o e e iden i®ed and ® mea emen me hodologie
e e p opo ed. In addi ion o hi he a mp ion a e i®ed ha he op imi a ion of ingle in¯ ence fac o ha e a igni®can impac on he ene g ef®cienc . NoSQLda a managemen em became e pop la , e peciall in conj nc ion i h he Hadoop eco em. Thi in od ced addi ional po en ial in¯ ence fac o a p e en ed b Lang e al.[LKP11],Abadi[Aba1 ],Rabl e al.[RGVS+1 ] andBa e al.[BBN+1 ].
The impac of he iden i®ed fac o a e al a ed b e ec ing benchma k fo ® ed com- bina ion of ho e fac o , a epo ed fo e ample b Va ic e al. [VBSK 9],Lang and Pa el [LP 9] and Poe e al.[PNV+1 ]. P ominen app oache modi®ed e i ing da a managemen em o hei e appa a o op imi e ei he he pe fo mance ( e pon e ime and h o ghp ) o he ene g con mp ion of he em.Hindman e al.[HKZ+11]
ied o ge e i ing da a managemen em a a e of he ene g con mp ion hich i in e n j ano he a pec of op imi ing fo he pe fo mance. Thi a done b combi- ning e i ing he i ic like indice and q e planne a i ic i h ene g con mp ion me ic . Ano he app oach a o ake ene g ef®cienc in o con ide a ion hen he da a managemen of a e i in i planning and implemen a ion age ( o called of a e pe - fo mance enginee inga de c ibed in [WFP ] and [DM ]). A p ominen e ample fo
of a e pe fo mance enginee ing i F1[SOE+1 ], a ela ional da a managemen em de eloped b Googleadd e ing he ene g ef®cienc and pe fo mance a ke eq i e- men .
In addi ion o he gi en p blica ion f om he academia, e en mo e hi e pape e e e- lea ed o he p blic b he de elope of mode n da a managemen em . Tho e hi e pape p e en e pe imen al pe fo mance e l a ell a a chi ec al in igh (fo e - ample [Da 14a] and [Da 14b] fo Ca and a).
5 Model Cha ac e i ic
A implied b Eq a ion 1, a model ha o im l aneo l con ide bo h he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion a pec of a em. To achie e hi , bo h a pec need o be ab- ac ed and gene ali ed. In pa ic la hi mean o ®nd imila i ie ha da a managemen
em , benchma k and benchma k me hodologie ha e in common.
Fi , e died he imila i ie of p ominen da a managemen em . The e l a ha he onl ha e he ba ic f ndamen al a chi ec e ([WFXS11], [WV 1]). In p inciple he offe an in e face o a e and ela e fac o info ma ion of a peci®c domain i h e pec o heACIDp ope ie (a omici , con i enc , i ola ion and d abili ). The al o offe an in e face o q e he da a in an ef®cien and pe fo man manne b ing he i -
ic , fo e ample b ing diffe en inde ing mechani m .
Second, e died majo benchma k in o de o ®nd hei imila i ie . To ge an o e ie ho he majo benchma k de®ne hei pe fo mance me ic, e e ed hem acco ding
o hei epo ed me ic. A mma of me ic i p e en ed in Table 1. I i no iceable ha he dominan me ic i ei he h o ghp o e pon e ime. The la e can be e p e ed a h o ghp if he q e ied da a amo n i kno n. Ne , e econ ide ed all app oache gi en in he p e io ec ion a ell a he imila i ie men ioned abo e o ®nd a model
ha f ll ppo all a pec . We came o he concl ion ha a ba ic da a ¯o model i he mo p omi ing ol ion.
Benchma k Ca ego and me ic
TPC-E OLTP p oce ing o kload of a b oke age ® m T an ac ion pe econd
TPC-C OLTP p oce ing o kload fo hea an ac ion T an ac ion pe min e
TPC-H OLAP deci ion ppo o kload fo la ge e of da a Q e e pon e ime
TPC-DS Like TPC-H b i h mo e I O and CPU load Q e e pon e ime
TPC-VMS Addi ional me hodolog fo i ali ed TPC-(E,C,H,DS) S mma i ed h o ghp
BigDa a benchma k OLAP benchma k fo MPP a chi ec e [AMP14]
Q e e pon e ime
BigDa aBench Compo nd OLTP and OLAP benchma k fo a io a chi ec e [WZL+14]
Th o ghp
HiBench OLAP benchma k fo Hadoop Hi e[HHD+1 ] Th o ghp and e pon e ime
BigBench TPC-DS in pi ed benchma k [GRH+1 ] Th o ghp (q e ie pe ho )
LinkBench Social g aph da aba e benchma k [APBC1 ] Q e e pon e ime
YCSB F ame o k o benchma k clo d e ice , e.g. DBMS [CST+1 ] Ope a ion pe econd
XMa k Benchma k fo XML ope a ion in a da a managemen em [SWK+ ] Q e e pon e ime
Clo d i e Compo nd benchma k fo da acen e ope a ion [FAK+1 ] ( ndecided)
TPC -HS Benchma k o e Hadoopcon®g a ion Re pon e ime and h o ghp
Tab. 1: S e ed da a managemen em benchma k i h hei me ic
The main ea on fo a gene al model i he fac ha he da a ¯o i f ndamen al and alid fo all pe of of a e ha p oce da a in a c ed manne ch a da a mana- gemen em hich ha e he ame a chi ec e. F he mo e, a model ha i peci®- call de igned o e¯ec he common da a ¯o i hin a da a managemen em ha al o he ad an age ha pe fo mance can be im la ed and p edic ed.Bon empi and K ij e [BK ],Ko ne e al.[KGS 8] andNambia and Poe [NP1 ] ho ed ha i i po ible
o im la e and p eci el p edic he pe fo mance of a em.
Addi ionall he amo n o c e of he inp da a fo he da a ¯o model doe no ma e . Thi i mo ef l i h ega d o benchma k . Since all he e ed benchma k gene a e a p ede®ned amo n of domain peci®c da a, hi da a can be ed a inp fo he model. The ad an age of hi app oach i ha he im la ion e l can be di ec l
compa ed o e pe imen al e l . The e ed benchma k ha e al o in common ha he foc on he e al a ion of ei he he e pon e ime o he h o ghp . Wi h e pec o he da a ¯o model bo h me ic can be mea ed and epo ed.
Ano he ea on fo fo ming a model ba ed on he da a ¯o i he po ibili o e addi- ional me ic . Acco ding oDie ich e al.[DBCRW9 ], a da a ¯o model ha incl de all componen eq i ed fo p oce ing da a co ld al o con ide all ha d a e componen . When i come o he im la ion of he da a ¯o , an addi ional me ic like he mean po e con mp ion pe im la ed ha d a e componen allo o calc la e he o e all po e con-
mp ion.
In a n hell, a da a ¯o model ho e componen e¯ec he common a chi ec e of da a managemen em a ell a all he inco po a ed p oce ing ha d a e i able o im la e he da a ¯o ha a p e io l c ea ed b a benchma k. In conj nc ion i h an addi ional me ic like he mean po e con mp ion pe componen , he im la ion of he o e all po e con mp ion i po ible. Bo h he pe fo mance im la ion e l and he o e all po e con mp ion allo he calc la ion of he ene g ef®cienc de®ned in Eq a ion 1.
The ke bene® of hi model i he igni®can ed c ion in ime and ha d a e in e men . A o lined in Sec ion he common a o e al a e bo h he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion a pec i o e ec e a benchma k fo compa abili p po e . Thi need o be done on diffe en ha d a e con®g a ion fo a holi ic e al a ion of he ene g ef®cienc . Sim la ing ho e a pec on he ba i of he model o ld be fa e i ho he need o in e in o he de i ed ha d a e con®g a ion.
F om he p ac i ione pe pec i e, bo h de elope and end e of da a managemen em o ld bene® f om he p opo ed model. A a ie of e ca e a e po ible. The ha e all in common ha onl h ee ba ic im la ion pa ame e a e eq i ed: he da a managemen em, he ha d a e con®g a ion and he amo n o domain of he da a o be p oce ed. Fi ing o of hi h ee pa ame e hile a ing he emaining one allo
o im la e he effec on he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion.
Fo e ample, i enable de elope o im la e he effec of po ible implemen a ion change in he a chi ec e of a da a managemen em ch a he eplacemen of he da a o age la o o indice . Thi eplacemen can be made in he model in ead of he of a e implemen a ion. A im la ion i h a gi en amo n of da a and ha d a e con-
®g a ion demon a e he effec on he pe fo mance i ho ha ing he a chi ec al change ac all implemen ed and e al a ed b pe fo ming a benchma k. Mo eo e , he
al p oce of doing eg e ion e can be omi ed.
In con a o de elope , end e of e i ing da a managemen em like da acen e ope a o a e mo e in e e ed in e o ce planning o cale-o cena io . Gi en an e i ing da a managemen em and ha d a e con®g a ion, he effec on he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion can be im la ed hile changing he amo n of da a o be p oce ed.
The e l can be ed fo f he im la ion , fo e ample o ®nd a ha d a e con®g- a ion ha i mo e pe fo man and ene g - a ing a he ame ime. Simila l , he mo
ene g ef®cien da a managemen em can be iden i®ed b im la ion if he ha d a e con®g a ion and he da a i e a e kno n in ad ance.
Model Implemen a ion and Fi Re l
In [NI15], he da a ¯o of a da a managemen em a implemen ed b ingQ e ed Pe i Ne (QPN1). Thi model i in ended o e¯ec he da a ¯o of a da a managemen
em among all componen ha co ld ha e an impac on he pe fo mance. Thi incl de he o nding ope a ing em, echnical componen (main memo , ma o age and CPU) and he common componen of a da a managemen em (acce con ol, q e plan gene a ion and op imi a ion, q e plan i ola ion and q e plan e ec ion).
The ba ic model a e al a ed and p o en b im la ing o p ominen da aba e bench- ma k (TPC-HandS a Schema Benchma k). The im la ion n epo ed he im la ed q e e pon e ime and a i ical al e fo all componen of he model, fo e ample he h o ghp of an i ioned ma k pe im la ed econd. The h o ghp i impo an
hen i come o he calc la ion of he im la ed ene g con mp ion. The im la ed q e e ec ion ime , ene g con mp ion and ef®cienc al e e e compa ed i h he e pe imen al one ha e e p e en ed in [NKZG1 ]. On a e age he e pe imen al and im la ed al e fo heTPC-H benchma k diffe b .55 pe cen fo he q e e ec - ion ime and b 1.91 pe cen fo he ene g ef®cienc , e pec i el . Fo heS a Schema Benchma k, he e pe imen al and im la ed al e diffe b 19. pe cen fo he q e e ec ion ime and b . pe cen fo he ene g ef®cienc , e pec i el .
Ho e e , he age of he ba ic model i limi ed beca e im la ion n aim o e¯ec he da a ¯o of a da a managemen em nning on a ingle e e machine. A a e l , i onl allo o im la e and o d he effec of e ical cale-o cena io .
To im la e he da a ¯o of a da a managemen em ha i di ib ed o e e e al machine , i a nece a o in od ce a ne QPN model ha enable he e i ing model
o e change da a in he fo m of ma k . In o he o d , ne o k f nc ionali a added o he ba ic model in [Nie15]. Sim la ion n ing he enhanced model in combina ion i h he ne in od ced model allo addi ionall o ob e e he effec of ho i on al cale- o cena io . The enhanced model a e able o im la e an comp e ne o k . Thi mean ha he opolog , he da a an mi ion band id h and pe fo mance can be aken in o con ide a ion.
To p o e he enhanced model , e pe imen on a bladecen e i h e en nifo m blade e e pe fo med. The e pe imen ed he Yahoo Clo d Se ing Benchma k (YCSB, [CST+1 ]) on he he di ib ed da a managemen emCa and a. The enhanced mod- el e e e p and adj ed o e¯ec bo h he ed eal e appa a and he benchma k.
A compa i on be een he eal and im la ed e pe imen al e l ho ed a diffe ence of . pe cen on a e age fo he ed YCSB o kload and 4 . 5 pe cen on a e age fo
1A QPN combine Colo ed Pe i Ne (CPN ), Gene ali ed S ocha ic Pe i Ne (GSPN ) and q e ing p inci- ple a ell a ched ling a egie o he place . The fo mal de®ni ion fo a QPN i fai l e en i e and can be fo nd in [KB ].
he ene g ef®cienc , e pec i el . No e ha o he be of o kno ledge he e i no o he QPN model ha i able o im la e he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion fo he e ed benchma k . The efo e a compa i on of he acc ac i infea ible.
In con a o he e pe imen ing he ba ic model men ioned befo e, he YCSB bench- ma k in combina ion i hCa and a ned o o be le comple incl ding fe e an i- ion le and ma k e . Thi enabled he im la ion of he o kload o ®ni h in min e and 4 econd on a e age o ge a im la ed e pon e ime of one YCSB o kload. Com- pa ed o he e pe imen al o kload e pon e ime , hi i nea l 8 ime fa e . The im la ion model allo ed o pe fo m addi ional n fo Ca and acl e ha ing mo e han e en node . A a e l , he im la ion e l fo a gi en e ca e (® ed da a i e of GB e o be o ed in heCa and acl e ) e ealed ha he op imal n mbe of node i 1 . Thi mean ha he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion gain fell nde 1 pe cen i h e e b eq en l addedCa and anode.
F he im la ion n ho ed a ning poin fo aCa and acl e ha ing 5 node . A hi poin he im la ed comm nica ion be een he cl e node had an impac on he pe fo mance. A a e l , he pe fo mance dec ea ed b nea l .1 pe cen i h e e
b eq en l addedCa and anode. No e ha he e addi ional im la ion e l can no be alida ed i h eal e pe imen ince he ed e appa a had onl e en node .
Concl ion
In o opinion he e i eno gh academic e ea ch and e pe imen al e l o fo m a model ha i capable of im la ing and p edic ing bo h he pe fo mance and he ene g con mp- ion of a da a managemen em. Thi allo o calc la e he ene g ef®cienc in o de o op imi e i .
Ba ed on o e , m l iple ea on mo i a ing h ch a model i fea ible e e o - lined. Ne e in od ced he f ndamen al componen and cha ac e i ic of he model, oge he i h i ke bene® and ad an age . In [NI15] and [Nie15], e p e en ed an app oach o im la e he da a ¯o of h ee p ominen benchma k (TPC-H,S a Schema andYahoo Clo d Se ing Benchma k) fo o pop la da a managemen em (Po - g eSQLandCa and a). The da a ¯o a modelled ingQ e ed Pe i Ne . The e - ec ed im la ion n allo ed o p edic he e pon e ime of he benchma k o kload and o calc la e he o e all ene g con mp ion fo he im la ed ha d a e componen . The im la ion e l e e compa ed i h e pe imen al one and ho ed a diffe ence of
5.4 pe cen on a e age fo he q e o o kload e pon e ime and 9.9 pe cen on a e age fo he ene g ef®cienc , e pec i el . The im la ion n e e p o 8. ime fa e hen compa ed o he eal benchma k e ec ion on he e e e . In [Nie15], addi ional im la ion n i h changed ha d a e con®g a ion e ealed he ning poin be een he pe fo mance and ene g con mp ion fo aCa and acl e . In hi a he mo ene g ef®cien ha d a e con®g a ion fo a gi en e ca e a fo nd.
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