563
On Pashai, Laghmani, or Dehgani.
By
G. A. Grierson, C. I. E., Ph. D.
Nearly all that has hitherto been known about this language,
the most westem outpost of the Indo-Aryan forms of speech, is
contained in two short vocabularies of Laghmänl and Pashai by
Leech, on page 731 and page 780 of Vol. VII, 1838, of the
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Regarding the latter,
he says;
The language is spoken by the people called Pashais who inhabit the districts of Mandäl, Chitelä, Parenä, Kündi, Seva and Külmän.
and regarding the former:
LajÄmkn is a provinee (mahäl) of the principality of Cabül, situated opposite to Jaldldbad; it is sometimes written Lam^Aän
Thq inhabitants of LapAmdn are Tajaks or FarsiwAns.
Leech considered the two as distinct languages; it will be
seen, however, from what follows that the two names really con¬
note one and the same form of speech.
A few very insignificant specimens of this language are also
given in Sir Alexander Burnes' work on Kabul, where the name
is spelt 'Pushye'. Lassen (IA. Vol. I, p. 440, 2°'^ ed., p. 522) has
not seen that it is the same as Leech's 'Pashai', and accordingly
considers 'Pushye' and 'Pashai' as two distinct dialects. ^)
I am indebted to Mr. J. G. Lorimer, I. C. S., Political Officer
of the Khaibar, for the specimens given below, and for the follow¬
ing account of the language and of the people who speak it:
The following are examples of the Pashai language, which is also called LiaghmCini because it is spoken in the tract known as LaghmSn, and Dehgäni because most of the persons who speak it belong to the Dehgän tribe Pashai in fact appears to be the proper name of tbe language spoken by the Dehgans of LaghmSn and the country to the east of it. The boundaries of this language are said to be, roughly, on the west the Laghmän river, on the north the boundary of the KSfirs, on the east the Kunar river and on the south the
1) I am indebted to Dr. E. Kuhn for kindly drawing my attention to this
Bd. LIV. 37
U 0
564 Grierson, On Fashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
KSbul river, but the riverain villages on the left bank of the K£bul river speak Pashtö, not Pashai. A certain number of Pashto-speaking communities are also found interspersed at other places within the bounds. The principal places and neighbourhoods in which Pashai is spoken are Barkot, Sutan, Waigal (on tbe side next the Kafirs), Ja^japOr, AralS, Sürach, BadiSli, lallmpür, Bs- dshSh Kale, Balatek, Kunada, Deogal, Nurgal, Chaman, N^ll, Saa, KuImSn, Tagäo, Siäü and Kulab. Some of these are considerable tracts. The number of people speaking Pashai has been estimated at 100,000, and with regard to the size of the Pashai region and its probable character this estimate does not appear unduly large or unduly small.
There appear to be different dialects of Pashai, but the variations are said to be not great. The distinction drawn by the people themselves is between the 'harsh tongues' of the hills'), and the softer tongue of the flatter country.
By way of exemplifying two varieties a double version has been given in all the specimens. The first version is that of an illiterate zamTndar, age 30 (Ba¬
hadur Shah, son of MastSn Sliäh, Malikzai, of Bända near Kalatak in the Kunar valley). The second version is that of an educated MullS*), age 26 ('Abdu-r-
RaliTm. son of Mubammad Akbar, DehgBn of CharbSgh which is situated in
the valley of the LaghmSn river). The first may be taken as a specimen
of uneducated Eastern Pashai and the second as a specimen of educated
Western Pashai.
Pashai is a distinctly Indian language, and is most closely
related to Gewar-bati, which is spoken higher up the Kunar river,
here called the Qäshqär, near its confluence with the Bashgal, and
with the speech of the Kalasha Käfirs who inhabit the country
between those two streams. It also shows interesting points of
connexion with the Bashgall Käfir language spoken higher up the
Bashgal river and with the WasT-veri Kafir of the interior of
Käfiristän.
The main portion of this paper consists of versions of the
Parable of the Prodigal Son and of a folktale in Eastern and
Western Pashai. To these I have appended a list of standard
words and sentences in both dialects, to which are added the cor¬
responding terms in Gawar-bati and Kalasha Käfir for the sake of
comparison. To the whole I have prefixed an imperfect account
of the grammar of the language based on the materials available.
Forms belonging to the Eastern dialect are distinguished from those
belonging to the Westem. When no distinction is made, it should
be assumed that the form quoted is common to both.
I. Pronnnciation.
Pashai, not being a written language , does not admit of any
system of transliteration being used. It does not contain any
aspirated consonants, so that I am enabled to represent fricative
sounds by gh, hh etc.
1) One of these is called KulmBnl from being spoken in KulmSn: see above.
2) Pashai like Pashtö cannot be ranked as a written language, though no doubt attempts are sometimes made to express it in Arabic characters.
4 0
Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni. 565
With the foUowing exceptions the letters in the Roman character
have the sounds usually attributed to them in transliterating from
the Deva-nagari character, it being understood that e and o may
be either short or long, and that the letter ö is pronounced as'
in German.
The letter ^ is pronounced like the ai in 'fair', 'hair'.
The small " above the line represents the half-pronounced a
which is common in Pasljtö (or P»shtö), and which is known as
the fatha-e afghani.
The letters ch represent the sound of ^.
„ gh r, ' t-
n ^h , "3'
, «A , , (Ji.
t sh „ a the Pasljto letter uv.
„ th „ , the th in 'think*.
1, zh „ „ the Persian j.
In the list of words there are some aspirates in the column
for Kalasha Käfir. These are chh, representing ^ ; ph, representing
^; and bh, representing ^T.
The pronunciation of the vowels is very indefinite. Por in¬
stance the letters u, ü and ö are frequently interchanged. Thusi
the sign of the ablative is sometimes written udai, sometimes üdai>
sometimes ude, sometimes ödai, sometimes öda.
The vowel " (which is ihe well-known very short " of Pashtö)
is frequently interchanged with i, as in kit^lä or hitilä, a boy.
A final " in the Eastem dialect is usually represented by e in the
Western one. Thus, (Eastem) put-hl'^, (Western) put-hlö, a son.
The letter n in the Eastern dialect usually becomes nd in the
Westem. Thus, (Eastem) kanä, (Western) kanda, a field. So an
Eastern sh becomes a Western kh, e. g., (Eastern) sharing (Western)
khöring, a dog.
As already stated, there are no aspirated consonants (H, , etc.)
in Pashai. On the other hand, h is frequently compounded with
I into hi, e. g., hie, three; puthle {put-hie, not puth-le) a son. In
order to prevent mistakes , I shall throughout insert a hyphen in
the latter and similar words, thus, put-hie.
II. Nouns.
Porms are commonly borrowed from both Pashtö and Persian,
so that it is not always easy to identify a true Pashai form.
The following declensions appear in the lists of standard words
and sentences:
37*
566 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
Eastern Dialect.
Täti, a father.
Western Dialect.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. täti täti-län. täti. tätl-län.
Gen. tätis. tät-kuliy''nä. tätls. täti-lasan.
Dat. täti änte. tät-huli ante. täti änte. täti-läya änts.
Ahl. täti udai. tät-kuliyenä udai. tail udai. tati-läya udai.
With the above Eastern plural compare the Wasi-veri Käfir
plural termination Mli.
Äd" mi, a man.
äd^-ml. äd^ml äd^män.
ädmey^nä. äd^mis äd''män nä.
ädmey'hi ante. äd'''mi ante. äd^rnän änta.
ädmey^n udai. äd"mi udai. äd''män udai.
Probably the plural termination än in the above is due to
the influence of Persian.
Nom. äd'''mi.
Gen. äd^mis.
Dat. äd"ml ante.
Abi. äd'''mi udai.
Nom. weya.
Gen. ioey^s.
Dat. weye änte.
Abi. weye. udai
weyila.
wayä.
wHyanusP'.
weyanase udai.
Weya, a daughter.
weyila. weya.
welaiy"^nä. wayes.
welaiy"- ante. waye ante.
Wfilaiy"' udai. waye udai
In the list of words , for 'two daughters' we have dö weyß
and dö waye, respectively. The final e is probably due to the
influence of Pashtö.
The postposition udai, also written üdai, ude, ödai and even
öda, means 'from', but is properly the equivalent of the Hindostäni
päs, as in üdai ziyät bighä, with (them) much is; täiP-stä vda
äik, he came near the father.
The above paradigms in no way exhaust all the forms which
nouns assume in declension.
The following are other instances of the formation of plurals :
görtlä. görä, a horse. gör-elä.
mädinelä mädiyän, a mare, mädiyän-elä.
piut-hlelä. put-hie, a son. put-hle-lä.
bö göläng. göläng, a bull. göläng-ela.
bö gä. gü, a cow. gä-elä.
bö sharing, khöring, a dog. khöring-elä.
bö paj"-> ä. shötä, a he -goat, shöt-ülä.
bö katawä. shöt^k, a she-goat. shöt"k-elä.
äivü, a male deer, äwü-lä.
dand, a tooth. dand-elä.
Examples of Persian plurals are (Eastern) nökarän, servants;
obl. nökaräna, (Western) nökürani, his servants. Oblique Western
görü, a horse.
mädin, a mare.
pwt-hl'^, a son.
göläng, a bull.
gä, a cow.
shüring, a dog.
päj^rä, a he-goat.
katawä, a male deer.
Griersbn, Ori Pathai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni. 567
forms are tänik nökaränise kuchä, amongst thine own servants;
tänik döstäna pila, with my own friends.
There is also a plural in an or "n which may be a corruption
of the above, or may be an independent form. Examples are (Eastem)
shöi~ingan-e, (he ordered) to his dogs; (Westem) khöringan-l, his
dogs (arrived) ; khöring^nä (obl., agent case) , the dogs (made her
in pieces) ; khöring^nä ante, to the dogs.
Other examples of the plural will be found below.
As regards Cases the following should be noted :
There is a very common oblique form which ends in atä in
the Eastem, and in sä in the Western dialect. It is frequently
used, without any postposition, to represent various oblique cases,
especially the case of the agent. Examples are the following:
Eastern. Oblique farm, tän°'k tätista-m ude, to my own father;
tän''k döstänista-m miltin, with my own friends; tän'^k nökara-
nist-e. kuchä, amongst thine own servants; tätflstä öda, (he came)
near the father; tä^stä änte or tätistä ante, (he said) to the
father. Compare sharistaika, (she ascended) to the top of it.
Genitive, tätista-m, (tidings) of my father; tätistä shohri, to
his father's city.
Agent, tätistä, the father (saw, said); put-hl"-stä, the son (said);
tätistä, the father (found); säyastä, the sister {säi) (saw, said);
läy'^stä, the brother (läi) (said, fetched).
Western. Oblique, tänik nökaränis-e kuchä, amongst thine
own servants ; läy^sä p^shkin, after the brother {lai).
Accusative, läy^sa ege-haik, she was about to eat the brother.
Oenitive , mambisa-m , of my uncle ; säisä häsai, from the
hand of the sister {säi); tätisä shährä, to his father's city; ehisä
bandöbastl, arrangement for (of) eating.
Agent, put-hlisa, the son (said); put-hl"sa, the son (collected);
tätisä, the father (saw, said); säisä, the sister (made arrangement, ate); lay"sä, the brother (said, dropped).
It will be seen from the above examples that this termination
is sometimes istä {isa) and sometimes "siä ("«a). This is evidently
a mere variation of spelling. The termination is clearly the same
as the Bashgall Käfir ste or stai.
Another oblique form ends in e, I, ai, a, or a. It is not
always easy to distinguish it from a noun ending in a pronominal
suffix. It is possibly due to the influence of Pashtö. Examples
are (Eastem) ötls .<!äe de, than his sister {säi) ; hlamä kuchä , in
doings; husha hucha, in his senses; nökaräna änte, to the servants;
kanä kuchä, in the field; gdshige nazdik, near the (?his) house;
dare sh''rä, on the mountain {dar). (Western) däre mundä, on
the top of the mountain {där); üsi säyä de, than his sister (säi);
khtlama Icuchä, in doings; kandai kuchä, in the field; tän£k
4 0 *
568 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
döstäna pilä, with my own friends; kunjara sMra, with harlots;
tätisä shährä, to the father's city ; khöring^nä änte, to the dogs.
The same form can also apparently be used instead of any
case. Thus
Agent, (Western) khöring'^nä , the dogs (made her in pieces).
Dative, (Eastern) musafire, (he went) to a journey ; (Westem)
tcaiane and watana, to a country.
Ablative, (Western) häsai, from the hand (of the sister).
Genitive, (Eastem) menä mambe put-hie, the son of my uncle;
watane and watana, of a country.
Locative, (Eastern) öti chana; (Western) öti chanda, on his
back; (Eastem) watana, in a country; (Westem) häsai, on the
(?his) hand; päi/a on the (?his) foot.
Other case forms. Agent. As shown above, the oblique
form is usually employed for this case. Sometimes however , the
nominative form is used. Thus in the Western version of the
Parable of the Prodigal Son we have both put-hlisä märekiri, and
puf-hle märekin, the son said. So in the Eastem version of
the second story we find both säyastä lashekin , the sister saw
him, and mi säyä görä ekin, this sister-of-hira (säi + ä) ate
a horse.
The Instrumental case is formed by the postposition de
(Western, also c?"). Thus (Eastern) eke de, (Western) eki de,
by eating; (Eastem) watatiyäri de, (Western) hawatagiyäri d"',
by hunger.
The Dative, as shown above, is formed by adding änte. Other
examples are (Eastem) nökaräna ante, (Westem) nökarän äntg,
to the servants; khö7-ing"nä ante, to the dogs.
The Ablative, as pointed out above, is formed by adding vdai,
üde. ödai, or öda, which means both 'near' and 'from near'. Another
form is (Eastem) nandi te, from the rivei*.
The Genitive usually ends in s. Besides the forms given in
the paradigms we have (Eastem) ädflmis, of a man, and lönls, of
salt. In the Westem dialect, the genitive of Khuda, God, is
Khudes , while, in the Eastern one, it takes the peculiar form
KJmdef^z. Sometimes the termination is dropped, as in (Western)
/ äd'^mi dö put-hlelS häink, of one man there were two sons-
of-him.
The usual sign of the Locative is kuchä , in. Äd^mi pilä,
is 'with a man'. Däre sh'h-ä is 'on a mountain'. Kanä sh'rä
is 'in (literally, on) the field'. So kanjara 8h.°rä is 'with (lit.,
on) harlots'.
Gender. Adjectives do not, so far as I can gather from the
specimens, appear to change for gender. The only exception which
I have noted is mini säy-am (Eastem), my sister-of-me. The
masculine of mini is menä.
4 0 *
Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni. 569
The foUowing are examples
form their feminines:
Eastem.
of the way in which substantives
Hase.
p^'^rä, a goat.
katawä, a deer.
kip^lä, a child.
görä, a horse.
göläng, a bull.
täti, a father.
lal, a brother.
put-hl'^, a son.
adP'mi, a man.
ahüring, a, dog.
Fem.
paj'^rMk.
kaf'W^k.
kiifl'Pk.
mädin.
gä, a cow.
äl, a mother.
säi, a sister.
weya, a daughter.
mädä.
mädi ahüring.
Westem.
Mas.
shötä, a goat.
kifla, a child.
görä, a horse.
göläng, a bull.
tati, a father.
lai, a brother.
puf-hle, a son.
ad^mi, a man.
khöring, a dog.
äioM, a deer.
Fem.
shötf^k.
kipl"k, kitalik, or kitäliki.
mädiyän.
gä, a cow.
öe, a mother.
säi, a sister.
weya, a daughter.
mashi or mädä.
mädin khöring.
mädi äwä.
The foUowing are instances of the Comparison of adjectives :
Us^ mi de bai she , this is better than that. Har kö shai
de yö bai sht, this is best of all. (Eastern) chika de khub kälä,
(Westem) chin'^säy'^ de bakär käla, the best garment of all.
III. Pronouns.
The first person is nearly the same in both dialects. It is
as follows:
Sing Plur.
Nom. a (Westem also a). hamä.
Gen. mena. hamä.
Agent, mam. hamä.
'To me' is in both mam and menä ante. In one case there
is a feminine form of the genitive singular, viz., mini säyam, my
sister-of-me.
The genitive does not seem to change before nouns in the
oblique cases.
The second person is also nearly the same in both dialects.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. (Eastern) ifl; Westem) tö. hemä.
Gen. tenä. hemä.
Agent, tö. hemä.
'I will eat thee' is (Eastern) tö eekam or (Westem) tö egekam.
As in the first person, the;genitive does not change before
nouns in the obUque cases. Thus, tena male kuchü, in thy
property.
570 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
The third person. He, that.
Eastern.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. ü8°. üif.
Gen. ütis, üti. ütenä.
Agent, üs^, üti. ?
For ü, M and ö are frequent¬
ly substituted; thus, utis, ötls.
Other examples are öti säyä, his
sister-of-him ; öti chana, on his
back ; ötis hif-lai, his son ; öti (or uti) änte, to him ; öti ödai,
from him; öti hana, beat him.
The accusative is öS", him. Used as an adjective we have üs^ ehan¬
tä gösh^g, in that small house. Tl anle memi, is 'I will say to him'.
Tis i wäy"' I fut-hV^ haik, of him
there was one daughter (and) one
son. Hia watana, is 'in that
country'.
For 'this', we have in both dialects Sing üse, üal.
üse, üsi.
üse.
Westem.
Plur.
üte.
ütenä.
üte.
For ü, ö is frequently sub¬
stituted. Oti is also used for
the genitive ; thus , öti chanda,
on his back. Other examples
are üsi udai, from him; üsi deä,
give to him. sh'h-a is '(he
divided) upon them'.
yö, gen. mis, obl. form
and agent ml. We have also (Eastem) el"' this; hame eki rupaii,
and (Western) hämi i rupai, this one rupee.
The relative pronoun in the Eastern dialect is *" (which needle
became a mountain), which is probably borrowed from the Pashtö
ta". No instance occurs in the Western dialect. Who? is (Eastern) Jce (gen. kis); Westem, kiä (gen. kis); ki ö<^^j«' (both dialects),
from whom. What? is Jcö (both dialects). The P^§^tö chi is
also used.
Other pronominal forms are
Eastem. How much?, kau; how many (sons)?, kä; how
many (servants)?, käö; ki, anyone; kume, whatever (my share may
be) ; harkö, all, whatever (is mine) ; tän''-k, own.
Western. How much?, kau; how many (sons)?, kä; how
many (servants) ?, käö ; ki, anyone ; harkö, all, whatever (is mine) ;
tänik, own.
Pronominal suffixes are very freely employed, both with
nouns and verbs. When used with nouns, the full pronoun is
usually employed at the same time. The following are examples.
A. With Nouns.
Eastern. Westem.
Pirst person, menä täti-m, 1 Pirst person, menä täti-m,
my father; menä wanti-m, my j my father; in menä wante, my
Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgani. 571 Eastern.
share; tän''k tätista-m vde, near my own father ; menä put-hli-m,
my son ; tänflk döstänista-m mil¬
tin, with my own friends; mini
säya-m, my sister; tätista-m,
(tidings) of my father.
Second person, tenä tät-e,
your father; tenä mäl-e kuchä,
in thy property; t^enä put-hl-e, thy son (put-hl"); tän''k nöka- ränist-e kiLchä, amongst thine own servants; tenä lä-e, thy brother (läl), also tenä lä-ai; tenä gap-e,
thy command; dand-e, thy teeth.
Third person. Nouns in i,
seem to take the letter ä as the
suffix. Thus, ötis löy-ä, his
brother {läi); tätiy-ä, his father
(became compassionate) ; ütis tä-
tiyä, his father (came outside);
tätiyä änte (he answered) to his
father; ml säyä ekin, this his
sister ate. Other nouns take e,
ai or i. Thus, ötis kü^lai, his
son (kit'lä); ötis sä-e de, than
his sister {säi), but mi säyä
akin, this his sister ate; ötis ki- mat-e, its price ; vdai, from him,
with them ; sh'^rai, upon him ;
hastai, on his hand ; tätistä shä- hr-i, (?) to his father's city; shö;
;-ing-i, his dogs (arrived); «Äö-
ringan-a, to his dogs (he gave
order).
Western,
share, there appears to be no
suffix, so also in tanik täti vda,
near my own father; menä put-
hli-m, my son; in tänik döstäna
pilä, with my friends, there is
no suffix.
Second person, tenä täit
(no suffix), thy father; mäl-e, thy
property; tenä put-hl-e, thy son
^suffix doubtful); tänik nökarä¬
nis-e kuchä, amongst thine own
servants ; tenä läyä-e, thy brother
{läi); tenä hukm-c, thy order.
Dandelä-sa, may mean 'thy teeth'.
Third person. Usl läyä, his
(her) brother; üse tätiy-ä, his
father (came), but täte änte, to
his father; säy-ä, his sister.
üse put-hie, his son; üsi ki-
mat-e, its price; dö put-hlel-e,
his two sons; täi-e änte (see
above), to his father; tänik mäl-a,
his own property ; nökarän-i, his
servants ; sh^rai, upon him ; häs
-ai, on his hand; göshing-i to-
his-house ; tänik jän-e sh'hrä, on
his own life; khöringan-i, his
dogs.
B. With Verbs.
First person. Di-m, give
to me; way-am, place me; de-
ki-m, thou gavest me; at-am,
eat me.
Second person. Dam-e, I
will give to thee ; e-ekam, (?) I
will eat thee (here perhaps the
suffix is used as a prefix).
First person. Di m, give to
me; way-'^m, place me; däiki-m,
thou gavest me.
Second person, e-gekam, (?)
I will eat thee.
572 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
Eastern.
Third person, lelc-in, lekam
-an, I found him; dek-e, thou
gavest-to-him.
In the above in or an appa¬
rently represents the accusative
(or agent) suffix, and e, the da¬
tive or genitive.
Westem.
Third person, däyik-ye, thou
gavest to him.
IV, Verbs.
A. . Auxiliary Verbs and Verbs Substantive.
The Present tense is the same in both dialects, viz.:
I am, etc.
Plur.
häis.
haida.
häin.
Sing.
1. haim.
2. häi.
3. häs.
When the subject is inanimate the third person is (Eastern)
she, (Westem) shid. Compare the Khö-wär sher, and the Pas^to shta.
For 'it, or there, is', we also find (Eastern) highä or (Western) biga.
Past. I was, etc.
Eastern.
Sing. Plnr. Sing. Plur.
Hasc. Fem. Hasc. Fem. Masc. Fem Masc. Fem.
1 häikim häichim hailäs häichis häikim häichim häikis häichis
2 häika häichi häichö^) häichida häikl häichi häikida häichida
3 häik häick käinch or häinch häik haich häink häinch
häink.
Western.
Other forms noted in the
Eastern.
bik (fem. bich), he (she) became.
biman, we may become.
b", be (Imperative).
bik, to be.
bikalä, being.
biwä, having been.
t*m I shall be.
tflwäim, I may be.
t^mai, I should be.
specimens are.
Western.
bik, bitik, he became.
bi, be.
bik, to be.
bilcälä, being.
biwä, having been.
tfm, I shall be.
tf^wäim, I may be.
f mai, I should be.
1) These two forms have been tested and found correct.
Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmani, or Dehgäni 573
B. Finite Verbs.
Infinitive. Hanik, to strike.
Other examples are , (Eastern) paik, (Western) parik, to go ;
sharik, to go; (Eastern) ek, (Western) aik, to eat; nik, to sit; ik,
to come; tostik, to stand; lik, to die; (Eastern) dek, (Western)
daik, to give; (Eastem) hambalik, (Western) däwalik, to run;
(Eastern) ncU-karik, to dance.
(Eastern) eke-de; (Western) eki-de, by eating.
With the verb sharik, to go, compare Üie Waziri Pasljto
shöred^l, to wander.
Present Participles. Hanikälä, striking (identification
doubtful).
Other forms translated as present participles are shärwä, (fem.
shäpm) going; (Westem) parewä (fem. parewi), going; (Eastem)
hambalwt haich, she was running.
Past Participles. The form given in the list of words is
haniwa, having strack, which is borne out by the fpUowing ex¬
pressions in the Eastem dialect ; bö dawäs na häinch loitvoi (fem.),
many days were not passed; l"wä, dead; nawä, found.
The usual form ends in ik (fem. ich or "cÄ) like the infinitive.
Examples are, paiik, fern, patf'ch, gone ; and the following, all only
found in the Western specimens, bö dwäs witik na häik, many
days were not passed; lik, dead; nawik found.
With a pronominal suffix , we perhaps have , in the Eastem
dialect, lönis dära yat-hl-in bik, a mountain of salt produced-by-
it became. The form is however doubtful.
Conjunctive Participle. The only example noted occurs in
the Westem dialect, viz., katän, having made (thy teeth sharp'*
Imperative. Hana, strike thou.
Other examples are pä, go; shär, go; ja, put; deä, give;
görä (Western also göryä, which is perhaps respectful, take a sieve),
take; (Eastern) tfhnga, (Westem) tinga, bind; (Eastem) kanna,
(Western) kana, draw (water); ye, come; (Eastem) acha (Westem,
ache, which is possibly respectful, bring water), bring; (Eastern)
Iciya, make (your teeth sharp); (Eastem) hanghäka, (Western)
dangiya, beat (ä drum) (possibly these are respectful forms).
Imperatives plural are (Eastern) achi, (Western) achida, bring
ye; (Eastem) manjaliya, (Westem) manjaleda, put ye on (clothes);
(Eastern) wäya, (Western) wOeda, place ye ; (Western) kada, place
ye; (Eastern) shända, (Westem) khärida, go ye; (Eastem) ada,
'(Western) cUeda, eat ye (her).
First persons plural are aman, let us eat; kaman, let us do.
Some of the above possibly contain pronominal suffixes. The
following certainly do, di-m, give me; waya-m, place me; (Eastem)
ata-m, eat me.
674 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Deghänl.
Present. I strike or am striking.
Eastern. Western.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
1 hanlkam hanlkas hanikam hanikos
2 haniyä haneda haniki hänikada
3 hanlyadi hanikan hanegi hanikan
A form which is commoner in the specimens is,
/ go, or am going.
Eastern.
Sing.
päyim päi paghä
Plur.
päes päeda päin
Westem.
Sing.
päkum päkl pagä
Plur.
päkfls päkida päkin
The Kashmiri for 'go' is pak , in which the final k is part
of the root.
Other examples from the specimens are.
(Eastern) leim , (Westem) legä-kum , I am dying ; (Eastern)
käiw, (Western) kakam, I am doing (service).
(Eastern) charegkä, (Western) charegä, he is grazing (cattle);
(Eastern) hälewäs(?), (Western) nelä{?), he sits; (Eastern) tagha,
(Western) tigä, he dwells; (Western) därin, (the servants) have (food).
Imperfect. (Eastern) hanghäik-ami, (Westem) hanegiäik-im,
I was striking; (Western) däregäik , he was keeping (two dogs),
(Eastem) hanghächidi, (Westem) hanegälk, (the rat) was striking;
(Western) dangegäik, (the drum) was beating.
Future, 1 shall strike.
Eastern. Westem.
Sing.
Jianyikami haniyä hanyidi
Plur. Sing.
hanyikas haneda hanyikan
hanäwäimin hanäwäyä hanäwäidi
Plur.
hanäwäesi hänäwäeda hanäwäindi
I am unable to explain these forms. They are not borne
out by the specimens , which give the following ; uram , I will
arise ; (Eastern) pam, (Western) param, I will go ; (Eastern) mem-i,
(Western) marem-in, I will say-unto-him (probably here we have
pronominal suffixes); (Eastern) kam, (Western) karam, I may (? I
will) make (merriment); (Eastern) dam-e, I will give - to • thee ;
(Eastem) e-ekam, (Westem) e-gekam, I will eat-thee.
Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Deghänl. 575
karisai.
bis.
marin or marini.
hanimin.
charekin.
kajadai.
In the Western dialect, we have a periphrastic future in
ege-hälk, she was about to eat.
Other forms related to the future are,
Eastem. Western.
hanylkam, I may strike. hanäwäimin.
chandH, (that) it may (not) fall (on the chandH.
ground).
kaman, (that) we should make (merriment).
biman, (that) we should be (happy).
mäin or mein, (that) they should say.
kanimi, I should strike.
charekin, (that) he should pasture.
kqfadyai, he would make (his belly sated).
The Past Tense. This differs in Transitive verbs and in In¬
transitive ones.
In the case of Transitive verbs, it is formed by adding pro¬
nominal suffixes to the Past Participle in ik. This participle is
passive in meaning, and the pronominal suffixes represent tbe agent
case of - the subject of the sentence , the participle agreeing in
gender with the object. Thus hanik (fem. hanlch) means, 'struck'.
Hence hanik-am means 'he (was) struck by me,' i.e., 'I struck
him,,' and hanich-am means 'she was struck by me', i.e., 'I struek
her.' At the same time, it will be noted in a perusal of the
specimens that gender is very loosely applied, and that, apparently, the masculine is often used for the feminine.
In all cases, when the subject is expressed, it is put into the
Agent case.
This tense (in the case of Transitive verbs) is the same in
both dialects.
The following are its forms:
/ struck.
Singular Subject Plural Subjeot
Masc. Object Fem. Object Masc. Object Fem. Object
1 hanik-am hanich-am hanik-an hanich-an
2 hanlk-l hanich-l hanik-o hanich-ö
2 hanlk-in hanich-an hanik-an hanich-an
The second person singular sometimes ends in e instead of i,
and the third plural in in instead of an. Instead of ik, we
sometimes find ek.
The following examples occur in the specimens:
First person, Masc, (Western) kalkam, I made (a journey);
gurekam, I bought; (Western) chatekam, I did (not) cast down
676 OriertOH, On Pashai, Laghmani, or Dehgäni.
(thy command). Fern., (Eastem) wäicham, I did (not) set down
(thy command). An instance of a double pronominal suffix is
(Eastem) lek-am-an, I found him, lit, he (an) was found (Jek)
by me (am).
Second person, gureke, thou boughtest. With double suffixes
we have (Eastem) dek-i-m, (Western) däik-i-m, thou didst (not)
give to me; (Eastem) dek-S, (Westem) dätk-y-e, thou gavest
to him.
Third person, (Eastem) mekin, (Westem) märekin, he said;
kakin or käikin, he made ; (Western) wantikin, he divided ; shSikin,
he spent; gurekin (Western also g&rekin), it seized; garekin, he
sent; dekin, (Westem also däikiri) he gave; (Eastern) lashikin or
lashekin, (Westem) lashikin or läikin, he said; (Eastem) lekin,
(Westem) läikin, he was found, he received; harekin, he heard;
(Eastern) Mr^uiekin , (Western) h^rawekm , he called ; (Eastern) .
dakekin, he drove, out; (Eastem) ningäkachin, (fem.), he kept
(two [?] female dogs); (Westem) wetekin, he passed (time); (Eastem)
ekin, (Westem) aikin, she ate (a horse); jekin, she placed (a
drum); (Eastem) achikin, he fetched; (Eastem) nelawekin, he set
(the rat) down; chcUekin, he dropped (salt); (Eastem, fem.) chafe-
chan, (but Western) chaßkin, he dropped (a needle). On the
other hand, in the Eastem dialect, sönchik, a needle, is also used
as a masculine , «<• dar blk , which (needle) becanuB a mountain.
We should expect bich.
Third person plural, (Eastern) eyin, (Westem) aikin, (the
husks which the swine) ate; (Westem) kakin, they made (merri¬
ment, a feminine word); (Eastem) kacka, (Westem) kachan, (the
dogs) made her (into pieces).
In the case of Intransitive verbs, the third person singular
takes "no termination. In the other persons, the pronominal suffixes
added the past participle, represent the subject, which is in the
nominative case.
The following is the paradigm according to the list of
standard words:
Eastem. Westem.
I went.
Singular Plural Singu: ar Plural
Maa% Fern. Haac. Fern. Masc. Fem. Masc. Fern.
1 gikyim ? gichis ? gikyim ? glkis ?
2 'giicyi ? gichu ? gikyi V
gikyi ?
3 glk gich ginch ?
gik gich ginch ?
The form for the third person feminine singular is taken
from the specimens. Compare, however, the conjugation of the
past tense of the Auxiliary Verb.
^JHu
Griergon, On Feuthai, LaghmSnt, or Dlhgäni. 577
The following are other examples:
Third person, (Eastem) aikai, aih, (Westem) aiylk, aik, he,
it, came; (Eastern) arlk, (Western) urik, he -arose; (Westem)
daw.ältk, he ran; (Western) itik, (thy brother) came; (Westem)
nik, he came forth; pulik, he arrived; uritlk, it elapsed; muchlk,
he fled; (Westem) baik, he became afraid; halik, he ascended.
In (Westem) daw&lik , she ran , the masculine form is used ■
for the feminine. In (Eastern) kanikan there is probably a pro¬
nominal sufflx , and the word means (the father) came-out-to-him.
Possibly, also, the final ai of aikai above is a pronominal suffix.
The following are feminine:
(Eastern) ech, she came; (Eastem) shärich, (Westem) gich,
she went; (Eastern) baghoich, she became near; hälich, she ascended;
(Eastern) nangich, she descended; pulich, she arrived.
(Eastern) pullnch is 'they (the dogs) arrived.'
The following are examples of other past tenses:
I have stmck , mam hanikam ; I have walked a long way,
(Eastern) bö pan hanichamai.
I had stmck, (Eastem) mam haniyäl^m, (Westem) mam
haniyääd^m.
The following are examples of the Passive Voice:
Eastem.
hanin biyim, I am strack.
hanin bikim, I was strack.
hanin bim, I shall be struck.
Westem.
hanin bigäkum.
hanin bitakim.
hanin biwäyim.
Pashai, Laghmani, or Dehgäni.
Eastem Dialect.
Specimen I.
(Kunar VaUey.) (J. G. Lorimer, Esq., I.C.S., 1899.)
Eki ad*mls do put-hl' häink. Chandä put-hl*stä tät»stä
One man-of two sons were. The-srriall son-by the-father
äntS mekin, 'Ai täti, tenä mäle
to it-was-said-by-him, '0 father, thy property-of-thee
kuchä kume menä wantim bighä t» mam dim.'
in whatever my share-of-me is thou to-me give-to-me.'
Uti tän'k mäl* sh»rä taksim kakin.
By-him his-own property upon-them division was-made-by-him.
Bö dawäs na häinch witwi, mi chanta put-hl'stä chikä
Many days not were passed, this small son-by all
578 Orierxon, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
layü kakin, khö, dür watane musafire
collected was-made-by-Mm, well, far country-of to-joumey
gik, hladg tän'k mäl* näkär hlamä kuchä barbäd
he-went, there his-own property evil works in destroyed
kakin. Harkudin üti chikä shälkin,
was-made-by-him. Whenever by-him all was-spent-by-him,
hia watana bö kät aikai; üs* msti
that country-upon severe famine came; he by-lack-of-everything
gurekin. Us* gik au hia watana eki äd*ml
was-seized-by-it. He went and that country-of one man
pilä sharik bik. Üti us* kanä sh*rä garekin
with sharer became. By-him he the-fields to wcus-sent-by-him
chi näkär janäwar charekin. Üs* tän*k kuch*stä
that evil animals ke-might-pasture. He his-own belly
sfer kajadyai pöst eke de chi näkär janäwar
sated would-make husks eating by which by-evil animals
eyin , khö kl na dekin.
ioere-eaten-by-ih£m , but by-anyone not was-given-by-him.
Harkudin yo husha kuchä bik, üti mekin
Whenever this-one sense into became by-him it-was-said-by-him
gl, 'mgnä tatis, käö tankhädär nökarän bö
that, 'my father's of-how-many paid servants much
äwi she, au üdai ziyät bighä, au ä watatiyäri
food is, and with-them fyo-much is, and I hunger
de leim. A uram tän*k tätistam ude pam
from die. I will-arise own father-mine near will-go
au tl ante memI chi, "Ö täti, Khude*z
and him to will-say-to-him that, "0 father, of-God
b* gunägarl häim au tenä b* gunägari häim ; ä mis
also sinner I-am and thy also sinner I-am; I of-this
laiki na häim chi tenä put-hie main menä
ioorthy not am that thy son-of-thee they-should-say me
ante; mam b* tän*k nökaräniste kuchä wäyam." "
to; me also own servants-of-thee among place-me.'"
Üs* arik au tät*stä öda aik. Lekin üs* lä
He arose and the-father to-place-of came. But he yet
dür häik chi üs* tät*stä lashikin. Tätiyä
far teas when he by-the-father uas-seen-by-him. Father-of-him
sh*rai mihrabän bik, hambalä kakin,
upon-him compassionate became, running was-made-by-him,,
Orierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni. 579
au and mena me
manda-ghärä kakin , au chapu kakin.
neck-to-neck was-made-by Mm, and Mss was-made-by-him.
Put-U'stä tät*stä ante mekin chi, 'Ai täti,
By-the-son the-father to it-was-said-by-him that, '0 father,
Khude*z b* gunägari häim, au tenä b» häim,
of-God also sinner I-am, and thine also I-am
•^arl mis laikl na häim chi tenä
ever of-this worthy not I-am that thy
ante mein.' Magar tätistä
to they-should-say.' But by-the-father
mekin, 'chikä de khub
it-was-said-by-him, 'all than handsomest
ml ante manjaliya; hastai
this-one to put-on; on-hand
Shärida, Go, ge that
yo this au
and
as* päzär päikä.
of-him shoes put-on-feet.
khushälT kaman ; mu-khul
merriment make; because
häik au ab*t gir zinda
was and now again living
abH lekin.' Üte sh*rä
now found-he.' Them upon
Ütis gan put-hl* kana
Of-him big son fields
aik, goshige nazdik bik,
came to-the-house near became,
nätkarik harekin.
dance-making was-heard-by-him.
h6r*wekin ,
was-called-by-him ,
kö chai
wat business läe
'thy brother-of-thee has-come,
dekin, mu-khul
has-been-given-by-him because
lekin.' Yö
has-been-received-by-him! Ihis one
na paghä, ütis tätiyä döre
not goes, his father-of-him
Bd. LIV.
put-hie son-of-thee
nökaräna servants
kälä achi,
garment bring,
I angöch*k wäya,
a ring place,
chi aman
we-may-eat put-blim son-of-me
ante to
au and
that
au and l'wä dead mena
my
bik; us* nawä häik,
has-become ; he lost was,
khush all bTk.
happiness became.
kuchä häTk; harwaghdä üs*
in was: whatever- tims he
au and
,yo 'this 'tenä
uti ge
by-him singing
Us* I nökar
By-him one servant
üdai pursän kakin,
from-him questioning was-made-by-him.
she?' Uti üti änte mekin chi,
w?' By-him him to it-was-said that
aikai. tena
by-thy täti father ge
that üs*
he
mihmanl entertainment sahl-salämat safe- and- sound khapa
vexed
outside
bik, became , kanikan came-forth
38
kuchai inside ütis of-him
4 1
580 Orierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
kbushämadr kakin. UtT tätiyä äntS el*
fair-speech was-made-by-him. By-him father-of-him to this
jawäb dekin, 'Lashida, bö säl ä tenä
answer was-given-by-him, 'Look, many years I thy
khizmate käim, mam hechgahe tenä gape
service-of-thee am-doing, by-me ever thy command-of-thee
akof e na wäicham ; au gir b* t* gahB
down not was-set-by-me; and again even by-thee ever
I chanti kanj*rä na dekim , chi tän*k
one small goat not vas-given-by-thee-to-me, that own
döstänistam miltin khushäll kam ; harwaghdä
friends-of-me with merriment 1-might-make; whatever-time
ki tenä yö put-hie chi tenä daulat kanjani
that thy this son-of-thee by-whom thy wealth harlots
sh*rä barbäd käikin aik, tö ml änte
on wasted has-been-made-by-him came, by-thee him to
mihmänl deke.' Us* ut! ante
entertainment was-given-by-thee-to-him.' By-him him to
mekin, 'Ai put-blim, t* har waghdä menä
it-was-said-by-him, '0 son-of-me, thou every time me
mintin häikl au harkö ge menä öda she t6nä
with art and whatever that my in-possesaion is thy
male she. Yö munäsib she ki hamä khushäll
property-of-thee is. Thia becoming is that we merriment
kaman au khushäl biman, mu-khul yö tenä
ahould-make and happy ahould-be, because this thy
läai l*wä häik, ab*t zinda bik; nawä
brother-of-thee dead was, now living has-become; lost
h*Ik ab*t lekaman."
was now has-been-found-by-me-he.'
Specimen II.
(J. G. Lorimer, Esq., I.C.S., 1899.)
(Kunar Valley.)
I bädshä häik. Tis l wäy* T put-hl*
A king tliere-was. Of-him ■ a daughter a son
häik. Mi säyä däeniki bich Ml läy''stä
there-was. This sister-of-him cannibal was. By-this brother
tätistä ante paryäd kakin ki, 'yö mTni
father to com2)laint was-made-by-him saying, 'this my
4 1
Orierson, On Pashai, Laghmäni, or Dehgani. 581
säyam ^s^enTkl bich. Tätistä mich gurek-
8i8ter-of-me cannibal waa. By-his-father bad it-waa-found-
in. Put-hl* yö watane d^kek-
by-him. The-aon by-him from-the- country waa-driven-out-
in; ye ki|ilä I budai ude pulik, dö shöpng
by-him; thia{?) boy an old-woman to arrived, two dogs
ningäkachin. I mudä manjä wi^ik. Mi
were-k^t-by-him. An interval between elapaed. By-thia
kitilä tänik hafä kuchä maslahat kakin
boy hia-own heart vnthin consultation waa-made-by-him
ki, 'tätistam khabarl göram". Yö chi
that, 'of-my-father tidings I-will-take. This-one when
tätistä shähri pulik kemi na häik. Chi
to-his- father's city he-arrived anyone not there-waa. When
tätistä darbarl pulik säyastä lashe-
at-hia-father'a court he-arrived by-the-siater he-waa-aeen-
kin. Säyastä mekin, 'ye, läi, mihmäni
by-her. By the-aiater it-waa-aaid-by-her, 'come, brother, a-feast
dame'. I saat kanä ml säyä
1-wül-give-to-thee' . One moment after thia by-the-aiater-of-him
göfä ekin, gir i saat kunä
a-horae waa-devoured-by-her, again one moment after
mekin chi, 'tö b" eekam'. Ml läy*stä
it-waa-aaid-by-her that, 'thee also will-I-eat'. This brother
mekin, 'bö bai she; pä, angarl kuchä wark nandl
aaid, 'very good it-is; go, a-sieve in water the-river
te acha; dandS b* tez kiya; gir ye;
from bring; teeth-of-thine alao aharp make; again come;
mam atara'. Yö säya gich, ml kilä pöj-ä
vxe eat-up-me'. Thia sister went, this boy in-front-of
naghära jekin ki, 't* hanghäka' Mf
a-drum was-placed-by-her saying, '(do)-t}uni beat'. By-this
läy'stä I much achikin, naghära sh''rä
brother a rat was-fetched-by-him, of-the-drum on-the-top
nelawekin. Müch lambe de naghäräe
it-was-set-down-by-him. By-the-rat tail with the-drum
hanghächidi. Yö muchlk Yö säyä ech;
vias-beaten-by-it. This-{boy) fled. This aister-of-him came;
pashkinT shävich Säyä chi nizdik baghäich,
after-him she-went. The-sister-of-him when near she-became,
38*
582 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmani, or Dehgäni.
ml sönchik chatechan s* där
by-him a-needle waa-dropped-by-him, which a-mountain
bik; däre sh''rä hälich bö
became; of-the-mountain on-the-top she-ascended much
zahmati de, hlate nangich; pöfä lön
difficulty with, thence descended; in-front-{of-her) salt
chatekin, lönls dära yat-hlin bik,
was-dropped-by-him, of-salt a-montain produced-by-him became,
yate b" nangich; gir b* pore sabfln
from-it{?) also she-descended; again also in-front soap
chatekin, s* b* där bik, yate
was-dropped-by-him, which also a-mountain became, of-it{?)
b" sharistaika hälich bö zahmati de b*
also to-the-top-of-it she-ascended, much trouble toith also
nangich; gir pashkin hambalwl häich, nizdik
she-descended; again after-him running she-was, near
bich Läyä mötä hälik, yö pash-
she-became. The-brother-of-her a-tree ascended, she behind-
kini pulich. Khtla-manja mis shö-
him arrived. There-between-{= meanwhile) of-this-(boy) the-
jingl pulinch. Shöringane hukam kakin
dogs-of-him arrived. To-the-dogs-of-him order was-made-by-him
ki 'mT ana-khul ada ki i hash
that 'this-(woman) in-such-a-way eat that one of-blood
tiki sanga na chandH'. I drang kuchä mi
drop on-the-ground not fall'. One moment in this-{woman)
däng däng kacha.
pieees pieees was-made-by-them.
(LaghmSn Valley.) Western Dialect.
Specimen I.
(J. G. Lorimer, Esq., IG.S., 1899.)
1 äd^ml dö put-hlele häink. Ghantä put-hlisä
Of-a man two sons-of-him were. By-the-small son
täte ante märekin ki, 'Ai täti, menä
father-of-him to it-was-said-by-him that, '0 father, my
wants mäle kuchai mam dim". Use
share property-of-thee in to-me give-to-me'. By-him
Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmäni, or Dehgäni. 583
tänik mäle f-sh^rä wan^Tkin Bö
his-own property -of-him them-upon was-dimded-hy-him. Many
dwäs wi|lk na häik, ki ehantä put-hl*sä t*mäm
days passed not were, when by-the-small son everything
jama kakin, wa dur watane musäfirl
collected was-made-by-him, and of-a-far country-to travelling
gik. Khtlade tänik mäle näkär khtlama kuchä
he-went. There his-o'jon property-of-him evil doinqs in
barbäd kakin. Wa harkudin use chika
wasted was-made-by-him. And whenever by-him all
shälkin ut-hla mulka sakht kät-säll aiylk,
was-spent-by-him that country-upon severe famine came,
üsi nestl garekin Use gik wa eki äd^ml
he by-destitution was-seized-by-it. He went and a man
pilä sharik bik Use use kandä-sh*rä garekin
with partner became. By-him he to-the-fields was-sent-by-him
chi bad-janäwar charekin. Use tänik kuchisä sfer
that evil-beasts he-should-pasture. He his-own belly full
kajadai pöst 6kl de, chi bad-janäwar
would-make husks eating by, which by-the-evil-beasts
aikan, lekin kl na dekin.
were-eaten-by-them, but by-any-one not was-given-by-him.
Harkudin ki yö bahösh bik üse
Whenever that this-one in-his-senses became by-him
märekin ki, 'menä tätTs käö tankhädär
it-was-said-by-him that, 'of-my father how-many paid
nökaränl käft awü därin, wa ziyät bigä,
servants-of-him sufficient food have, and too-much there-is,
wa 5 hawatagiyarl d' legä-kum. Ä uram, tänik
and J hunger from am-dying. I will-arise, own
täti uda param, wa maremin chi, "0
father to-place-of will-go, and vnll-say-to-him that, "0
täti, Khudes bi gunägari häim wa tenä bi häim.
father, of-God also sinner I-am and thine also am.
Ä mis läyikl war! na häim chi tenä put-hie
/ of-this worthy any-longer not am that thy son-of-thee
menä änte marin. Mam ba tänik tankhädär
me to they-should-say. Me also thine-own paid
nökaränise kuchä wäy*m".' Üse urIk wa tätisä
servants-of-thee among place-me".' He arose and father-of
k 1 *
584 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmänl, or Dehgäni.
uda aik. Lekin Ose lä dOr häik chi tätisä
to-place came. But he still far-off was when by-the-father
lashikin (or läikin). Tätiyä sh^rai rähml aiyik,
he-was-seen-by-him. To-his-father upon-him com2Jassion came,
dawälik, kachä görekin, wa pachü kak-
he-ran, in-embrace he-was-taken-by-him, and kiss was-made-
in. Pu^-hle üsi änte märekin chi, 'ai
by-him. By-the-son him to it-was-said-by-him that, 'O
täti, Khudes bi gunä kaikam, wa tenä nazara
father, of-God also sin was-done-by-me, and thy sight-in
bi gunägär häim, wa wari mis läyikl na häim
also ainner I-am, and any-longer of-this worthy not am
ki tenä put-hle menä änte margni'. Lekin
that thy son-of-thee me to they-shoidd-say' . But
tätisä nökarän änte marekin ki,
by-the-father ihe-servants to it-was-said-by-him that,
'chin*säy*-de bakär kälä achida, wa ml
'all-than the-good garment bring, and on-this-one
manjaleda; häsai I anguch^k kada, wa paizär
puton; hand-of-him-on a ring place, and shoes
üse päya wäeda; khävida chi aman wa khushäll
of-him foot-on put; go, that we-may-eat und merriment
kaman, mu-khul chi yö menä puf-hlim lik haik,
make, because that this my son-of-me dead was,
wa äbat gir zinda bitik; üse nawlk häik, wa paidä
and now again living has-become; lie lost was, and found
bik'. Üte khushäll shurö kakin.
haa-become'. By-them merriment beginning waa-made-by-them.
Use gand put-hie kandai kuchä häik. Harkudin ki
His big son fields in was. Whenever that
göshingl nizdik bik, üse, ge wa
to-the-house-of-him near he-became, by-him, songs and
natkarikas harekin Üsg T nökar hfevawe-
dancing loere-heard-by-him. By-him a servant was-called-
kin, pursän kakin udai, 'yö kö
by-him, questioning loas-made-by-him froiii-him, 'this what
chai shid?' Üse üse ante marekin ki,
affair is?' By-him kim to it-ioas-suid-by-him that,
'tenä läyäe itik, tenä täti mihmänl
'thy brotlier-of-thee has-coine, by-thy father entertainment
4 1 *
Grierson, On Fashai, Laghmäni, or Dehgäni. 585
däikin, inu-khul ki üse sahl-saläraat
haa-beengiven-by-him, because that he safe-and-sound
läikin Use khafa bik; kuchai na pagä.
has-been-received-by-him. He vexed became; inside not goes.
Use tätiyä dora nTk wa use khushämadi
His father-of-him outside came-forth and of-him fair-speech
kakin. Use tänik täte ante jawäb
was-made-by-him. By-him his-own father to answer
dSkin, 'tare, yö bö säl mam tenä
was-given-by-him, 'behold, this many years I tfiy
khidmat kakam, wa hgchkudin tgnä hukme
service do, and ever-at-all thy command-of-thee
akuve na chatekam, wa gir bi hechkudin
down not has-been-cast-by-me, and again even ever-at-all
I ehantä kanchaj-ä na däikim, chi
one little goat not has-been-given-by-thee-to-me, that
tänik döstäna pilä khushäll karam; lekin
my-own friends with merriment I-might-maJce; but
harkudin yö tenä put-hle aiylk, chi tenä daulat
whenever this thy son-of-thee caine, by-whom the wealtli
kanjara sh''rä kharäb käTkin, tö üse ante
harlots upon wasted was-made-by-him, by-thee him to
mihmänl däylkye'. Use üse ante
entertainment icas-given-by-thee-to-him'. By-him him to
marekin, 'ai put-hlim, tö hamesha menä miltin
it-IVOS■said'-by-him, '0 son-of-mine, thou always me with
häl, wa harkö menä shid tenä mäle shid.
art, and whatever mine is thy property-of-thee is.
Yö munäsib häik ki hamä khushäll karisai wa
Thii proper was t/uit we merriment should-make and
khushäl bis, mu-khul ki yö tenä läyäe
happy sliould-be, because that tliis thy brother-of-thee
hk häik, äbat zinda bitik ; nawik ; häik, äbat
dead was, noto living has-become; lost was, now
paidä bitik'.
found has-become'.
586 Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmäni, or Dehgänu
Specimen II.
fLaghmän Valley.) (J. G. Lorimer, Esq., I.C.S., 1899.)
I bädshäh häik. I put-hle I kitalik häich.
A king there-was. One son one daughter there-were.
Kitäliki ädamkhor häik. Läyä säisä
The-girl cannibal was. The-brother-of-her of-the-s'ister
häsai muchlk, wara watana pulik, I mädä
from-the-hand fled, in-another country he-arrived, a woman
uda dfera bik. Dö khöring däregäik. Bö
with resident became. Two dogs he-was-keeping. Much
wakt khtlade wetekin. Aiylk gir pach"rä tätisä
time there passed. He-came again back to-father's
shährä, lekin shährä kerne niya häik, i
city-of-him, but in-the-city anyone not there-was, only
säyä häich. Säisä ekisä
the sister-of-him there-was. By-the-sister of-eating{-him)
bandöbastl kakin. Säisä mls
arrangement was-made-by-ker. By-the-sister of-him (lit. of-this)
görä aikin. Läyä tänik jäne
fhe-horse was-eaten-up-by-her. The-brother his-own life-of-him
sh»ra balk. Säisä marekin ki,
upon became-afraid. By-the-sister il-was-said-by-her that,
'tö egekam.' Läy'sä marekin ki,
'thee will-I-eat.' By-the-brother it-was-said-by-him that,
'bai shid; ghalbel göryä; nandi wark ache;
'good it-is; a-sieve take; from-the-river water bring;
au dandelä-se tez katän ye.' Säyä gieh
and teeth (?) sharp having-made come.' His-sistei- went
nandl shirä, wa mi pörkanä naghära jekin
the-river on-to, and of-him in-front a-drum was-placed-by-her
ki, 'mi dangiyä.' MI I müch gurekin,
saying, 'this beat.' By-him a rat was- found-by-him,
naghära shirä jekin. Müch töp
the-drum on-the-top-of was-placed-by-him. Ihe-rat fum2)S
hanegäik, naghärai dangegäik, au yö kit*lä muchlk.
made^), the-drum was-beating, and this boy fled-away.
1) Lit. 'Was striking jumps'.
Grierson, On Pashai, Laghmäni, or Dehgäni. 587
Chi säyä ech, läyä na häik;
When sister-of -him carne, the-brother-of-her not loas;
läy*sä Pushkin dawälik. Harkudin ki läyä
the-brother after she-ran. Whenever that the-brother-of-her
nazdik kakin, läy*sä i sönchik
-nearness was-made-by-her, by-the-brother a needle
chatekin; sönchik där bik; yö
was-dropped-by-him; the-needle a-mountain became; she
bö khwäri de hälich. Gir läy'sä
much trouble with she-ascended. Again by-the-brother
lön chatekin; lön där bik;
salt was-thrown-down-by-him; the-salt a-mountain became;
bö badrözl de hälich. Gir läy*sä
much trouble with she-ascended. ^gain by-the-brother
säbün chatekin, säbün där bik,
soap was-thrown-down-by-him, the-soap a-mountain became,
üsi shirä bi hälich. Läyä kati
of-it on-the-top also she-ascended. The-brother-of-her a-tree
hälik; säyä kati nela pulich;
ascended; the-sister-of-him the-tree beneath arrived;
harkudin ki läy*sä egehäik, khöringanl
whenever that the-brother shewas-about-to-eat, the-dogs-of-him
pulik. Khöring^nä ante hukam kakin ki,
arrived. The-dogs to order was-made-by-him saying,
'mu-khul ateda ki I tiki khuna sanga
'in-such-a-way eat-her that one drop of-blood on-the-ground
na chand^t.' Khöring^nä khtli säatä däng-däng
not may-fall.' By-the-dogs that instant pieces-pieces
kachan.
she- was-made-by- them.
List of Standard words and Sentences.
■
English. Pashai (Eastern Dialect).
Pashai (Westem Dialect, when different from
Eastern).
Gawar-bati. KalashS Kafir.
1. One Yak Ek.
2. Two Dü OT du ... Dü.
3. Thtee HI" Hie Thle Treh.
4. Four Ghau.
5. Five Pants Pönj.
6. Six Sh" Khe Shoh Shöh.
7. Seven Sat Sat.
8. Eight Asht Akht Asht Asht.
9. Nine Nö Nüh Mh.
10. Ten Dash Dash
11. Twenty .... Ishi Bishi.
12. Fifty Du-ish-o-dash . . Dü bishi dash
13. Hundred .... Panj wia .... Sad Pönj bishi.
14. I Ä A Ä 4
15. Of me Moni Mai.
16. Mine Mai.
17. We Äbi
18. Of us Höma.
19. Our Amona .... Höma.
20. Thou 7» Tö Tu . . . Tu.
21. Of thee .... Toni Tai
22. Thine Tona Tai
23. You Me Äbi
24. Of you Mimi.
25. Your
1 Mhni,
26. He Use Se Se, shese.
27. Of him .... Ütis ... Use, üsi ... . Tasani (remote), a-
aani (proximate)
Täse, tüa.
28. His ütl-t ... Tasana, asana . . Täse, läa.
29. They ÜÜ» Ute Teme Teh, she-teh.
30. Of them .... Tasuni, asuni . Täsi, she-täsi.
31. Their Tasuna, asurui . Täsi, she-täsi.
-<
32. Hand Höst Häs Hast Höst.
33. Foot Pä Pai Khur Khur.
1
34. No.se Nüst Näsi Nätchur.
^ 1
35. Eye Anch Itsin Ech
36. Mouth Dör Ashi. C
s
37. Tooth Dänd Dant Dät Dandöriak. S)
38. Ear Kar Khainta .... Kuro. 1
39. Hair Chäl Khes (one hair), tsu-
mufa (hairs of head)
Chüri. Q**.
b
40. Head Shauta .... Shish.
i
41. Tongue .... Jib Jub Zib'. Jib. 3
42. Belly Kuch Kuch War Kuch.
Sl^ JVl
43. Back (Jhän Chänt Pishti Däk. o
44. Iron Chimar .... Chumär .... Tsimar .... Chimbar.
1 hu
45. Gold
Shölingzar Sönä San Süra. C5
§1 46. Silver
Shiligzar ....
Täti
Khilikzar . . . . Rup Rüwa. «3
Rl
47. Father Bäp, bäb ....
Jai
Däda. 3<wl
48. Mother Äi Äya.
49. Brother .... B Iiaia Baya.
50. Sister Sai Bäba.
51. Man Adomi Lauri Möch, mach.
52. Woman .... Mädä Mäshi or mädä Shigäli .... Istri-jah. 00
<X)
Pashai (Western Dialect,
cnCD o
English. Pashai (Eastern Dialect). when different from Oawar-hati. Kalasha-Kafir.
Eastern).
53. Wife Hlikä Shlika Mashi Jah.
54. Child K/Mä(m.)kitP'l"kif) Pola Tshätak.
O
55. Son Puthl" .... Put-hle .... Pult Pütr.
«•
5C. Daughter .... Zü Chhu. »
57. Slave Lawan .... Lawant .... Lawand (male), Le- Baira. 1
windi (female)
58. Cultivator . . Delcän Goet-kerithla . . Kish-karau. ?
59. Shepherd .... Pädawän .... Chöpän .... Wäi Wal-möch.
GO. God Khudäi .... Khudäi.
1
61. Devil Shaitän .... Bhut (Hindi). Ä
62. Sun Sur Suri Süri. ^
03. Moon Maiyik .... Masoi Mastruk. «3
64. Star Tärä Sitära Tare Täri. il
65. Fire Angär Angär Angär. S-
66. Water Warle Vk. ^
67. House Gosk^g .... Göshing .... Ama Händun. b
68. Horse Gora Hash.
f
69. Cow Gä Etsi Gak. 1'
70. Dog Shüring .... Khöring .... Shüra, shet:
Sl
71. Cat FishOnak .... Pishöndik . . . Psäsi Phüshak.
72. Cock Kukür Kukur .... Birär kalca-wak.
73. Duck Ari Än.
74. Ass Gadä Oardök.
75. Cfimel Shufür Ükh Ut.
76. Bird Parirula .... Parhanikäle ■ ■ ■ Pichin
Pachhiyek.
77. Go Paik or shärik (inf) Parik or shärik Di Pari.
78. Eat Ek (infinitive) . . Zho ... Zhuh.
79. Sit Nik (do.) .... Nish Nmh.
80. ik (do.) .... ik.
81. Beat Thla Tyeh.
Üskti.
82. Stand Töstik (do.) . . . Usht . . . . .
83. Die Lik (do.) .... Mi Näshi.
84. Dek (do.) .... Daik Thla Deh
85. Hawhalih (do.) . Dawälik .... Thlap A-dhiaÄ.
86. Up Ure Antar giran Wehak.
87. Nazdik .... Nizdik .... Nera Täda.
88. Down . ■ . . . Akure Akur
Bair giran Prekak.
89. Far . . . Dar De-sha.
90. Before Pörä Purä Pudami .... Rü.
91. Behind Pashkin .... Pacharä .... Patai I^htö.
92. Who Ke Kara or kenze . . Küra.
93. What Kö Ki Kia.
94. Why Khui Kade Kenia Kö.
95. And Au, wa .... Bi Je, zhe.
96. But Khö Wale
97. If K"
98. Yes A Eh Av.
99. No Na Nai Ne.
100. Afsos, armän . .
101. A father .... I täti .... YaJc bäb .... Ek däda.
102. Of a father . . . / tätis Yak baiam . . . Ek dadä.
103. To a father . . . / täti ante . . .
Yak bäbä or yak-
bäbä-ke
Ek dadä-hätia..
104. From a father . . / täti udai .
Yak bäba perena .
Du bäb ....
Ek dadä-pi. Du dädai.
105. Two fathers . . . Dö täti ....
English. Pashai (Eastern Dialect).
Pashai (Westem Dialect, when different from
Eastem).
106. Fathers . .
107. Of fathers
108. To fathers .
109. From fathers
110. A daughter .
111. Of a daughter
112. To a daughter
113. From a daughter
114. Two daughters
115. Daughters 116. Of daughtei-s 117. To daughters 118. From daughters
119. A good man .
120. Of a good man
121. To a good man
122. From a good man
123. Two good men .
124. Good men . .
125. Of good men . ,
126. I To good men
127. From good men
Tätilän ....
Tätkuliy''nü . .
Tätkuli änte
TätlMliyena udai .
I weya ....
I wey"s ....
/ weye ante .
I weye udai
Dö weye ....
Weyila . . . .
Welaiy'hiä Welaiij" ante Welaiy" xtdai I bai äd"mi I bai äd^mis
I bad äd^mi änte .
I bai äjd""m.i udai .
Dö bai äd''ml .
Bai äd^mi . . .
Bai ädtney^nä .
Bai ädmey''n änte
Bai ädniei/°n udai
Tätilasan . .
Täiiläya ante Tätiläya udai
I wayes . .
I waye änte .
I waye udai
Dö waye .
Wayä . . . .
Weyanas . .
Weyanase udai.
Dö bai ad''mi .
Bai äd''män
ßai äd^män nä
Bai ad^män änte .
Bai äd^män udai .
Gawar-bati. KalSshä Käfir.
Bäh gila ....
Bäb gilani . .
Bäi gila ....
Bäb gila perena
Yak zü ....
Yak zuani . . .
Yak zuä ....
Yak eua perena
Du zu
Zü gila ....
Zü gilani . .
Zü gila ....
Zu gila perena . .
Yak lafila lauri Yak lafila laureni
Yak läfila laut-iä .
Yak lafila laui-ia
perena Du lafila lauri
Lafila manush .
Lafila manusliani .
Lafila manushu
Lafila manusho pe¬
rena
Dädai. Dädai. Dädai-hätia. Dädai-pi. Ek chhü. Ek chhüo.
Ek chliüa-hätia. Ek chüa-pi. Du cMiülai.
Chhülai. Chhülai. Chhülai-hätia. Chhülai-pi.
Ek prusht möch.
Ek prusht möches.
Ek prusht möches-
hätia.
Ek prusht möches-pi.
Du prusht möch.
Prusht möch. Prusht mächen. Prusht möchen-hütia. Prusht möchen-pi.
A good woman
A bad boy .
Good women
A bad girl .
Good . . .
Better . . .
Best
High .
Higher . Highest A horse A mare Horses Mares A bull
A cow
Bulls Cows
A dog
A bitch Dogs Bitches A he-goat A female goat
I hat mada .
I näkär küilä . .
Bai mädilä . . .
I näkär kiiälik
Bai. . .' . . .
Bai (ü*" mi de bai she, that is better than this)
Bai {harkö shai de
yö bai she, this
is best of all).
Uml Utal Utäl
/ görä . . . .
I mädin . . . .
Görelä . . . .
Mädinelä . . . .
I göläng . . . .
i gö-
Bö gölang . . .
Bö gä
/Shüring . . . .
I mädi shüring
Bö shüring . . .
Bö mädi shüring .
I_ päj^rä ....
/ päj"r°k ....
I bat mashi . .
Bai mäshilä
Ktl.
Kll KU
I madiyun Mädiyänelü
Gölängelä Gäelä ....
Khöring . . .
I mädin khöring
Khönngelä . .
Mädi khvringelä
I_ shötä . . .
i shöt^k . . .
Yak lafili shigäli .
Yak khats tekura .
Lafila shigäli nam
Yak khats tekuri .
Lafila
Lau lafila . . .
Manshür lafila .
Utkala . . .
Lau utkala .
Manshür utkala
Yak gora .
Yak gori .
Gera nam .
Gori nam
Yak gä . .
Yak etsi . .
Gä nam .
Etsi nam
Yak shunä .
Yak kuräki .
Skunä nam .
Kuräki nam
Yak lausha .
Yak keni . .
Ek prusht tstn-jah.
Ek khäche süda.
Prusht istri-jah. Khäche istri-jegurak. Prusht.
Bö prusht.
Tale-aste prusht.
Hütala. Bö hviala.
Tale-aste hütala. Ek kask. Ek istri-ek kash. Häshen.
Istri-ek häsken. Ek dön. Ek gak. Döndan. Gägan. Ek sker.
Ek istri-ek sker. Sheron.
Istri-ek sheron. Ek bira. Ek pai.
Knglish. Pashai (Eastem Dialect).
Pasbai (Westem Dialect, when different from
Kastem).
Oawar-bati. KalSshS KSfir.
152. Goats Bö päj^rä . . . Shößlä (m.) , shöti- Plang nam . . . Pai.
kela (f.)
153. A male deer . Katawä . . .' . Rämüsai .... Ek birera röuz.
154. A female deer . . KafvO^k .... Mädi äwü Rämüsi .... Ek istri-ek röuz.
155. Deer Bö katawä . . . ÄwUlä Rämüsai nam . Röuz.
156. I am A thanaim . Ä äsam.
157. Thou art ... . Häi Tu thanais . Tu äsas.
158. He is Häs Se thana .... Se äsov.
159. We are .... Ama thanaik Abi äsik.
160. You are .... Me thanaü . . . Abi asa.
161. They are .... Teme thanait . . Teh äsan.
162. I was Häikim (m.) , häi¬ A boem .... A äsis.
chim (f.)
163. Thou wast Häiki (m.), häichi (f.) Tu boes .... Tu äsi.
164. He was .... Se bua .... Se asis.
165. We were .... Häikis{m .), häichis{t) Ama boek Abi äsimi.
166. You were Häichö (m.) , häi¬ Häikida (m.) , häi¬ Äbi äsili.
chida (f) chida (f.)
167. They were . . Häinch (m. and f.) Häink (m.), häinch (f.) Teme boet Teh äsini.
168. Be 5« Bi Bö Hah.
169. To be Bik Biäwa .... Hik.
170. Being Bik Hik weov.
171. Having been . Bl TM.
172. I may be . {Ä) tf' wäim A hl boma . . . A kie bä-am-e.
173. I shall be . . . T^m A bima .... Ä bam.
174. I should be . . . T"mai Mo biana thana . . . .
175. Beat
176. To beat ....
177. Beating ....
178. Having beaten . .
179. (A) Haniknm (A) Hanikam . .
180. Thou beatest Haniyä .... Haniki ....
181. He beats .... Haniya/li Hanegi . . . .
1&2. We beat .... llanikas ....
183. You beat . ... Haneda .... Hanikada
1S4. They beat . . .
185. I beat (Past Tense) (Mam) hanikam
186. Thou beatest (Past {Tö) haniki .
Tense)
187. He beat (Past Tense) (Üs") hanikin (m )
hanlchan ({.)
168. We beat (Past Ten¬ Hanikan Cm.), hani-
se) chan (f.)
189. You beat (Past Ten¬ Hanikö (m.), hani-
se) chö (f.)
190. They beat (Past Hanikan (m.), ha¬
Tense) nlchan ({.)
191. I am beatinsf (A) hanikam (Jl) hanikam
192. I was beating (A) hanghäkami (A) hanegiäikim
193. I had beaten (Mam) haniyuk'm . {Mam) haniyaek^m
194. I may beat (A) hanyikam . {A) hanäwäimin
195. 1 shall beat .
{A) hanyikami . '{A) hanäwäimin
196. Thou wilt beat . {!") haniyä . {Tö) hanäwäyä .
197. He will beat
(Üs") hanyidi . . {Use) hanäwäidi
198. We shall beat (Hamü) hanyikas . {Hamä) hanäwäesi
I
Thla
Thliäwa ....
Gom Thii
A thh'mem .
Tu thlimes .
<Se thlinUin . Ama thlimek Me thlimäneo Teme thlimet
Mui tklilem .
Till thliteo
Tyeh. Tyek. Ttk weov. Tyai. A tem-dai.
Tu tes-dai. Se tel-dai. Abi tek-dai. Abi tet-dai. She-teh ten-dai A prah.
Tu prah.
Ten thlites . . . Se prau.
Amai thlita . . . Abi prämi.
Me thlitau Abi präli.
Tasui thlitän
Tek prön. A tklimen
A tklimän boem
Mui thii därum
A ki thlema . .
A tem-dai. A timan äsis. A tyai äsam. A kie tema.
A tklemo .... A tem.
Tu thlesä . . . Tu ties.
Se thlibä .... Se tiel.
Ama thlikä . . Abi tiek.
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g, J. I
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