Bestände
8 Summary Dominika Chrusciel
Implementation and evaluation of a PCR for detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig lungs
Mycoplasma (M.). hyopneumoniae is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs
which produces high losses in pig rearing world-wide. The cultural detection of M. hyopneumoniae is time consuming and difficult. In this study two PCR methods were
compared for a quick and reliable detection of M. hyopneumoniae in clinical specimen.
The first method was a one-step-PCR described by BAUMEISTER et al. (1998). The primers flanked an 863 bp fragment of the M. hyopneumoniae genome. The other method was a nested-PCR performed according to STÄRK et al. (1998). In this PCR a 913 bp fragment was amplified with an outer primer pair, and an 808 bp fragment was amplified with an inner primer pair.
In an european laboratory trial with 30 lung swabs M. hyopneumoniae could not be detected in any of the 25 lung swabs contaminated with M. hyopneumoniae by the PCR according to BAUMEISTER et al. (1998), whereas M. hyopneumoniae was detected in all positive samples by the nested-PCR. The false negative results of the one-step PCR used in this study could be explained by the variation of the DNA sequence within the primer binding region.
Hence the nested-PCR according to STÄRK et al. (1998) was used in further investigations of 115 bronchial swabs. In addition the corresponding lungs were investigated by culture methods to isolate mycoplasmas. M. hyopneumoniae could not be isolated from the lungs, but was detected in 64 (56 %) bronchial swabs by nested-PCR. In further investigations M. hyopneumoniae could be detected in 10 out of 29 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples by nested-PCR. In 4 of the PCR-positive BALFs M. hyopneumoniae was also detected by an immuno-fluorescence test (IFT) with antiserum specific for M. hyopneumoniae.
To determine the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae in wild boars, lung samples were taken and investigated by nested-PCR and IFT. Additionally sera from these wild boars were tested in an ELISA for antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae. An antibody response was detected in 37 of 75 serum samples (49.3 %). M. hyopneumoniae was detected in 43 of 81 lung samples (53 %) by IFT, and 42 of 72 (58.3 %) samples by nested-PCR. In 14 of
Summary 102
56 (25 %) wild boars M. hyopneumoniae-specific antibodies and also M. hyopneumoniae-specific gene sequences could be detected. Fifteen of 35 wild boars
showed positive results in the IFT and also in the nested-PCR.
In conclusion, due to the low specifity the PCR according to BAUMEISTER et al. (1998) seems not to be suited for routine diagnosis, whereas the PCR according to STÄRK et al. (1998) was sensitive and specific. This nested-PCR renders it possible to perform the detection of M. hyopneumoniae post mortem by investigation of lung samples and intra vitam by investigation of BALF. In addition it was shown that the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae infection in both animal groups is similar, i. e. 56 % resp. 58 %. Wild boars are carriers of M. hyopneumoniae which could be a risk for domestic pig herds.
9 Literaturverzeichnis
ADEGBOYE, D.S. (1978):
Attempts to demonstrate cell-mediated immune response during Mycoplasma suipneumoniae infection in pigs.
Res. Vet. Sci. 25, 323-330
ALEXANDER, T. J. L., K. THORTON, G. BOON, R. J. LYSONS u. A. F. GUSH (1980):
Medicated early weaning to obtain pigs free from pathogens endemic in the herd of orgin.
Vet. Rec. 106, 114-119
AMASS, S. F., L. K. CLARK, W. G. van ALSTINE, T. L. BOWERSOCK, D. A. MURPHY, K. E. KNOX u. S. R. ALBREGS (1994):
Interaction of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida infections in swine.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 204, 102-7
ARMSTRONG, C. H. (1994):
Porcine mycoplasmas.
In: WHITFORD H. W., R. F. ROSENBUSCH u. L. H. LAUREMAN (Hrsg.):
Mycoplasmosis in animals: labolatory diagnosis.
Iowa State University Press, Ames, S. 68-83
ARMSTRONG, C. H., M. J. FREEMAN, I. SANDS-FREEMAN, M. PEZ-OSUNA, T.
YOUNG u. L. J. RUNNELS (1983):
Comparison of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the indirect hemagglutination and complementary fixation tests for detection antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Can. J. Comp. 47, 464-470
Literaturverzeichnis 104
ARMSTRONG, C. H., A. B. SCHEIDT, H. L: THACKER, L. J. RUNNELS u. M. J.
FREEMAN (1984):
Evaluation of criteria of the post mortem diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine.
Can. J. Comp. Med. 48, 278-281
ARTIUSHIN, S. u. F. C. MINION (1996):
Arbitrarily primed PCR analysis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field isolates demonstrates genetic heterogeneity.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 324-8
ARTIUSHIN, S., L. STIPKOVITS u. F. C. MINION (1993):
Development of polymerase chain reaction primers to detect Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Mol. Cell. Probes 7, 381-5
BAEKBO P., K. S. MADSEN, M. AAGRAD u. J. SZANCER (1994):
Eredications of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from infected herds without restocking.
In: 13th Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Bangkok, Thailand, Proc., S. 135
BAEKBO, P., L. K. THOMSEN u. G. CHRISTENSEN (1996a):
Strategic antibiotic medication against respiratory diseases. Relation between disease and productivity.
In: 14th Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc. Bologna, Proc., S. 555
BAEKBO, P., P. PEDERSEN u. L. K. THOMSEN (1996b):
Impact of air quality on respiratory diseases and productivity.
In: 14th Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc. Bologna, S. 522
BATISTA, L., C. PIJOAN, A. RUIZ, V. UTRETRA u. S. DEE (2004):
Assessment of transmision of Mycoplasam hyopneumoniae by personel.
J. Swine Healt and Prod. 12, 75-77
BAUMEISTER, A. K., M. RUNGE, M. GANTER, A. A. FEENSTRA, F. DELBECK u. H.
KIRCHHOFF (1998):
Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of pigs by PCR.
J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 1984-8
BEJ, A. K., M. H. MAHBUBANI u. R. M. ATLAS (1991):
Amplification of nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other methods and their applications.
Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 26, 301-334
BERCHTOLD, W. u. U. HÜBSCHER (1996):
PCR: Grundlagen und neue Entwicklungen.
Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. 138, 53-58
BEREITER, M., F. T. YOUNG, H. S. YOO u. R. F. ROSS (1990):
Evaluation of the ELISA and comparision to the complement fixation and radial immunodyffusion enzyme assay for detection of antibodies agains Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine serum.
Vet. Microbiol. 25, 177-192
BERNER, H. (1995):
Impfung - eine neue Methode der Bekämpfung der Enzootische Pneumonie des Schweines.
Prakt. Tierarzt 76, 668-682
BERTSCHINGER, H. U., H. KELLER, A. LÖHRER u. W. WEGMANN (1972):
Der zeitliche Verlauf der experimentellen enzootischen Pneumonie beim SPF-Schwein.
Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 114, 107-118
Literaturverzeichnis 106
BINDER, A. (1990):
Vorkommen und Bedeutung von Mykoplasmen bei Rinder und Schweinen.
Prakt. Tierarzt 9, 22-28
BINDER, A. C., VAN WEES, B. LIKITDECHAROTE u. H. KIRCHHOFF (1989):
Fluoreszenzserologischer und kultureller Nachweis von Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae und Mycoplasma hyorhinis in Schweinelunge.
Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 102, 11-13
BIRCHEN, M., P. LASKI, A. STEVENSON, S. LANKA, u. C. MADDOX (2003):
Comparison of DNA extraction methods for the detection of M. hyopneumoniae in porcine lungs.
In: Am. Assoc. Swine Vet. Orlando, Florida, USA, Proc., S. 79-80
BISPING, W. u. G. AMTSBERG (1988):
Mycoplasmas/Mykoplasmen
In: Farbatlas zur Diagnose bakterieller Infektionserreger der Tiere.
Verlag Paul Parey; Berlin u. Hamburg, 307-323
BLACKBALL, P., T. ASAKAWA, R. GRAYDON, M. WHITE, M. ADAMSON, L. WADE u.
L. LOWE (1995):
In-vitro antibacterial properties of tilmicosin against Australian isolates of Pasteurella multocida and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from pigs.
Aust. Vet. J. 72, 35-36
BLANCHARD, B., M. M. VENA, A. CAVALIER, J. LE LANNIC, J. GOURANTON u. M. KOBISCH (1992):
Electron microscopic observation of the respiratory tract of SPF piglets inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Vet. Microbiol. 30, 329-41
BLANCHARD, B., M. KOBISCH, J. M. BOVE u. C. SAILLARD (1996):
Polymerase chain reaction for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection in tracheobronchiolar washings from pigs.
Mol Cell Probes. 10, 15-22
BLECHA, F. (2001):
Immunology, Chapter 16
In: W. G. POND u. H. J. MERSMANN (Hrsg.): Biology of the domestic pig.
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, S. 688-671
BOMMELI, W. R. (1986):
Effect of enzootic pneumonia of pigs on growth performance.
Aust. Vet. J. 24, 320-330
BOMMELI, W. R. u. J. NICKOLET (1983):
A method for the evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunoassay results for diagnostic enzootic pneumonia in pig herds.
In: 3rd Int. Symp. World Ass. Vet. Lab. Diagn., Ames, Proc. S. 439-442
BOUSQUET, E., H. MORVAN, I. AITKEN u. J. H. MORGAN (1997):
Comparative in vitro activity of doxycycline and oxytetracycline against porcine respiratory pathogens.
Vet. Rec.141, 37-40
BOV , J. M. (1993):
Molecular features of Mollicutes.
Clin. Inf. Dis. 17, Suppl. 1, 10-31
BRUGGMANN, S., H. KELLER, H. U. BERTSCHINGER u. B. ENGEBERG (1977):
Quantitative detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma suipneumoniae in pig sera by an enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay.
Vet. Rec. 101, 109-111
Literaturverzeichnis 108
BURCH, D. G., G. T. JONES, T. W. HEARD u. R. E. TUCK (1986):
The synergistic activity of tiamulin and chlortetracycline: in-feed treatment of bacterially complicated enzootic pneumonia in fattening pigs.
Vet Rec.119, 108-12
CALSAMIGLIA, M., J. E. COLLINS u. C. PIJOAN (2000):
Correlation between the presence of enzootic pneumonia lesions and detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in bronchial swabs by PCR.
Vet. Microbiol. 76, 299-303
CALSAMIGLIA, M., J. E. COLLINS u. C. PIJON (2001):
Correlation between the presence of enzootic pneumonia lesions and detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in bronchial swabs by PCR.
Vet. Microbiol. 76, 299-303
CALSAMIGLIA, M. u. C. PIJOAN (2000):
Colonisation state and colostral immunity to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae of different parity sows.
Vet. Rec. 146, 530-2
CALSAMIGLIA, M., C. PIJOAN u. A. TRIGO (1999):
Application of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from nasal swabs.
J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 11, 246-51
CARON, J., M. OUARDANI u. S. DEA (2000):
Diagnosis and differentiation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis infections in pigs by PCR amplification of the p36 and p46 genes.
J Clin Microbiol. 38(4):1390-6
CARUSO, J. P. u. R. F. ROSS (1990):
Effect of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae on alveolar macrophage functions in swine.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 51, 227-231
CHRUSCIEL, D., H. HOTZEL, M. RUNGE, G. AMTSBERG, A. V. ALTROCK u. M.
GANTER (2002):
Mycoplasma conjunctivae as etiological agent of conjunctivitis in sheep in Germany Proc. of the 14th Int. Congress of International Organization for Mycoplasmology Wien, Österreich
CIPRIAN, A., T. A. CRUZ u. M. De LA GARZA (1994):
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: interaction with other agents in pigs, and evaluation of immunogens.
Arch Med Res. 25 (2):235-9.
CIPRIAN, A., C. PIJOAN, T. CRUZ, J. CAMACHO, J. TORTORA, G. COLMENARES, R.
LOPEZ-REVILLA u. M. DE LA GARZA (1988):
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Increases the susceptibility of pigs to experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia.
Can. J. Vet. Res. 52, 434-438
CLARK, J., C. ARMSTRONG, K. KNOX u. V. MAYROSE (1991):
The effect of all-in/all-out management on pigs from a herd with enzootic pneumoniae.
Vet. Med. 86, 946-951
CLARK, L., M. HILL, T. KNIFFEN, W. VAN ALSTINE, G. STEVENSON, K. MEYER, C.
WU, A. SCHEIDT, K. KNOX u. S. ALBREGTS (1994):
An evaluation of the components of medicated early weaning. Swine Health Production 2, 5±11.
CORTHIER, G., B. CHARLEY u. J. FRANZ (1980):
Local immunity in the pig respiratory tract. III: Immunoenzymatic determination of local immunoglobulin classes sharing anti-influenza activity.
Ann. Inst. Pasteur Virol. 131, 355-363
Literaturverzeichnis 110
DeBEY, M.C., C.D. JACOBSON u. R.F. ROSS (1992):
Histochemical and morphologic changes of porcine airway epithelial cells response to infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 53, 1705-1710
DeBEY, M. C. u. R. F. ROSS (1994):
Ciliostasis and loss of cilia induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in porcine tracheal organ cultures.
Infect. Immun. 62, 5312-8
DEBONO, M., K. WILLARD, H. KIRST, J. WIND, G. CROUSE, E. TAO, J. VICENZI, F.
COUNTER, J. OTT u. S. OMURA (1989):
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 20-deoso-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl) desmycosin (tilmicosin, EL-870) and related cyclic amino derivates.
J. Antibiot. 42, 1253±1267
DEL GIUDICE, R. A., N. F. ROBILLARD u. T. R. CARSKI (1967):
Immunofluorescence identification of mycoplasma on agar by use of incident illumination.
J. Bacteriol. 93, 1205-1209
DIAZ, E. E., S. J. C. CHEVEZ u. J. LARA (2004):
Evaluation of three different vaccination programs against Mycoplasma hyopneuminiae and their impact on body weight up to market age.
In: 18th Congr.Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Hamburg, Deutschland, Proc. S. 410
DJORDJEVIC, S. P., S. J. CORDWELL, M. A. DJORDJEVIC, J. WILTON u. F. C.
MINION (2004):
Proteolytic processing of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cilium adhesin.
Infect Immun. 72, 2791-802
DJORDJEVIC, S. P., G. J. EAMENS, L. F. ROMALIS u. M. M. SAUNDERS (1994):
An improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of porcine serum antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Vet. Microbiol. 39, 261-73
DJORDJEVIC, S. P., G. J. EAMENS, L. F. ROMAILS, P. J. NICOLS, V. TAYLOR u. J. CHIN (1997):
Serum and mucosal antibody response and protection in pigs vaccinated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine containing a denatured membrane antigen pool and adjuvant.
Austr. Vet. J. 75, 504-511
DONE, S. H. (1996):
Enzootic pneumonia (mycoplasmosis) revisited.
Pig. Vet. J. 20, 31-60
DOSTER, A. R. u. B. C. LIN (1988):
Identification of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in formalin porcine lungs using an indirect immunoperoxidase method.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 49, 719-21
DUNGWORTH, D.L. (1993):
The respiratory system.
In: K.V.F. JUBB, P.C. KENNEDY u. N. PLAMER (Hrsg.): Pathology of domestic animals, 4th Edition, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, USA, Vol. 2
EICH, K-O. u. U. SCHMIDT (2000):
Handbuch Schweinekrankheiten
Landwirtschaftverlag GmbH, Münster-Hiltrup, 160-162
ESCOBAR, J., W. G. VAN ALSTINE, D. H. BAKER u. R. W. JOHNSON (2002):
Growth performance and whole-body composition of pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
J. Anim. Sci. 80, 384-91
FANO, E., C. PIJOAN u. S. DEE (2004):
Assessing the duration of Mycoplsma hyopneumoniae infection in gilts In: 18th Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Hamburg, Deutschland, Proc. Vol. I, S. 167
Literaturverzeichnis 112
FEENESTRA, A. A., V. SØRENSEN, N. F. FRIIS, N. E. JENSEN u. V. BILLE-HANSEN (1994):
Experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. Clinical sings, lesions and microbiology.
In: 13th Congr. Int. Pig. Vet. Soc., Bangkok, Thailand, Proc. S. 93
FELD, N.C., P. QVIST, P. AHRENS, N.F. FRIIS u. A. MEYLING (1992):
A monoclonal blocking ELISA detecting serum antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Vet. Microbiol., 30, 35-46
FELLSTÖM, C. u. P. WALLGREN (1992):
The relationship between seroconversion to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and lung findings at slaughter.
In: 12th. Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Den Haag, Proc. S. 308
FLEISCHER, W. (1993):
Epidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Vorkommende pneumotroper Erreger in ausgewählten Schweinemastbeständen im Regierungsbezirk Chemnitz des Freistaates Sachsen.
Hannover, Tierärztl. Hochschule, Diss.
FREEMAN, M. J., C. H. ARMSTRONG, L. L. SANDS-FREEMAN u. M.
LOPEZ-OSUNA (1984a):
Serological cross-reactivity of porcine reference antisera to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae indicated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination tests.
Can. J. Comp. Med. 48, 202-207
FREEMAN, M. J., M. LOPEZ-OSUNA, C. H. ARMSTRONG u. L. L. SANDS-FREEMAN (1984b):
Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination assay as practical serodiagnostic test for mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine.
Vet. Microbiol. 9, 259-270
FREUNDT, E. A. (1983):
Culture media for classic mycoplasmas.
In: RAZIN S. u. J. G. TULLY (Hrsg.): Methods in mycoplasmology, Vol. 1: Mycoplasma characterization.
Academic Press, New York, London, 127-135
FREY, J., A. HALDIMANN u. J. NICKOLET (1992):
Chromosomal heterogeneity of various Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field strains.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42, 275-80.
FRIIS, N. F (1975):
Some recommendations concerning primary isolation of Mycoplama siupneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare.
Nord. Veterinaermed. 27, 337-339
FUTO, S., Y. SETO, S. MITSUSE u. Y. MORI (1992):
Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by using r-RNA-oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization.
J. Clin. Microbiol. 30, 1509-1513
FUTO, S., Y. SETO, M. OKADA, S. SATO, T. SUZUKI, K. KAWAI, Y. IMADA u. Y. MORI (1995):
Recombinant 46-kilodalton surface antigen (P46) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae expressed in Escherichia coli can be used for early specific diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 680-683
Literaturverzeichnis 114
GANTER, M., S. KIPPER, H. SCHÖTTGER-WEGNER, G. BECKMANN u. S. BUNKA (1993):
Pneumoniediagnostik am lebenden Schwein mit Hilfe der Lungenspülung.
Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 106, 330-333
GANTER, M., E. LINDEN u. O. NIEMANN (1999):
Entscheidungskriterien für M. hyopneumoniae-Impfung.
Dtsch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 106, 404
GASSEN, H.G., G.E. SACHSE u. A. SCHULTE (1994):
PCR. Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion.
Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart
GEARY, S. J. u. E. M. WALCZAK (1985):
Isolation of cythopatic factor from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Infect. Immun. 48, 576-578
GOIS, M., F. SISAK, F. KUKSA u. M. SOVADINA (1975):
Incidence and evaluations of the microbial flora in the lungs of pigs with enzootic pneumonia.
Zentral. Veterinärmed. Reihe B 22, 205-219
GOODWIN, R. F. W. (1976):
An improved medium for the isolation of Mycoplasma suipneumoniae.
Vet. Rec. 98, 260-261
GOODWIN, R. F. W. (1985):
Apparent reinfection of enzootic-pneumonia-free pig herds: search for possible causes.
Vet. Rec. 116, 690-694
GOODWIN, R. F. W. (1991):
Clinical and epidemiological aspects of respiratory disease in pigs.
Royal Vet. College/Pfitzer Ltd. Symposium on Respiratory Disease in Cattle and Pigs, Cambridge, 1991, Proc., S. 47-52
GOODWIN, R. F.W., A.P. POMEROY u. P. WHITTLESTONE (1965):
Production of enzootic pneumonia in pigs with a Mycoplasma.
Vet. Rec. 77, 1247-1249
GOODWIN, R. F. W., A.P. POMEROY u. P. WHITTLESTONE (1967):
Charakterization of Mycoplasma suipneumoniae: a mycoplasma causing enzootic pneumonia of pigs.
J. Hyg. 65, 85-96
GREENFIELD, L., u. T. J. WHITE (1993):
Sample preparation methods.
In: D. H. PERSING, T. S. SMITH, F. C. TENOVER u. T. J. WHITE (Hrsg.):Diagnostic molecular microbiology: principles and applications.
American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C., USA, S. 122-137
GREST P., H. KELLER, T. SYDLER u. A. POSPISCHIL (1997):
The prevalence of lung lesions in pigs at slaughter in Switzerland.
Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. 139, 500-506
GROSSE BEILAGE, E. (1999):
Klinische und serologische Verlaufsuntersuchungen zur Prävalenz, Inzidenz und Interaktionen viraler und bakterieller Infektionen des Respirationstraktes von Mastschweinen.
Hannover, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Habil.-Schrift
HAESEBROUCK, F., F. PASMANS, K. CHIERS, D. MAES, R. DUCATELLE, u. A.
DECOSTERE (2004):
Efficacy of vaccines against bacterial diseases in swine: what can we expect?
Vet. Microbiol. 100, 255-68
Literaturverzeichnis 116
HANNAN, P. C., H. M. WINDSOR u. P. H. RIPLEY (1997):
In vitro susceptibilities of recent field isolates of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae to valnemulin (Econor), tiamulin and enrofloxacin and the in vitro development of resistance to certain antimicrobial agents in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Res. Vet. Sci. 63, 157-60
HARASAWA, R., K. KOSHIMIZU, O. TAKEDA, T. UEMORI, K. ASADA u. I. KATO (1991):
Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA by the polymerase chain reaction.
Mol. Cell. Probes 5, 103-109
HARDING, J. C., M. J. BAARSCH u. M. P. MURTAUGH (1997):
Association of tumour necrosis factor and acute phase reactant changes with post arrival disease in swine.
Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B. 44, 405-13
HARDKE, T. u. M. GENROW (2003):
Mycoplasma vaccines revisited.
Pig International 33, 9-10
HEGE, R., W. ZIMMERMANN, R. SCHEIDEGGER u. K. D. STÄRK (2002):
Incidence of reinfection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pig farms located in respiratory-desease-free regions of Switzerland-identification and quantification of risks factors.
Acta vet. Scan. 43, 145-156
HELLWIG, E. G. (2002):
Neue Ideen für eine effektive Mycoplasmenimpfung beim Schweinen?
AVA Nutztierpraxis Aktuell 2, 25-28
HENRY, S. C. (1986):
Evaluating the alternative therapies for swine respiratory disease.
Vet. Med. 8, 763-770
HIGUCHI, R. (1989):
Simple and rapid preparation of samples for PCR
In: EHRLICH, H. A. PCR technology–principles and applications for DNA amplification Stockholm Press, New York, S. 31-38.
HILTERMANN-LINDEN, E. (2004):
Vergleich von Methoden zum Nachweis von Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-Infektionen beim Schwein sowie epidemiologische Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung der Enzootische Pneumonie im Weser-Ems Gebiet im Jahre 1996.
Hannover, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Diss.
HODGENS, R. T. A., A. O. BETTS u. A. R. JENNINGS (1969):
Productions of pneumonia in gnotobiotic pigs with pure cultures of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Vet. Rec. 84, 268-273
HODGINS, D. C. u. P. E. SHEWEN (1998):
Serologic response of young colostrum fed dairy calves to antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica A1.
Vaccine 16, 2018-2025
HODGINS, D. C., P. E. SHEWEN u. C. E. DEWEY (2002):
Influence of age and material antibody responses of neonatal piglets to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
In: 17th Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Ames, Iowa USA, Proc. Vol. I, S. 255
HODGINS, D. C., P. E. SHEWEN u. C. E. DEWEY (2004):
Influence of age maternal antibodies on antibody response of neonatal piglets vaccined against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
J. Swine Health and Prod. 12, 10-16
Literaturverzeichnis 118
HOLMGREN, N., N. LUNDEHEIM u. P. WALLGREN (1999):
Infections with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in fattening pigs. Influence of piglet production systems and influence on production parameters.
Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B. 46, 535-44
HORST, I., LINDNER, A., KRÜGER, M., GINDELE, H. R. u. R. STING (1997):
Verbreitung der Mycoplasma-hyopneumoniae-Infektion in Deutschland -
Schlussfolgerungen für die Bekämpfung der Enzootischen Pneumonie der Schweine.
Tierärztl. Umsch. 52, 508-514
HORST, I., KRÜGER, M., ISAAK, D., KUNZE, B., BITTNER, F., LICHEY, L., STERZEL, M., LINDNER, A. u. R. TRETTER (2000):
Erprobung des inaktivierten Impfstoffes Stellamune® Mycoplasma in einem Schweineaufzucht- und -mastbetrieb in Sachsen.
Tierärztl. Umschau 55, 368-79
HSU, T., S. ARTIUSHIN u. F. C. MINION (1997):
Cloning and functional analysis of the P97 swine cilium adhesin gene of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
J. Bacteriol. 179, 1317-1323
HSU, T. u. F. C. MINION (1998):
Identification of the cilium binding epitope of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 adhesin.
Infect. Immun. 66, 4762-4766
IRIGOYEN, L. F., W. G. VAN ALSTINE u. L. K. CLARK (1992):
Host-agent interactions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs: Serum antibodies.
In: 12th Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Den Haag, Proc. S. 307
JAQUES, M., B. BLANCHARD, B. FOIRY, C. GIRARD u. M. KOBISCH (1992):
In vitro colonization of porcine trachea by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Ann. Rech. Vet. 23, 239-247
JERICHO, K.W.F. (1986):
Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine.
Cand. J. Vet. Res. 50, 136-137
JOLIE, R., L. SABBADINI, ST. L. AUBIN u. P. RUNNELS( 2004):
Evaluation of a 25-week duration of immunity of Respisure ONE® in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae seronegative and seropositive pigs.
In:18th Congr. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Hamburg, Deutschland. Proc. Vol. 1, S. 395
KELLER, H. (1996):
Zur Prophylaxe der Enzootischen Pneumonie (EP).
2. Münchner Fortbildungstag Schweinekrankheiten
KIPPER, S. (1990):
Bronchoskopie bei Schweinen sowie mikrobiologische und zytologische Untersuchungen der bronchoalveolären Spülflüssigkeit.
Hannover, Tierärztl. Hochschule, Diss.
KIRCHHOF, H. (1988):
Mykoplasmen beim Schwein
Tagung Fachgr. Tierseuchenrecht. Aktuelles zur Verhütung und Bekämpfung übertragbarer Tierkrankheiten, Hannover, 1988, 74-87.
KIRCHHOFF, H. (1992):
Motility.
In: J. MANILOF, R. N. McELHANEY, L. R. FINCH u. J. B. BASEMAN (Hrsg.):
Mycoplasmas: molecular biology and pathogenesis.
American Socienty for Microbiology, Washington D. C., USA, S. 289-306
KOBISCH, M., B. BLANCHARD u. M. F. LE POTIER (1993):
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs: duration of the disease and resistance to reinfection.
Vet. Res. 24, 67-77
Literaturverzeichnis 120
KOBISCH, M., B. BLANCHARD, C. SAILLARD u. J-M. BOVÉ (1994):
Les mycoplasmes des animoux: nouvelles approches des maladies respiratoires du porc.
C R. Séance Acad. Agric. Rr. 80, Nr. 1, 27-32
KOBISCH, M. u. J. FREY (2003):
Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from clinical samples and air.
In: SACHSE K. u. J. FREY (Hrsg.): Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol 216: Detection of Microbial Pathogens: Methods and Protocols.
Humana Press Inc., Totowa, N.J., USA, S. 247-256
KOBISCH, M. u. N. F. FRIIS (1996):
Swine mycoplasmoses.
Rev. Sci. Tech. 15, 1569-605
KOBISCH, M. u. J. NICOLET (1987):
Comparison of enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) in experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection of pigs.
Israel. J. Med. Sci. 23, 644-646
KOBISCH, M. u. J-P. TILLON (1989):
Erkrankungen des Atumgsapparates.
In: MORNET P., J. TOURNUT u. B. TOMA (Hrsg.): Das Schwein und seine Krankheiten.
Schober Verlag-GmbH, Hengerberg, 182-184
KOLB, J., M. GENZOW, R. LISING (2004):
Summary of field trials comparing Ingelvac®M.hyo vs. conventional M. hyo vaccine.
In: 18th Congr. Int. Pig Vet Soc. Hamburg, Germany, Proc. Vol II. S. 593
KRAUSE, D. C (1996):
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cytadherence: unravelling the tie that binds.
Mol. Microbiol. 20, 247-253
KURTH, K. T., T. HSU, E. R. SNOOK, E. L. THACKER, B. J. THACKER, F. u. C.
MINION, (2002):
Use of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae nested polymerase chain reaction test to determine the optimal sampling sites in swine.
J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 14, 463-9
KWON, D., C. CHOI, u. C. CHAE (2002):
Chronologic localization of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in experimentally infected pigs.
Vet. Pathol. 39, 584-7.
LAM, K. M. u. W. P. SWITZER (1971):
Mycoplasmal pneumoniae of swine: development of an indirect hemagglutination test.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 32, 1731-1736
LAHRAMANN K.-H. u. H. PLANOIT (1997):
Gliedmaßen- und Skeletterkrankungen.
In: PLANOIT H. u. K. BICKHARD (Hrsg.) Lehrbuch der Schweinekrankheiten
2., neu bearbeitete Auflage, Parey Buchverlag Berlin, S.283-284
LAUBE, P. (1996):
Simulation der flächendeckenden Tilgung der Enzootischen Pneumonie (EP) mit Hilfe eines geographischen Informationssystems.
Zürich, Univ., Veterinärmed. Klinik, Diss.
LEON, E. A., F. MADEC, N. M. TAYLOR u. M. KOBISCH, (2001):
Seroepidemiology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs from farrow-to-finish farms.
Vet. Microbiol. 78, 331-41.
LE POTIER, M. F., P. ABIVEN, M. KOBISCH, D. CREVAT u. P. DESMETTRE (1994):
A blocking ELISA using a monoclonal antibody for the serological detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Res. Vet. Sci. 56, 338-45.
Literaturverzeichnis 122
LEVONEN, K., E. SIHVO u. P. VEIJALAINEN (1999):
Comparison of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and correlation with herd status.
J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 11, 547-9
LILLIE, K., M. RITZMANN u. K. HEINRITZI (2004):
Field study on the effect of the early single dose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination (Stellamune®one) in naturally infected herds.
Field study on the effect of the early single dose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination (Stellamune®one) in naturally infected herds.