Source category 1A4 – Other sectors (stationary 1A4 ai/bi/ci)

3.2.7.1 Source category description for 1A4 (stationary) Approach 1 key categories 1A4

CO2 from the combustion of Liquid Fuels in 1A4a Commercial/Institutional (level and trend) CO2 from the combustion of Gaseous Fuels in 1A4a Commercial/Institutional (level and trend)

CO2 from the combustion of Gaseous Fuels in the 1A4b Residential (level and trend) CO2 from the combustion of Liquid Fuels in1A4b Residential (level and trend)

CH4 from the combustion of biomass in 1A4b Residential (trend) Approach 2 key categories 1A4

CO2 from the combustion of Gaseous Fuels in the Commercial/Institutional (level and trend) CO2 from the combustion of Gaseous Fuels in 1A4b Residential (level and trend)

CO2 from the combustion of Liquid Fuels in 1A4b Residential (trend) CH4 from the combustion of biomass in 1A4b Residential (trend)

[Each of the source categories 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4c contain the sum of emissions of stationary and mobile sources – the above statements on key categories hold for the aggregated emissions of 1A4a etc. only. The CO2 emissions of 1A4a and 1A4b from Liquid Fuels are vastly dominated by the stationary sources, which means that the emissions of 1A4aii and 1A4bii only play a minor role within category 1A4a and 1 A4b. For 1A4c, however, the emissions of 1A4cii are dominating those of 1A4ci.]

Table 3-51 Specification of source category 1A4 Other sectors.

1A4 Source Specification

1A4ai Commercial/institutional Emissions from stationary combustion in commercial and institutional buildings.

1A4bi Residential Emissions from stationary fuel combustion in households.

1A4ci Agriculture/forerstry/fishing Emissions from stationary fuel combustion of agriculture and grass drying.

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

3.2.7.2 Methodological issues for 1A4 (stationary) Methodology (1A4 stationary)

Emissions from stationary combustion in source categories 1A4ai, 1A4bi and 1A4ci are estimated using a Tier 2 approach according to the decision tree for stationary combustion of the 2006 IPCC guidelines (IPCC 2006, Volume 2 Energy, chp. 2 Stationary Combustion, Figure 2.1). Direct emission measurements are not available. For the calculation of the emissions from the use of gas oil and natural gas the following sources are differentiated: (a) heat only boilers, (b) combined heat and power production in turbines and (c) combined heat and power production in engines.

Emissions from 1A4ci originate from fuel combustion for grass drying and wood combustion for heating in agriculture and forestry. For grass drying, information is provided by the grass drying association.

Emission factors (1A4 stationary)

Table 3-52 Emission factors for stationary combustion in 1A4ai Other sectors commercial/institutional in 2014.

Table 3-53 Emission factors for stationary combustion in 1A4bi Other sectors residential in 2014.

Source/fuel CO2 CO2 biog. CH4 N2O NOx CO NMVOC SO2

1A4a Other sectors:

Commercial/institutional

Gas oil (weighted average) 73.7 10 0.6 34.4 6.7 6 19.2

Gas oil (heat only boilers) 73.7 10 0.6 34.4 6.6 6 19.2

Gas oil (engines) 73.7 0.6 0.6 40 30 8 18.1

Natural gas (weighted average) 56.7 2.2 0.1 23.6 13.3 1.9 0.5

NG (heat only boilers) 56.7 1 0.1 17.8 10.2 2 0.5

NG (turbines) 56.7 2 0.1 60 15 0.1 0.5

NG (engines) 56.7 20 0.1 106 57.5 1 0.5

Other bituminous coal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Lignite NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Biomass (weighted average) 86.5 20.8 3.1 94.5 660 31 7.8

Biomass (wood) 92.2 24.6 3.7 109 785 37 9.2

Biomass (biogas) 56.7 1 0.1 17.8 10.2 2 0.5

t/TJ kg/TJ

Source/fuel CO2 CO2 biog. CH4 N2O NOx CO NMVOC SO2

1A4b Other sectors: Residential

Gas oil (weighted average) 73.7 10 0.6 36 12.2 6 19.2

Gas oil (heat only boilers) 73.7 10 0.6 36 12.2 6 19.2

Gas oil (engines) 73.7 2 0.6 40 30 8 18.1

Natural gas (weighted average) 56.7 1.2 0.1 17 13.6 4 0.5

NG (heat only boilers) 56.7 1 0.1 16.8 13.2 4 0.5

NG (turbines) 56.7 2 0.1 60 15 0.1 0.5

NG (engines) 56.7 20 0.1 35 57.5 1 0.5

Other bituminous coal 92.7 300 1.5 65 2000 100 350

Lignite NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Biomass 94.8 52.2 3.8 88.4 1395 78.3 9.5

t/TJ kg/TJ

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

Table 3-54 Emission factors for stationary combustion in 1A4ci Agriculture/forestry/fishing in 2014.

Charcoal and bonfires

Emission factors concerning CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions of charcoal use in the residential source categories (1A4bi) are taken from the 2006 IPCC guidelines (IPCC 2006). Default emission factors according to the guidelines are also applied for CH4 and N2O emissions resulting from bonfires. The CO2 emission factor for bonfires in the residential category (1A4bi) is based on literature (SAEFL 2000). Regarding precursors the values are taken from the EMEP/EEA Guidebook (2013).

Table 3-55 Emission factors for use of charcoal and bonfires in 1A4bi Other sectors residential in 2014.

Activity data (1A4 stationary) General energy sources

Activity data about the energy sources gas oil, residual fuel oil, natural gas and biomass are calculated by the Swiss energy model (see 3.2.4.3 for futher information). For other energy sources such as other bituminous coal, activity data is provided directly by the Swiss overall energy statistics (SFOE 2015). Grass drying activities for source category 1A4ci are reported by the Swiss association of grass drying plants (VSTB) (as standard tonne of dried grass) as documented in the EMIS database (EMIS 2016/ 1A4ci Grastrocknung). Since submission 2015, the actual fuel consumption for grass drying is available and used for emission calculations.

1A4c Agriculture/forestry/fishing Unit CO2 fossil CO2 biog. CH4 N2O

Drying of grass (fossil, biogenic) kg/TJ 62'288 95'001 7.3 1.0

Biomass kg/TJ NA 119'791 20 4.8

1A4bi Other sectors:

residential stationary combustion

Unit CO₂ biog. CH₄ N₂O NO_X NMVOC SO₂ CO

Use of charcoal kg/TJ 112'000 200 1 50 600 11 6'000

Bonfires kg/TJ 99'900 300 4 50 600 11 6'000

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities Table 3-56 Activity data in 1A4a Commercial/Institutional.

Table 3-57 Activity data in 1A4b Residential.

Source/Fuel Unit 1990 1995 2000

1A4a Other sectors:

Commercial/institutional

TJ 78'060 85'341 81'622

Gas oil TJ 57'605 58'799 53'004

Gas oil heat only boilers TJ 57'581 58'623 52'653

Gas oil engines TJ 24 175 351

Natural gas TJ 17'495 22'715 24'234

NG heat only boilers TJ 17'219 21'544 22'498

NG turbines TJ 85 78 NO

NG engines TJ 192 1'093 1'737

Other bituminous coal TJ NO NO NO

Lignite TJ NO NO NO

Biomass (total) TJ 2'960 3'828 4'383

Biomass (wood) TJ 2'936 3'794 4'325

Biomass (biogas) TJ 24 34 58

Source/Fuel Unit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1A4a Other sectors:

Commercial/institutional

TJ 87'766 82'581 74'751 78'979 76'966 83'324 69'052 75'923 80'784 64'465

Gas oil TJ 54'930 51'547 45'443 47'579 45'693 48'772 38'895 41'809 44'328 34'191

Gas oil heat only boilers TJ 54'612 51'253 45'262 47'410 45'539 48'653 38'791 41'715 44'242 34'109

Gas oil engines TJ 318 293 181 169 154 119 105 94 86 82

Natural gas TJ 27'440 25'034 23'511 24'987 24'496 27'207 23'805 26'783 28'211 21'951

NG heat only boilers TJ 25'407 23'082 21'585 23'130 22'683 25'503 22'224 25'231 26'714 20'515

NG turbines TJ 28 23 28 29 26 23 17 5 7 7

NG engines TJ 2'004 1'929 1'898 1'829 1'787 1'681 1'564 1'548 1'490 1'429

Other bituminous coal TJ NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Lignite TJ NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Biomass (total) TJ 5'396 6'000 5'797 6'412 6'777 7'344 6'352 7'331 8'245 8'323

Biomass (wood) TJ 5'250 5'784 5'484 5'982 6'278 6'700 5'620 6'504 7'194 6'981

Biomass (biogas) TJ 146 216 313 431 499 644 732 827 1'050 1'341

Source/Fuel Unit 1990 1995 2000

1A4b Other sectors: Residential TJ 185'318 189'265 170'432

Gas oil TJ 136'886 133'547 116'294

Gas oil heat only boilers TJ 136'885 133'543 116'241

Gas oil engines TJ 1 4 53

Natural gas TJ 25'876 34'087 36'270

NG heat only boilers TJ 25'816 33'829 35'831

NG turbines TJ NO NO NO

NG engines TJ 60 258 439

Other bituminous coal TJ 630 460 130

Lignite TJ NO NO NO

Biomass TJ 21'926 21'171 17'738

Source/Fuel Unit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1A4b Other sectors: Residential TJ 185'940 178'775 159'077 170'182 166'791 180'864 145'339 160'393 171'470 134'522 Gas oil TJ 124'023 118'885 102'728 108'715 105'295 111'731 86'988 94'103 99'373 75'136 Gas oil heat only boilers TJ 123'960 118'822 102'663 108'663 105'254 111'695 86'955 94'071 99'344 75'109

Gas oil engines TJ 63 63 65 52 42 36 34 32 29 27

Natural gas TJ 42'632 40'922 39'159 42'388 42'468 48'232 40'913 47'041 50'957 42'367

NG heat only boilers TJ 42'102 40'380 38'614 41'847 41'931 47'726 40'443 46'576 50'509 41'938

NG turbines TJ NO NO 3 3 NO NO NO NO NO NO

NG engines TJ 530 542 542 537 538 506 470 466 448 430

Other bituminous coal TJ 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

Lignite TJ NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Biomass TJ 18'885 18'568 16'790 18'679 18'627 20'501 17'038 18'849 20'740 16'618

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities Table 3-58 Activity data in 1A4ci Agriculture/forestry/fishing.

Charcoal and bonfires

Besides the main energy sources, also charcoal use and bonfires are accounted for in source category 1A4bi. The energy source charcoal is only used for charcoal grills. The total charcoal consumption under 1A4bi is very small compared to other fuels used for heating purposes. The activity data are the sum of charcoal production under 1A1c and net imports provided by the Swiss overall energy statistics (SFOE 2015).

The total wood demand for bonfires is assumed to be constant over time. Per capita wood demand is decreasing since 1990 due to an increasing number of inhabitants (for further details see documentation in EMIS 2015/1A4bi Lagerfeuer).

Table 3-59 Activity data in 1A4bi Charcoal and bonfires.

3.2.7.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency for 1A4 (stationary)

The uncertainty of CO2 emissions from fuel combustions is described in the uncertainty analysis in chp. 3.2.4.7 . Uncertainty in emissions of other non-CO2 gases is estimated to be medium: 30% for CH4 and 80% for N2O (see Table 1-11).

Consistency: Time series for 1A4 Other sectors are all considered to be consistent.

3.2.7.4 Category-specific QA/QC and verification for 1A4 (stationary)

The general QA/QC procedures are described in section 1.2.3. Furthermore QA/QC procedures conducted for all 1A source categories are listed in 3.2.4.8.

Source/Fuel Unit 1990 1995 2000

1A4c Agriculture/forestry/fishing TJ 2'323 2'032 1'703 Drying of grass (fossil, biogenic) TJ 1'895 1'544 1'223

Biomass TJ 428 488 479

1990=100% 100% 87% 73%

Source/Fuel Unit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1A4c Agriculture/forestry/fishing TJ 1'646 1'439 1'507 1'445 1'485 1'436 1'461 1'399 1'037 1'151

Drying of grass (fossil, biogenic) TJ 994 845 948 822 856 739 891 685 458 524

Biomass TJ 652 594 558 622 628 697 570 713 579 627

1990=100% 71% 62% 65% 62% 64% 62% 63% 60% 45% 50%

1A4bi Other sectors:

residential stationary combustion

Unit 1990 1995 2000

Use of charcoal TJ 311 291 292

Bonfires TJ 160 160 160

1A4bi Other sectors:

residential stationary combustion

Unit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Use of charcoal TJ 313 303 313 354 343 343 343 344 343 354

Bonfires TJ 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

3.2.7.5 Category-specific recalculations for 1A4 (stationary) Recalculations reported in submission 2015

 1A4: the AD (gas oil, natural gas) of 1A4ci Grass drying have been revised for 2012 based on updated data for 2013.

 1A4: in the past consumption of biogas did not include statistical difference to the Swiss overall energy statistic. This difference is now included in the activity data for boilers in 1A4c.

Recalculations reported in submission 2016

 1A4: Recalculation in energy use in residential and commercial engines and gas turbines in 1A4 (2010–2013) based on (SFOE 2015c).

 1A4a: Changed activity data (statistical difference) of use of biogas in Boilers due to recalculation of biogas use in 1A1a municipal waste disposal sites.

 1A4bi: The emission factor for N2O from charcoal use was changed to the value of 1 g/GJ instead of 4 g/GJ because due to a mistake last year it was changed to the one of wood (4g/GJ).

 1A4bi: The AD of 1A4bi Charcoal use have been revised based on additional data from 2001 onwards.

 1A4bi: The EF of NMVOC, SO2 and CO of 1A4bi Charcoal use and 1A4bi Bonfires have been revised for the entire time series according to Tier 2 EF of the EMEP/EEA guidebook – 2013 (chap. 1A4, tab. 3-14 „open fireplaces burning biomass“).

 1A4ci: The AD (gas oil and natural gas) of 1A4ci Grass drying have been corrected for 2013 since they were mixed up in last year's submission.

3.2.7.6 Category-specific planned improvements for 1A4 (stationary) No category-specific improvements are planned.

3.2.8 Source category 1A2 – Manufacturing industry and construction

Im Dokument Switzerland’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2014 (Seite 142-147)