Net calorific values (NCV)

Table 3-9 summarizes the net calorific values (NCV) which are used in order to convert from energy amounts in tonnes into energy quantities in gigajoules (GJ). For gasoline, jet

kerosene, diesel oil and gas oil, values for 1998 and 2013 are based on measurements.

Constant values are used for the period 1990 to 1998 and from 2013 onwards. For residual fuel oil measurements for 1998 are available. For liquefied petroleum gas, petroleum coke, other bituminous coal, lignite and wood, NCVs are given by Swiss Federal Office for Energy (SFOE 2015, 2015b) and partly by measurements from the cement industry (Cemsuisse 2010a). NCV of natural gas is annually reported by the Swiss Gas and Water Industry

Association (SGWA), see Table 3-10. More detailed explanations including information about the origin of the NCV for individual energy sources are given below.

National total National total

Cruise No No Yes Yes No

Landing and Take-Off (LTO)

Yes Yes No No Yes

Cruise No No Yes No Yes

CLRTAP / NFR-Templates UNFCCC / CRF-Tables

accounted to

Road transportation 1 A 3 bAviation 1 A 3 a

Fuel sold in 1 A 3 b

Civil/Domestic aviation

International aviation

Differences between reporting under CLRTAP and UNFCCC concerning the accounting to the national total

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

Table 3-9 Net calorific values of fuels (NCV) 1990–1998 and from 2013 onwards. For years between 1998 and 2013, the NCVs are linearly interpolated. Natural gas see Table 3-10. Data source SGWA stands for annually updated reports of the Swiss Gas and Water Industry Association, latest report is SGWA (2015).

Gasoline, jet kerosene, diesel oil and gas oil

The net calorific values for gasoline, jet kerosene, diesel oil and gas oil are provided by a national measurement campaign. The campaign was realized by the EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology) in 1998 for the first time (EMPA 1999).

Previous data are not available. The values for 1990–1998 are therefore assumed to be constant at the 1998 levels. An updated study, commissioned by the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) and the Federal Office for Energy (SFOE) was conducted in 2013 (SFOE/FOEN 2014). The study is based on a representative sample covering summer and winter fuel qualities from the main import streams. The sampling started in July 2013 for a duration of six months. Samples were taken fortnightly from nine different sites (large-scale storage facilities and the two Swiss refineries) and analysed for carbon content and calorific value amongst other. These updated values are used from 2013 onwards, while the NCVs 1999 – 2012 are linearly interpolated between the measured values of 1998 and 2013.

Residual fuel oil

Residual fuel oil plays only a minor role in energy supply. Therefore, this fuel type was not analysed in the most recent measurement campaign in 2013. Thus, respective NCVs refer to the measurement campaign by EMPA (1999) in 1998. The NCV for residual fuel oil is

assumed to be constant for the entire time series. The same approach is applied for the CO2

emission factor (see Table 3-12).

Net calorific values (NCV) 1990-1998 ≥ 2013

Fuel Data Sources

Gasoline EMPA (1999), SFOE/FOEN (2014) 42.5 42.6

Jet kerosene EMPA (1999), SFOE/FOEN (2014) 43.0 43.2

Diesel oil EMPA (1999), SFOE/FOEN (2014) 42.8 43.0

Gas oil EMPA (1999), SFOE/FOEN (2014) 42.6 42.9

Residual fuel oil EMPA (1999) 41.2 41.2

Liquefied petroleum gas SFOE (2015) 46.0 46.0

Petroleum coke SFOE (2015), Cemsuisse (2010a) 35.0 31.8

Other bituminous coal SFOE (2015), Cemsuisse (2010a) 28.1 25.5

Lignite SFOE (2015), Cemsuisse (2010a) 20.1 23.6

Natural gas SGWA

Biofuel Data Sources

Biodiesel assumed equal to diesel oil 42.8 43.0

Bioethanol assumed equal to gasoline 42.5 42.6

Biogas assumed equal to natural gas

Wood SFOE (2015b) 9.4-10.4 9.4-10.4

see table below

see table below NCV [GJ/t]

NCV [GJ/t]

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

Liquefied petroleum gas

The net calorific value (NCV) attributed to liquefied petroleum gas is taken from the Swiss overall energy statistics (SFOE 2015)³.

Petroleum coke, other bituminous coal, lignite

NCVs of petroleum coke, other bituminous coal and lignite are based on data from the SFOE and on measurements of samples taken from Switzerland’s cement plants. Cement plants are the largest consumers of these fuels in Switzerland. The samples from the individual plants were compiled over nine months in 2009 and analysed for calorific value by an

independent analytical laboratory. The original data is collected in an internal documentation provided by the Swiss Association of the Swiss Cement Industry – Cemsuisse (Cemsuisse 2010a). For each fuel type, the measurements from the individual plants were weighted according to the relative consumption of each plant. Between 1999 and 2010 the values are linearly interpolated (see SFOE 2015, p. 63). This approach is also used in order to derive CO2 emission factors for the three fuels (see chp. 3.2.4.3.3).

Natural gas

The net calorific value of natural gas (and also the CO2 emission factor of natural gas, see Table 3-13) is calculated based on measurements of gas properties and corresponding import shares of individual gas import stations. Measurements of gas properties are available on an annual basis since 2009 and for selected years before. Import shares are available for 2003, 2006, 2009 and from 2011 onwards on an annual basis. Estimated import shares for years before 2011 are taken from Quantis (2014). This study focused on gas imports of the Swiss gas grid for the years 1991, 1995 and 2000. Missing values for the years in between are interpolated. The calculation procedure is documented in FOEN (2015h).

3 It is assumed that LPG consists of 50% propane and 50% butane.

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

Table 3-10 Net calorific values of natural gas for selected years. Years in-between are linearly interpolated. Data source annual reports of the Swiss Gas and Water Industry Association SGWA.

Wood

The net calorific value of wood depends on the wood product used as fuel (for e.g. log wood, wood chips, pellets) and are based on the Swiss wood energy statistics (SFOE 2015b).

Table 3-9 illustrates the range of the NCV for all wood types.

Biofuels

Regarding the small amount of biofuels used in Switzerland, the NCVs are assumed to be equal to the corresponding values of the fossil fuels substituted (i.e. biodiesel – diesel oil, bioethanol – gasoline, biogas – natural gas).

3.2.4.3 Swiss energy model and final energy consumption