inventories, climate change and supplementary information of the Kyoto Protocol (KP)
NIR Compiler
2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals
2.5 Emission trends (Kyoto Protocol)
Relevant emission and removals under the Kyoto Protocol are shown in Table 2-8 and Table 2-9, sorted by sectors and gases, respectively. Base year emissions for the second
commitment period are reported in the second Initial Report (FOEN 2016c).
The reported total emissions differ from those reported under the UNFCCC, as sector 6 Other – in addition to LULUCF and international bunkers – is not accounted for under the Kyoto Protocol. On the other hand, activities under Article 3.3 (afforestation, reforestation and deforestation) and Art. 3.4 (forest-, cropland- and grazing management and
revegetation) are taken into account. Under the elective voluntary activities of Article 3, paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol, Switzerland only accounts for Forest management.
Table 2-8 Summary of Switzerland’s GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent (kt), 1990–2014 by sectors, excluding emissions from sectors 4 LULUCF, 6 Other and International bunkers.
Sector
Base year inital
report 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
1 Energy + indirect CO2 from this sector 41'881 41'881 44'316 44'304 42'115 40'982 41'890 42'789 41'808 43'347 2 Industrial processes and product use +
indirect CO2 from this sector 3'893 3'893 3'499 3'312 2'975 3'147 3'118 2'974 2'874 2'972
3 Agriculture 6'804 6'804 6'766 6'649 6'545 6'529 6'503 6'460 6'275 6'231
5 Waste + indirect CO2 from this sector 1'142 1'142 1'056 1'059 1'011 954 957 952 943 930 Total (Annex A sources) 53'719 53'719 55'637 55'324 52'646 51'612 52'468 53'175 51'900 53'480
Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 Energy + indirect CO2 from this sector 43'140 42'156 43'566 41'948 43'172 43'515 44'009 43'615 41'579 42'939 2 Industrial processes and product use +
indirect CO2 from this sector 3'026 3'269 3'359 3'384 3'463 3'743 3'892 3'870 3'932 4'012
3 Agriculture 6'137 6'123 6'187 6'153 6'077 6'056 6'098 6'133 6'191 6'298
5 Waste + indirect CO2 from this sector 918 940 955 979 958 977 969 969 954 937
Total (Annex A sources) 53'222 52'488 54'067 52'465 53'670 54'291 54'969 54'588 52'657 54'186
Afforestation & reforestation -21
Sector 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2014 vs. 1990
% 1 Energy + indirect CO2 from this sector 41'831 43'202 39'158 40'548 41'484 37'478 -11%
2 Industrial processes and product use +
indirect CO2 from this sector 3'907 4'122 4'157 4'160 4'182 4'198 8%
3 Agriculture 6'219 6'241 6'185 6'152 6'083 6'174 -9%
5 Waste + indirect CO2 from this sector 919 908 894 872 865 861 -25%
Total (Annex A sources) 52'876 54'472 50'394 51'733 52'614 48'711 -9%
Afforestation & reforestation -22 -20 -19 -18 -18 -16
Deforestation 70 129 130 131 129 132
Forest management excl. HWP -2'881 -2'912 -1'713 -3'064 -3'067 -1'738
Cropland management NA NA NA NA NA NA
Grazing land management NA NA NA NA NA NA
Revegetation NA NA NA NA NA NA
Harvested wood products (HWP) -377 -411 -257 -168 -160 -106
Annex A sources
CO2 equivalent (kt)
Annex A sources CO2 equivalent (kt)
CO2 equivalent (kt) KP-LULUCF Art.3.3Art.3.4
KP-LULUCF Art.3.3 Annex A sources Art.3.4
2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals: 2.5 Emission trends (Kyoto Protocol)
Table 2-9 Switzerland’s total GHG emissions (excluding 4 LULUCF, 6 Other and International bunkers) and the contribution of individual gases in CO2 equivalent (kt), 1990–2014.
GHG
Base year inital
report 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CO2 + indirect CO2 44'521 44'521 46'524 46'325 43'871 42'898 43'631 44'330 43'194 44'724
CH4 6'091 6'091 6'028 5'947 5'839 5'788 5'780 5'740 5'597 5'527
N2O 2'853 2'853 2'846 2'814 2'747 2'716 2'701 2'697 2'601 2'596
HFCs 0 0 2 16 33 82 246 298 362 457
PFCs 117 117 99 81 35 21 17 20 21 24
SF6 137 137 139 141 121 107 93 90 124 153
NF3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total (Annex A sources) 53'719 53'719 55'637 55'324 52'646 51'612 52'468 53'175 51'900 53'480
GHG 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
CO2 + indirect CO2 44'542 43'722 45'168 43'525 44'726 45'273 45'896 45'466 43'471 44'788
CH4 5'425 5'392 5'432 5'398 5'320 5'288 5'305 5'319 5'298 5'377
N2O 2'560 2'555 2'571 2'547 2'499 2'458 2'449 2'448 2'473 2'497
HFCs 530 626 724 803 898 1'021 1'071 1'118 1'194 1'243
PFCs 26 50 28 33 62 65 44 52 49 58
SF6 140 144 145 158 165 186 203 186 172 222
NF3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Total (Annex A sources) 53'222 52'488 54'067 52'465 53'670 54'291 54'969 54'588 52'657 54'186
CO2 94
GHG 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2014 vs.1990
% CO2 + indirect CO2 43'619 45'138 41'083 42'350 43'289 39'372 -12%
CH4 5'293 5'273 5'208 5'166 5'096 5'096 -16%
N2O 2'462 2'511 2'460 2'447 2'411 2'438 -15%
HFCs 1'253 1'329 1'410 1'489 1'513 1'501 NA
PFCs 63 65 68 71 52 44 -62%
SF6 180 148 160 209 252 259 89%
NF3 5.1 8.5 6.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 NA
Total (Annex A sources) 52'876 54'472 50'394 51'733 52'614 48'711 -9%
CO2 46 106 109 110 110 115
CH4 0 0 0 0 0 0
N2O 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
CO2 -3'265 -3'328 -1'978 -3'237 -3'233 -1'850
CH4 1.0 0.5 3.5 0.5 0.5 0.9
N2O 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
Art.3.4Art.3.3
KP-LULUCFAnnex A sources CO2 equivalent (kt)
Annex A sources
CO2 equivalent (kt)
CO2 equivalent (kt)
Annex A sources Art.3.4
KP-LULUCF Art.3.3
3 Energy: 3.1 Overview
3 Energy
The generation of the reporting tables with the CRF web application poses a challenge, as there are still several instances where data are not displayed the way they were imported originally. A non-exhaustive list of issues and errors identified so far is provided in Annex 6 and should be taken into consideration when comparing information in the NIR with the reporting tables (CRF).
3.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the estimation of the greenhouse gas emissions from the sector 1 Energy. The following source categories are reported:
1A Fuel combustion
1B Fugitive emissions from fuels
In Switzerland, the sector 1 Energy is the most relevant source of greenhouse gases. The emissions of the period 1990–2014 are depicted in Figure 3-1 and Table 3-1.
Figure 3-1 Switzerland’s GHG emissions of sector 1 Energy 1990–2014 in CO2 equivalent (kt).
Considering total emissions of sector 1 Energy, fluctuations are observed in the period 1990–
2014 but there is no trend between 1990 and 2006. After 2006, a decreasing trend can be identified. 2014 shows the lowest value of the entire period 1990–2014. Four source categories dominate the emissions:
1A3 Transport and 1A4 Other sectors are the main sources of the sector 1 Energy.
0 5'000 10'000 15'000 20'000 25'000 30'000 35'000 40'000 45'000
CO2equivalent (kt)
1A1 Energy industries 1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction
1A3 Transport 1A4 Other sectors
1A5 Other (Military) 1B Fugitive emissions from fuels
3 Energy: 3.1 Overview
1A1 Energy industries and 1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction are less important.
1A5 Other (Military) and 1B Fugitive emissions play only a minor role.
The trends of the individual gases are given in Table 3-1 and Figure 3-2:
By far the most important gas emitted from sector 1 Energy is CO2. Fluctuations reflect inter alia the climatic variability in Switzerland (see Figure 2-7 and related comments).
The decreasing trend of CH4 emissions since 1990 is the result of improved gas transmission networks, resulting in substantially lower fugitive emissions, and reduced emissions from gasoline passenger cars due to catalytic converters. Furthermore, improved combustion technologies in 1A4 Other sectors also contribute to the decreasing trend.
The changes in N2O emissions can mainly be explained by changes in the emission of road transportation due to changes in EFs for diesel and gasoline combustion. The first generation of catalytic converters generated N2O as an unintended by-product in the exhaust gases, leading to an increase in N2O emissions until 2000. With new converter materials being used, the emission factors are decreasing since 2001. For further details see chp. 3.2.9.2.2.
Table 3-1 GHG emissions of source category 1 Energy by gas in CO2 equivalent (kt)
Gas 1990 1995 2000
CO2 40'907 40'910 41'312
CH4 636 636 508
N2O 294 317 319
Sum 41'837 41'862 42'139
Gas 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2013 to
2014
1990 to 2014
CO2 43'357 42'989 40'986 42'342 41'249 42'603 38'601 39'994 40'933 36'960 -10% -10%
CH4 416 396 371 365 352 362 334 322 309 289 -6% -55%
N2O 224 217 211 219 219 225 212 223 231 217 -6% -26%
Sum 43'996 43'602 41'567 42'926 41'819 43'191 39'147 40'539 41'473 37'467 -10% -10%
CO2 equivalent (kt) CO2 equivalent (kt)
%
3 Energy: 3.1 Overview
Figure 3-2 Relative trends of the greenhouse gases of sector 1 Energy in the period 1990–2014. The base year 1990 represents 100%.
The following table summarises the emissions of sector 1 Energy in 2014. The table also includes emissions from international bunkers (aviation and marine) as well as CO2
emissions from biomass burning, which both are not accounted for under the Kyoto Protocol but are included in the reporting tables.
Table 3-2 Summary of sector 1 Energy, emissions in 2014 in kt CO2 equivalent (Total: rounded values). For full biomass CO2 emissions see Table 3-20.
In 2014, 47 key source categories are identified in the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory according to level or trend (Table 1-10). Amongst these, 20 belong to the sector 1 Energy.
The key categories (according to level and trend) from sector 1 Energy are depicted in Figure 3-3 (Approach 1) and Figure 3-4 (Approach 2). Most dominant are the CO2 emissions from 1A3b Transport (gasoline, CO2), 1A3b Transport (diesel oil, CO2) and 1A4b Other sectors (liquid fuels, CO2).
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
CO2, 100% = 40'911 kt CH4, 100% = 636 kt CO2 eq N2O, 100% = 294 kt CO2 eq
Emissions CO2 CH4 N2O Total
1 Energy 36'960 289.1 217.4 37'467
1A Fuel combustion 36'927 92.3 217.1 37'237
1A1 Energy industries 3'572 1.0 28.9 3'602
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 5'078 5.1 33.8 5'117
1A3 Transport 15'943 21.2 97.9 16'062
1A4 Other sectors 12'197 64.7 55.2 12'317
1A5b Other (mobile) 138 0.2 1.4 139
1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 33 196.9 0.3 230
International bunkers 4'755 1.7 45.3 4'802
CO2 emissions from biomass 6'658 - - 6'658
CO2 equivalent (kt)
3 Energy: 3.1 Overview
Figure 3-3 Key categories in the Swiss GHG inventory from the sector 1 Energy determined by Approach 1 (l = key category according to level in 2014; t = key category according to trend in 2014).
Figure 3-4 Key categories in the Swiss GHG inventory from the energy sector determined by Approach 2 (l = key category according to level in 2014; t = key category according to trend in 2014).
0 2'000 4'000 6'000 8'000 10'000 12'000
1A3b Gasoline CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A3b Diesel CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A4b Liquid Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A4a Liquid Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A4b Gaseous Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A1 Other Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A2 Gaseous Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A2 Liquid Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A4a Gaseous Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A1 Liquid Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A2 Solid Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A4c Liquid Fuels CO2 (2014: l) 1A2 Other Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1A1 Gaseous Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t) 1B2 CH4 (2014: l / t)
Key Categories Approach 1: Energy
2014 1990 Approach 1
0 2'000 4'000 6'000 8'000 10'000 12'000
1A3b Gasoline CO2 (2014: l)
1A3b Diesel CO2 (2014: l / t)
1A4b Liquid Fuels CO2 (2014: t)
1A4b Gaseous Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t)
1A1 Other Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t)
1A2 Gaseous Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t)
1A4a Gaseous Fuels CO2 (2014: l / t)
1A2 Solid Fuels CO2 (2014: t)
1A2 Other Fuels CO2 (2014: t)
1B2 CH4 (2014: l / t)
1A4b Biomass CH4 (2014: t)
1A3b Gasoline CH4 (2014: t)
1A3b Gasoline N2O (2014: t)
CO2eq (kt)
Key Categories Approach 2: Energy
2014 1990 Approach 2
3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities