Switzerland’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2014

(1)

Switzerland’s

Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2014

National Inventory Report

Including reporting elements under the Kyoto Protocol

Submission of 15 April 2016

under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol

(2)

Publisher

Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Climate Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland www.bafu.admin.ch/climate

www.climatereporting.ch

Inventory Process Manager

Paul Filliger FOEN, Climate Division, Bern National Inventory Compiler

Anouk-Aimée Bass FOEN, Air Pollution Control and Chemicals Division, Bern NIR Lead Authors

Daniel Bretscher Agroscope, Zürich Jürg Heldstab INFRAS, Zürich

Beat Rihm Meteotest, Bern

Bettina Schäppi INFRAS, Zürich Markus Sommerhalder CSD, Bern Cornelia Stettler Carbotech, Basel Felix Weber INFRAS, Zürich KP-LULUCF

Nele Rogiers FOEN, Forest Division, Bern QA/QC Officer

Regine Röthlisberger FOEN, Climate Division, Bern National Registry Administrator

Matthias Kohler FOEN, Climate Division, Bern

Bern, 15 April 2016

(3)

Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2014

National Inventory Report 2016

Including reporting elements under the Kyoto Protocol

Submission of 15 April 2016

under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol

NIR Chapter / Sector Responsible Persons

Executive Summary Author: Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS) Lead Author: Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS)

Authors: Regine Röthlisberger (FOEN; QA/QC), Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS, Uncertainty analyses), Adrian Schilt (KCA), Felix Weber (INFRAS; Key categories, Uncertainty analyses)

2. Trends in GHG emissions

and removals Lead Author: Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS) Author: Felix Weber (INFRAS) Lead Author: Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS)

Authors: Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS; Overview, RA/SA, Bunker fuels, Feedstocks, Country- specific issues, Mobile sources in 1A2-1A5), Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS; Stationary sources in 1A1, 1A2, 1A4)

Sector expert for Civil Aviation: Theo Rindlisbacher (FOCA)

Technical contributors: Anouk-Aimée Bass (FOEN; EMIS data base operation, QA/QC checks), Beat Müller (FOEN, Refence Approach), Benedict Notter (INFRAS, non-road), Philipp Wüthrich (INFRAS, road transportation)

Lead Authors: Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS), Cornelia Stettler (Carbotech; F-gases) Authors: Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS), Sabine Schenker (FOEN; EMIS data base operation, QA/QC checks), Cornelia Stettler (Carbotech; F-gases)

Technical contributor (F-gases): Cornelia Stettler (Carbotech) Lead Author: Daniel Bretscher (Agroscope)

Author and technical contributor: Daniel Bretscher (Agroscope) Project Leader: Andreas Schellenberger (FOEN)

Lead Author: Beat Rihm (Meteotest)

Authors: Armin Keller (Agroscope), Jens Leifeld (Agroscope), Nele Rogiers (FOEN) Sector experts: Daniel Bretscher (Agroscope), Paolo Camin (FOEN), Markus Didion (WSL), Esther Thürig (WSL)

Technical contributors: Christoph Könitzer (Sigmaplan), Stefan Müller (Meteotest), Martin Lindenmann (Sigmaplan), Felix Weibel (SFSO)

1. Introduction

3. Energy

4. Industrial processes and product use

5. Agriculture 6. LULUCF

(4)

che-2016-nir-15apr.docx

NIR Chapter / Sector Responsible Persons (continued)

Lead Author: Markus Sommerhalder (CSD)

Author: Rainer Kegel (FOEN; EMIS data base operation, QA/QC checks), Markus Sommerhalder (CSD)

Lead Author: Markus Sommerhalder (CSD)

Authors: Markus Sommerhalder (CSD), Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS) Lead Author: Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS)

Authors: Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS); Adrian Schilt (FOEN) Sector experts: Sabine Schenker (FOEN), Adrian Schilt (FOEN) Lead Author: Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS)

Authors: Daniel Bretscher (Agroscope), Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS), Beat Rihm (Meteotest), Nele Rogiers, (FOEN), Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS)Andreas Schellenberger (FOEN), Cornelia Stettler (Carbotech), Felix Weber (INFRAS)

Author: Nele Rogiers (FOEN)

Sector experts: Paolo Camin (FOEN), Markus Didion (WSL), Esther Thürig (WSL) Authors: Paul Filliger (FOEN), Stefan Meier (FOEN)

Sector experts: Susanne Riedener (FOEN) 13. Changes in National

Registry Author: Stefan Meier (FOEN) 14. Minimization of adverse

effects Authors: Paul Filliger (FOEN) Annex 1 KCA Author: Felix Weber (INFRAS)

Sector expert: Adrian Schilt (FOEN)

Authors: Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS), Felix Weber (INFRAS)

Annex 3 Other detailed

information Authors: Jürg Heldstab (INFRAS), Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS), Cornelia Stettler (Carbotech)

Annex 4 National energy balance Authors: Bettina Schäppi (INFRAS)

Annex 5 Additional information Authors: Stefan Reimann (EMPA; F-gases), Dominik Brunner (EMPA; CH₄), Stephan Henne (EMPA; CH₄)

Annex 6 Information on the

CRF Reporter Author: Anouk-Aimée Bass (FOEN), Regine Röthlisberger (FOEN) 11. KP-LULUCF

12. Accounting of Kyoto units

Annex 2 Assessment of uncertainty 7. Waste

9. Indirect CO₂ and N₂O emissons

8. Other (IPCC sector 7)

10. Recalculations

(5)

Table of Contents

Glossary

AD Activity data

AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

AREA1 Swiss Land Use Statistics 1979/85 (ASCH1 data re-evaluated according to the AREA set of land-use and land-cover categories) AREA2 Swiss Land Use Statistics 1992/97 (ASCH2 data re-evaluated

according to the AREA set of land-use and land-cover categories) AREA3 Swiss Land Use Statistics, third survey 2004/09

AREA4 Swiss Land Use Statistics, forth survey 2013/18

ART Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station (formerly FAL) since 2014 Agroscope

ASCH1 Swiss Land Use Statistics, first survey 1979/85 ASCH2 Swiss Land Use Statistics, second survey 1992/97

BCEF, BEF Biomass conversion and expansion factor, biomass expansion factor Carbura Swiss organisation for the compulsory stockpiling of oil products Cemsuisse Association of the Swiss Cement Industry

CC Combination category

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon (organic compound: refrigerant, propellant) CH4 Methane, 2006 IPCC GWP: 25 (UNFCCC 2014a, Annex III)

CHP Combined heat and power

chp. Chapter

CNG Compressed natural gas

CLRTAP UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2, CO2 eq Carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide equivalent

CORINAIR CORe INventory of AIR emissions (under the European Topic Centre on Air Emissions and under the European Environment Agency)

CRF Common reporting format

DBH Diameter (of trees) at breast height

DDPS Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport

DETEC Dept. of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications

EF Emission factor

EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (under the Con- vention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution )

EMIS Swiss Emission Information System

EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research EV Erdöl-Vereinigung (Swiss Petroleum Association)

(10)

Glossary

FAL Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture (since 2006: ART; since 2014 Agroscope)

FCA Federal Customs Administration FEDRO Swiss Federal Roads Office

FiBL Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FMRL Forest management reference level FOAG Federal Office for Agriculture FOCA Federal Office of Civil Aviation FOD First order decay (model)

FOEN Federal Office for the Environment (former name SAEFL until 2005) FOITT Federal Office of Information Technology, Systems and

Telecommunication

Gg Gigagram (10⁹ g = 1’000 tonnes)

GHG Greenhouse gas

GL Guidelines

g Gramme

GVS Swiss Foundry Association GWP Global Warming Potential

ha hectare

HFC Hydrofluorocarbons (e.g. HFC-32 difluoromethane)

HWP Harvested Wood Products

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IDM FOEN Internal Document Management System

IDP Inventory Development Plan

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KCA Key category analysis

kha Kilo hectare

kt Kilo tonne (1’000 tonnes)

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane/Butane) LTO Landing-Take-off-Cycle (Aviation)

LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MOFIS Swiss federal vehicle registration database MSW Municipal solid waste

NABO Swiss Soil Monitoring Network NCV Net calorific value

NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride 2006 IPCC GWP: 17’200 (UNFCCC 2014a, Annex III)

NFI 1, NFI 2 First (1983–1985), Second (1993–1995), Third (2004–2006)

(11)

Glossary

NFI 3, NFI 4 and Fourth (2009–2017) National Forest Inventory NIR National Inventory Report

NIS National Inventory System

NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds

N2O Nitrous oxide; 2006 IPCC GWP: 298 (UNFCCC 2014a, Annex III)

NOx Nitrogen oxides

ODS Ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, halons etc.)

PFC Perfluorinated carbon compounds (e.g. Tetrafluoromethane) SAEFL Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape

(since 2006: Federal Office for the Environment FOEN) SBV Schweizerischer Bauernverband; Swiss Farmers Union SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride, 2006 IPCC GWP: 22800

(UNFCCC 2014a, Annex III) SFOE Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFSO Swiss Federal Statistical Office

SGWA Swiss Gas and Water Industry Association (see SVGW/SSIGE) SKW Schweizerischer Kosmetik- und Waschmittelverband (Swiss

association of cosmetics and detergents)

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SOC Soil organic carbon

SOLV Swiss Organisation for the Solvent Recovery of Industrial Enterprises in the Packaging Sector

SVGW/SSIGE/ Schweizerischer Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches / Société Suisse de l’Industrie du Gaz et des Eaux (Swiss Gas and Water Industry Association)

SWISSMEM Swiss Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Industries (Schweizer Maschinen-, Elektro- und Metallindustrie)

UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VOC Volatile organic compounds

VSG Verband der Schweizerischen Gasindustrie / Association Suisse de l’Industrie Gazière (ASIG) (Swiss gas industry association)

VSZ Verband Schweizerische Ziegelindustrie (Swiss association of brick and tile industry)

VSLF Swiss association for coating and paint applications VSTB Swiss Association of Grass Drying Plants

WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research

WWT Wastewater treatment

ZPK Verband der Schweizerischen Zellstoff-, Papier- und Kartonindustrie

(12)

Executive summary

ES 1 Background information on greenhouse gas inventories, climate change and supplementary information required under Art. 7.1. KP

ES 1.1 Background information on climate change

Recent data confirms a warming trend in Switzerland with an observed increase in the mean annual temperature of 1.75°C between 1864 and 2012 (FOEN 2014d). Over the last 30 years Swiss temperature has increased with an annual average warming rate of

0.35°C/decade (CH2011 2011). The most visible change in the Alps resulting from global warming is the retreat of glaciers with a volume loss of 12% since 1999 (FOEN 2014d).

The observed trends in precipitation are less pronounced than in temperature. They generally show an increase in winter and spring, whereas for summer and autumn no significant trends are detectable. Regional scenarios predict an increase in mean winter precipitation and a decrease in summer, which will have a marked impact on the hydrological cycle. Furthermore, higher intensity of storms as well as reduced snowfall and snow cover duration are expected, increasing the risk and frequency of floods, landslides and debris flows.

Concerning biodiversity, climate change is expected to affect species composition, distribution, their cycles, synchronicity, the overall genetic diversity and the provision of ecosystem services. This in turn would enhance the vulnerability of forests and potentially impair their protective, productive, and social functions.

For agriculture, a moderate warming of 2°C to 3°C might increase productivity; however, if the temperature rises beyond that level, the increase in heat waves and drought periods would prove problematic for the cultivation of land and for livestock husbandry.

Various sectors of the Swiss economy are likely to be adversely affected by progressing climate change: in particular, winter tourism would suffer from increased scarcity of snow, hydroelectric power stations are confronted with altered runoff and sediment transport regimes, and insurance companies may face increased losses due to winter storms and floods. Natural hazards and extreme weather events potentially pose a growing risk to infrastructure and human health. Heat waves in combination with elevated tropospheric ozone levels are cause for serious concern. Finally, it remains to be seen to what extent vector borne diseases spread due to changing climatic conditions. Recently Switzerland analysed these challenges in detail and developed an effective adaptation strategy in order to hedge against negative effects resulting from climate change in Switzerland (FOEN 2012b).

ES.1.2 Background information on greenhouse gas inventories

On 10 December 1993, Switzerland ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since 1996, the submission of its national greenhouse gas inventory has been based on IPCC guidelines. From 1998 onwards, the inventories have been submitted in the Common Reporting Format (CRF). In 2004, Switzerland started submitting a yearly National Inventory Report (NIR) under the UNFCCC.

(13)

Executive summary

On 9 July 2003, Switzerland ratified the Kyoto Protocol under the UNFCCC. The Swiss National Inventory System (NIS) according to Article 5.1 of the Kyoto Protocol was implemented and is fully operational.

The 2016 inventory submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol includes the NIR on hand, the greenhouse gas

inventory 1990–2014, the Kyoto Protocol LULUCF tables 2008–2014 in the common

reporting format as well as the SEF tables and the standard independent assessment report (SIAR) from the National Registry.

The Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) is in charge of compiling the emission data and bears overall responsibility for Switzerland’s national greenhouse gas inventory and the national registry. In addition to the FOEN, the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE),

Agroscope, the Swiss centre of excellence for agricultural research, and the Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) participate directly in the compilation of the inventory. Several other administrative offices and research institutions are involved in the preparation of the inventory.

In preparing the national greenhouse gas inventory, Switzerland took into account the findings of the individual reviews of the inventory by the expert review teams of the UN (UNFCCC 2014c). The changes in response to the review process are documented in chp.

10.1.1)

The structure of Switzerland’s NIR corresponds to the UNFCCC annotated outline (UNFCCC 2014a) and it contains three parts:

PART 1 reports the obligations under the UNFCCC,

PART 2 shows the additional obligations under the Kyoto Protocol and several Annexes provide detailed information on selected issues of Part 1 and Part 2.

Chapter 1 of the NIR, the introduction, provides an overview of Switzerland’s National System including institutional arrangements for producing the inventory, the process and methodologies used for inventory preparation, and the QA/QC procedures.

 The data sources used to compile the national inventory and to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and removals are the Swiss Emission Information System (EMIS), national energy statistics, data from industry associations, as well as further statistics and models for road transportation, off-road vehicles and machinery, agriculture, land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), and waste. Emissions are calculated according to methodologies recommended by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC 2006) including the recommended nomenclature and methodologies concerning uncertainty and QA/QC activities. The data in the EMIS database are pre-processed in order to enable transfers to the CRF Reporter required for reporting under the UNFCCC and under the Kyoto Protocol.

 All inventory data are assembled and prepared for input into the CRF Reporter by the GHG Inventory Core Group, which is responsible for ensuring the conformity of the inventory with the Updated UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories (UNFCCC 2014a) and the Guidance for reporting information on activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 2014b). In the preparation of this report, the Inventory Core Group was supported by consultants.

Their mandate included editing of the NIR, data quality controls, and an analysis of the consistency between the emission modelling and the recommendations of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance. Furthermore, the consultants contributed to the key category analyses and carried out the uncertainty analyses. They were also involved in

(14)

Executive summary

improving the inventory, e.g. by performing tasks defined in the Inventory Development Plan.

 The inventory quality management system is designed to comply with the objectives of good practice guidance, i.e. to ensure and improve transparency, consistency,

comparability, completeness, accuracy and confidence in national GHG emission and removal estimates. The QA/QC Officer is responsible for the enforcement of the defined quality standards. The National Inventory System complies with the ISO 9001:2008 standard (Quality Management System) and is certified by the Swiss TS Technical Services AG (Swiss-TS 2013).

 A National Inventory System Supervisory Board was established by decision of the FOEN Directorate in summer 2006. The Board oversees activities related to the GHG Inventory and to the National Registry.

 Chapter 1 provides information on key categories and uncertainties.

Chapter 2 contains an analysis of trends in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks for all sectors.

Chapters 3 to 9 provide principal source and sink category estimates.

Chapter 10 justifies, explains and summarises the recalculations. It also contains an overview of the planned improvements.

In PART 2, Chapter 11 reports KP LULUCF data, Chapter 12 presents information on accounting of Kyoto Units, Chapter 13 lists changes in the National Registry, and Chapter 14 includes information on minimization of adverse impacts in accordance with Article 3, paragraph 14.

ES.1.3 Background information on supplementary information required under article 7.1. of the Kyoto Protocol (KP)

As described above, Chapter 11 of PART 2 provides information on KP-LULUCF.

Switzerland only accounts for the mandatory activity Forest management under Article 3, paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol (FOEN 2016c). In accordance with Annex I to Decision 2/CMP.7 (Annex I, Para 13), credits from Forest management are capped in the second commitment period. Thus for Switzerland the cap is set at 3.5% of the 1990 emissions (excluding LULUCF).

Switzerland chooses to account over the entire second commitment period for emissions and removals from activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol (FOEN 2016c). In addition to the mandatory submission of the inventory years 2013 and 2014, data for the years 1999–2012 are available and shown in Switzerland’s NIR.

ES.2 Summary of national emission and removal related trends, and emission and removals from KP-LULUCF activities

ES.2.1 GHG Inventory 2014

In 2014, Switzerland emitted 48’605 kt (kilo tonnes) of CO2 equivalent, corresponding to 5.9 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita (CO2: 4.8 tonnes per capita), to the atmosphere,

(15)

Executive summary

excluding emissions from international bunkers (aviation and marine), excluding indirect greenhouse gas emissions and excluding emissions and removals from the sector Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF). For the emissions that are relevant under the Kyoto Protocol see chapter ES.3.3.

Key category analysis

Several key category analyses are carried out by level (years 1990 and 2014) and trend assessment (period 1990–2014), both including LULUCF categories.

 Approach 1: in 2014, 30 categories among a total of 150 are identified as level key categories. Half of these categories are part of sector 1 Energy, accounting for the largest share of total national emissions.

 Approach 2: in 2014, 26 categories among a total of 157 categories are identified as key categories. Under Approach 2, the most important categories stem from sectors 3 Agriculture and 4 LULUCF.

Key category analyses are also performed excluding LULUCF categories. They are not represented in the NIR but are available on request.

Switzerland’s GHG emissions by gases

Table E- 1 shows Switzerland’s annual GHG emissions by individual gases from 1990 (base year) to 2014. Total emissions excluding LULUCF reach a minimum in 2014, which is 8.8%

below base year emissions in 1990.

Table E- 1 Switzerland’s GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent (kt) by gas; 1990–2014. The column below on the far right indicates the percentage change in emissions in 2014 as compared to the base year 1990. HFCs increased by 6’056’832% when compared to 1990 levels (1990 = 0.025 kt CO2 equivalent).

Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990 1995 2000

CO₂ emissions including net CO2 from LULUCF 43'122 39'535 48'368 CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF 44'116 43'368 43'546 CH₄ emissions including CH₄ from LULUCF 6'116 5'796 5'404 CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF 6'091 5'780 5'392 N₂O emissions including N₂O from LULUCF 2'939 2'781 2'632 N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF 2'854 2'702 2'556

HFCs 0 246 626

PFCs 117 17 50

SF₆ 137 93 144

NF3 0 0 0

Total (including LULUCF) 52'430 48'469 57'223

Total (excluding LULUCF) 53'314 52'207 52'314

Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

CO2 emissions including net CO2 from LULUCF 43'342 44'997 42'173 42'716 40'957 42'849 39'201 40'160 41'284 38'236 -11.3%

CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF 45'778 45'351 43'360 44'677 43'509 45'027 40'973 42'242 43'182 39'265 -11.0%

CH4 emissions including CH4 from LULUCF 5'317 5'332 5'313 5'389 5'305 5'285 5'221 5'178 5'108 5'108 -16.5%

CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF 5'306 5'320 5'299 5'378 5'294 5'274 5'208 5'167 5'097 5'097 -16.3%

N2O emissions including N2O from LULUCF 2'525 2'527 2'551 2'571 2'534 2'582 2'531 2'517 2'481 2'508 -14.7%

N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF 2'450 2'449 2'474 2'498 2'463 2'512 2'460 2'448 2'412 2'439 -14.5%

HFCs 1'071 1'118 1'194 1'243 1'253 1'329 1'410 1'489 1'513 1'501 see caption

PFCs 44 52 49 58 63 65 68 71 52 44 -62.3%

SF6 203 186 172 222 180 148 160 209 252 259 88.9%

NF₃ 0 0 0 0 5 8 6 0.4 0.1 0.4 -

Total (including LULUCF) 52'503 54'211 51'451 52'199 50'297 52'266 48'597 49'625 50'691 47'656 -9.1%

Total (excluding LULUCF) 54'852 54'475 52'548 54'076 52'767 54'363 50'285 51'626 52'508 48'605 -8.8%

Change baseyear to

2014 (%) CO2 equivalent (kt)

CO2 equivalent (kt)

(16)

Executive summary

With regard to the distribution of emissions by individual greenhouse gases, CO2 is the largest single contributor to emissions, accounting for about 80% of total gross GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF). The shares of CH4 and N2O are about 10% and 5%, respectively. The shares of the three gases show slightly decreasing trends in the period 1990–2014, whereas F-gases, which contributed with only 0.5% in 1990, increased to reach almost 4% in 2014 (Table E- 2).

Table E- 2 Switzerland’s total gross GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) and the contribution of individual gases in CO2 equivalent (kt), selected years.

Figure E- 1 Contribution of individual gases to Switzerland’s GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2014.

100% = 48’605 kt CO2 eq. (Numbers may not add to total due to rounding.)

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

(excluding LULUCF) kt CO₂ eq % kt CO₂ eq % kt CO₂ eq % kt CO₂ eq % kt CO₂ eq %

CO₂ 44'116 82.7% 43'368 83.1% 43'546 83.2% 45'778 83.5% 45'027 82.8%

CH4 6'091 11.4% 5'780 11.1% 5'392 10.3% 5'306 9.7% 5'274 9.7%

N₂O 2'854 5.4% 2'702 5.2% 2'556 4.9% 2'450 4.5% 2'512 4.6%

HFCs 0 0.0% 246 0.5% 626 1.2% 1'071 2.0% 1'329 2.4%

PFCs 117 0.2% 17 0.0% 50 0.1% 44 0.1% 65 0.1%

SF₆ 137 0.3% 93 0.2% 144 0.3% 203 0.4% 148 0.3%

NF3 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 8 0.0%

Total (excluding LULUCF) 53'314 100% 52'207 100% 52'314 100% 54'852 100% 54'363 100%

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

(excluding LULUCF) kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq %

CO2 40'973 81.5% 42'242 81.8% 43'182 82.2% 39'265 80.8%

CH4 5'208 10.4% 5'167 10.0% 5'097 9.7% 5'097 10.5%

N₂O 2'460 4.9% 2'448 4.7% 2'412 4.6% 2'439 5.0%

HFCs 1'410 2.8% 1'489 2.9% 1'513 2.9% 1'501 3.1%

PFCs 68 0.1% 71 0.1% 52 0.1% 44 0.1%

SF₆ 160 0.3% 209 0.4% 252 0.5% 259 0.5%

NF₃ 6 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Total (excluding LULUCF) 50'285 100% 51'626 100% 52'508 100% 48'605 100%

2012 2013 2014

2011

1995 2000

1990 2005 2010

CO2; 80.8%

CH4; 10.5%

N2O; 5.0%

HFCs; 3.1% PFCs; 0.1%

SF6; 0.5%

Emissions 2014: 100% = 48'605 CO2 eq

(kt)

(17)

Executive summary

Uncertainty Analyses

Uncertainties were assessed with Approach 1 and 2 for Switzerland’s GHG inventory including and excluding LULUCF categories for the years 1990 and 2014 (level) and for the period 1990–2014 (trend). The uncertainty results for Approach 2 are displayed in Table E- 3. When excluding LULUCF, Approach 2 level uncertainty amounts to 3.58% and trend uncertainty to 2.61%. Due to high uncertainties in sector 4 LULUCF, overall uncertainties are generally higher for the analyses including LULUCF categories (level: 4.52%, trend: 4.09%).

Table E- 3 Switzerland’s relative uncertainties for national total GHG emission excluding and including the LULUCF sector – Approach 2: Level uncertainties 2014 and trend uncertainties 1990–2014.

Recalculations

In order to facilitate the review of the inventory, all recalculations made since the last inventory review in 2014 are summarized in the NIR on hand and grouped according to the corresponding submission year. Recalculations made until April 2015 have already been documented in the NIR submission of April 2015. However, due to substantial technical problems with the reporting software, it was impossible to generate the corresponding reporting tables (CRF) at the time. The preparation of the reporting tables (CRF) over the past months revealed several issues that have been addressed in the meantime, but were not described in the NIR 2015. For the current submission, reporting tables (CRF) and NIR are consistent.

For the latest recalculated year, 2012, the total national emissions (excluding LULUCF) increased from 51’493 kt CO2 eq (Subm. 2014) to 51’623 kt CO2 eq (Subm. 2015) and up to 51’626 kt CO2 eq (Subm. 2016). See detailed explanations of the recalculations in the sectoral chapters and the summary in chp. 10.

ES.2.2 KP-LULUCF Activities

Switzerland reports the mandatory LULUCF activities Afforestation and Deforestation (Reforestation is not occurring in Switzerland) under Article 3, paragraph 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, and Forest management as a mandatory activity under Article 3, paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol. The total contribution of these activities is shown in Table E- 4 and

corresponds with values of the KP-reporting tables. All activities include emissions and removals of all GHG from HWP, biomass burning, drainage and N-mineralization, where appropriate (see chp. 11.3). The final proof-reading revealed a few errors in the reporting tables with a small impact on total emissions and removals. They are described in chp.

11.1.5 and will be corrected in the next submission.

Inventory Level uncertainty Trend uncertainty

2014 1990-2014

excl. LULUCF 3.58% 2.61%

incl. LULUCF 4.52% 4.09%

Approach 2 Uncertainty Analysis

(18)

Executive summary

Table E- 4 Emissions (positive sign) and removals (negative sign) of activities accounted for under Article 3, paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 (Forest management) of the Kyoto Protocol, kt CO2 eq., 1999–2014. All activities include emissions and removals from HWP, biomass burning, drainage and N mineralization, where appropriate.

ES.3. Overview of source and sink category estimates and trends, including KP- LULUCF activities

ES.3.1 GHG inventory (Convention on Climate Change)

Table E- 5 shows the GHG emissions and removals by the main source and sink categories.

Sector 1 Energy clearly dominates national emissions, accounting for more than three quarters of the total GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF), as shown in Table E- 6. Sectors 2 Industrial processes and product use and 3 Agriculture contribute a considerable share of GHG emissions as well, while sectors 5 Waste and 6 Other are of minor importance.

LULUCF categories from sector 4 are an emission sink.

Overall, Switzerland’s GHG emissions decreased in 2014 compared to 1990. This effect is mainly driven by decreases in the sectors Energy and Agriculture, which exceed the increase in the sector Industrial processes and product use.

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

A. Article 3.3 activities (incl. HWP, N₂O) 105.17 110.70 106.92 105.69 107.93 106.92 94.85 82.46 B. Article 3.4 FM (incl. HWP, CH4, N2O) -3241.67 4451.74 -1848.13 -3224.34 -3117.10 -3003.30 -3177.05 -1528.84

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

A. Article 3.3 activities (incl. HWP, N2O) 67.19 96.54 48.14 108.44 111.56 112.07 111.75 116.64 B. Article 3.4 FM (incl. HWP, CH₄, N₂O) -1372.49 -2459.63 -3258.46 -3322.59 -1969.79 -3231.24 -3227.38 -1843.58

Net CO2 equivalent emissions/removals (kt CO2 eq) Greenhouse gas source and sink

activities

Greenhouse gas source and sink

activities Net CO₂ equivalent emissions/removals (kt CO₂eq)

(19)

Executive summary

Table E- 5 Switzerland’s GHG emissions and removals by source and sink categories in CO2 equivalent (kt), 1990–2014.

It becomes apparent in Figure E- 2 that the GHG emission trend in the period 1990–2014 is subject to fluctuations but with a decreasing trend starting in 2005. The fluctuations emerge from the year-to-year variability of the energy sector emissions caused by changing winter temperatures. In addition, since 2005 a growing decoupling of fuel combustion emissions and winter temperature conditions is visible. That is, the emission reductions are not only caused by weather conditions, but are also the result of emission reduction measures.

Greenhouse Gas Source and 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Sink Categories

1. Energy 41'837 44'271 44'259 42'075 40'953 41'862 42'761 41'782 43'324 43'123

2. Industrial processes and product use 3'521 3'157 2'997 2'691 2'881 2'873 2'749 2'667 2'782 2'846

3. Agriculture 6'804 6'766 6'649 6'545 6'529 6'503 6'460 6'275 6'231 6'137

5. Waste 1'139 1'054 1'057 1'009 952 955 951 942 928 917

6. Other 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14

Total (excluding LULUCF) 53'314 55'259 54'975 52'332 51'328 52'207 52'935 51'678 53'279 53'037

4. Land use, land-use change and forestry -884 -4'049 -3'781 -4'042 -2'220 -3'738 -5'207 -3'435 -2'124 -1'965

Total (including LULUCF) 52'430 51'211 51'194 48'290 49'108 48'469 47'728 48'243 51'155 51'071

Greenhouse Gas Source and 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Sink Categories

1. Energy 42'139 43'549 41'933 43'157 43'501 43'996 43'602 41'567 42'926 41'819

2. Industrial processes and product use 3'099 3'199 3'237 3'328 3'621 3'776 3'757 3'823 3'902 3'797

3. Agriculture 6'123 6'187 6'153 6'077 6'056 6'098 6'133 6'191 6'298 6'219

5. Waste 939 954 977 957 976 968 968 952 936 917

6. Other 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

Total (excluding LULUCF) 52'314 53'903 52'315 53'533 54'168 54'852 54'475 52'548 54'076 52'767

4. Land use, land-use change and forestry 4'910 -624 -2'344 -1'977 -2'745 -2'349 -263 -1'096 -1'877 -2'470

Total (including LULUCF) 57'223 53'278 49'971 51'556 51'423 52'503 54'211 51'451 52'199 50'297

Greenhouse Gas Source and 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014

vs. 1990

Sink Categories %

1. Energy 43'191 39'147 40'539 41'473 37'467 -10.4%

2. Industrial processes and product use 4'011 4'046 4'050 4'074 4'091 16.2%

3. Agriculture 6'241 6'185 6'152 6'083 6'174 -9.3%

5. Waste 906 893 871 864 860 -24.6%

6. Other 14 14 14 14 14 16.1%

Total (excluding LULUCF) 54'363 50'285 51'626 52'508 48'605 -8.8%

4. Land use, land-use change and forestry -2'097 -1'688 -2'001 -1'817 -949 7.4%

Total (including LULUCF) 52'266 48'597 49'625 50'691 47'656 -9.1%

CO2 equivalent (kt)

(20)

Executive summary

Figure E- 2 Switzerland’s greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalent (kt) by main source categories, 1990–

2014 (excluding LULUCF).

Table E- 6 gives a more detailed impression of individual sectors’ contributions to total emissions for selected years (excluding LULUCF). In general, the relative contributions of the different sectors have been rather stable between 1990 and 2014. When comparing the contributions in 2014 to 1990, the following development can be observed:

 Smaller relative contributions in sectors 1 Energy, 3 Agriculture and 5 Waste.

 Larger relative contributions in sector 2 Industrial processes and product use.

 Almost equal relative contribution in sector 6 Other.

In 2014, the sector 4 LULUCF acted as a sink comprising ca. 2% of the total emissions (including LULUCF). This contribution is slightly larger in comparison to 1990.

0 10'000 20'000 30'000 40'000 50'000 60'000

CO2equivalent (kt)

1. Energy 2. Industrial processes and product use 3. Agriculture 5. Waste 6. Other

(21)

Executive summary

Table E- 6 Switzerland’s total gross GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in CO2 equivalent (kt) and the contribution of individual source categories, selected years.

ES.3.2 KP-LULUCF activities

An overview of net CO2 equivalent emissions and removals of activities under Article 3, paragraph 3 and Forest management under paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol is shown in Table E- 7 and in Figure E- 3.

Detailed quantitative information of the years 1999–2014 is reported in chp. 11.4, chp. 11.5, and displayed in Table 11-4. From this submission on, emissions and removals in the forest sector are no longer averaged over three years; instead annual values are reported. Annual changes in the emissions from Afforestation and Deforestation can directly be attributed to the changes in the area of Deforestations. Fluctuations in the contribution of Forest

management can mainly be explained by differences in the losses of living (cut and mortality) and dead biomass (dead wood and litter), whereas changes in the area of managed forest are relatively small. The extraordinary high losses in 2000 are the result of the storm Lothar, which caused large-scale damaged in Swiss forests in December 1999. Fluctuations in the HWP pool can mainly be attributed to changes in the production of sawn wood (see chp.

6.11), which is strongly linked to the domestic harvesting rate in Swiss forests.

Source and Sink Categories

kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq %

1. Energy 41'837 78.5% 41'862 80.2% 42'139 80.6% 43'996 80.2% 43'191 79.4%

1A1 Energy industries 2'521 4.7% 2'632 5.0% 3'149 6.0% 3'817 7.0% 3'847 7.1%

1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 6'457 12.1% 6'210 11.9% 5'932 11.3% 6'003 10.9% 5'829 10.7%

1A3 Transport 14'660 27.5% 14'263 27.3% 15'924 30.4% 15'851 28.9% 16'323 30.0%

1A4 Other sectors 17'632 33.1% 18'170 34.8% 16'631 31.8% 17'879 32.6% 16'777 30.9%

1A5 Other 220 0.4% 163 0.3% 151 0.3% 139 0.3% 138 0.3%

1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 346 0.6% 424 0.8% 352 0.7% 309 0.6% 277 0.5%

2. Industrial processes and product use 3'521 6.6% 2'873 5.5% 3'099 5.9% 3'776 6.9% 4'011 7.4%

3. Agriculture 6'804 12.8% 6'503 12.5% 6'123 11.7% 6'098 11.1% 6'241 11.5%

5. Waste 1'139 2.1% 955 1.8% 939 1.8% 968 1.8% 906 1.7%

6. Other 12 0.0% 13 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0%

Total (excluding LULUCF) 53'314 100.0% 52'207 100.0% 52'314 100.0% 54'852 100.0% 54'363 100.0%

Source and Sink Categories

kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq %

1. Energy 39'147 77.8% 40'539 78.5% 41'473 79.0% 37'467 77.1%

1A1 Energy industries 3'600 7.2% 3'643 7.1% 3'739 7.1% 3'602 7.4%

1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 5'389 10.7% 5'397 10.5% 5'498 10.5% 5'117 10.5%

1A3 Transport 16'142 32.1% 16'259 31.5% 16'169 30.8% 16'062 33.0%

1A4 Other sectors 13'610 27.1% 14'850 28.8% 15'698 29.9% 12'317 25.3%

1A5 Other 125 0.2% 133 0.3% 134 0.3% 139 0.3%

1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 281 0.6% 258 0.5% 235 0.4% 230 0.5%

2. Industrial processes and product use 4'046 8.0% 4'050 7.8% 4'074 7.8% 4'091 8.4%

3. Agriculture 6'185 12.3% 6'152 11.9% 6'083 11.6% 6'174 12.7%

5. Waste 893 1.8% 871 1.7% 864 1.6% 860 1.8%

6. Other 14 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0%

Total (excluding LULUCF) 50'285 100.0% 51'626 100.0% 52'508 100.0% 48'605 100.0%

2014 2011

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

2012 2013