inventories, climate change and supplementary information of the Kyoto Protocol (KP)
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2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals
2.3 Emission trends by sources and sinks
Table 2-4 shows the emission trends for all major sources and sink categories. As the largest share of emissions originates from sector 1 Energy, the table includes further information concerning the contributions of energy-related source categories.
2.3.1 Overview
In order to understand trends within the sector 1 Energy, the individual source categories are considered separately. See “Emission trends in sector 1 Energy” and Figure 2-6 below.
In line with economic development, overall emissions in sector 2 Industrial processes and other producte use (IPPU) show a decreasing trend in the early 90s and a gradual increase between 1998 and 2014, except for the economically difficult year 2009. Since 2005, the Ordinance on Chemical Risk Reduction (Swiss Confederation 2005) is in place and regulates the use of F-gases. The dominant source category of sector 2 is 2A Mineral industry
although the emissions decreased by approximately 1/3 since 1990. If sources are analysed in more detail 2A1 Cement production is the most relevant emitter in this category. Emissions of 2F Product uses as substitutes for ODS, the second most important source in sector 2 increased by some orders of magnitude since 1990 due to the replacement of CFCs by HFCs. Source category 2G Other product manufacture and use with SF6 and PFC emissions from electrical equipment and other product use, as well as N2O emissions from the
application in households and hospitals has increased by approximately factor 2 since 1990.
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Total (excluding LULUCF)
CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF
2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals: 2.3 Emission trends by sources and sinks
Other source categories in sector 2 are of minor importance with regard to the overall greenhouse gas emissions.
GHG emissions in sector 3 Agriculture are driven by populations of cattle and swine and fertilizer use. Both factors have been declining, thus leading to a decrease in CH4 and N2O emissions until 2004. Subsequently emissions increased slightly until 2008 and decreased again afterwards mainly due to the evolution of the cattle population.
Total emissions from the source category 5 Waste continuously decrease between 1990 and 2014, with a short increasing phase from 2000 until 2003. The main driver of the decreasing trend is the emission reduction in solid waste disposal, which was reinforced through a change of legislation in 2000 that banned disposal of combustible waste in landfills.
Therefore, an increasing amount of municipal solid waste is being incinerated, with emissions reported under source 1A1 Energy industries rather than sector 5 Waste.
Altogether, “waste-related” emissions (including emissions from all waste management activities reported in 1 Energy, 3 Agriculture, and 5 Waste) are increasing since 1990 and show a stagnation since 2006 (see Figure 7-3 in chp. 7.1.1).
The total emissions from sector 6 Other (fire damages) increased throughout the period 1990–2000. Since 2000 the emissions are stable. Emissions from sector 6 Other are not accounted for under the Kyoto Protocol and are of minor importance only.
Table 2-4 Switzerland’s GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent (kt) by sources and sinks, 1990–2014. The column below on the far right (digits in italic) indicates the percentage change in emissions in 2014 as compared to the base year 1990.
Source and Sink Categories 1990 1995 2000
1. Energy 41'837 41'862 42'139
1A1 Energy industries 2'521 2'632 3'149
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 6'457 6'210 5'932
1A3 Transport 14'660 14'263 15'924
1A4 Other sectors 17'632 18'170 16'631
1A5 Other 220 163 151
1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 346 424 352
2. Industrial processes and product use 3'521 2'873 3'099
3. Agriculture 6'804 6'503 6'123
5. Waste 1'139 955 939
6. Other 12 13 14
Total (excluding LULUCF) 53'314 52'207 52'314
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry -884 -3'738 4'910
Total (including LULUCF) 52'430 48'469 57'223
Source and Sink Categories 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014 vs. 1990
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1. Energy 43'996 43'602 41'567 42'926 41'819 43'191 39'147 40'539 41'473 37'467 -10.4%
1A1 Energy industries 3'817 4'032 3'720 3'837 3'674 3'847 3'600 3'643 3'739 3'602 42.9%
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 6'003 6'172 5'983 6'025 5'714 5'829 5'389 5'397 5'498 5'117 -20.8%
1A3 Transport 15'851 15'966 16'289 16'639 16'434 16'323 16'142 16'259 16'169 16'062 9.6%
1A4 Other sectors 17'879 17'001 15'163 16'021 15'600 16'777 13'610 14'850 15'698 12'317 -30.1%
1A5 Other 139 143 136 131 133 138 125 133 134 139 -36.8%
1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 309 288 276 272 266 277 281 258 235 230 -33.5%
2. Industrial processes and product use 3'776 3'757 3'823 3'902 3'797 4'011 4'046 4'050 4'074 4'091 16.2%
3. Agriculture 6'098 6'133 6'191 6'298 6'219 6'241 6'185 6'152 6'083 6'174 -9.3%
5. Waste 968 968 952 936 917 906 893 871 864 860 -24.6%
6. Other 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16.1%
Total (excluding LULUCF) 54'852 54'475 52'548 54'076 52'767 54'363 50'285 51'626 52'508 48'605 -8.8%
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry -2'349 -263 -1'096 -1'877 -2'470 -2'097 -1'688 -2'001 -1'817 -949 7.4%
Total (including LULUCF) 52'503 54'211 51'451 52'199 50'297 52'266 48'597 49'625 50'691 47'656 -9.1%
CO2 equivalent (kt) CO2 equivalent (kt)
2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals: 2.3 Emission trends by sources and sinks
The percentage shares of source categories are shown for selected years in Table 2-5, whereas Figure 2-4 to Figure 2-6 are graphical representations of the data in Table 2-4. For the time series of the source categories of sector 1 Energy see chp. 3.
Table 2-5 Switzerland’s total GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in CO2 equivalent (kt) and the contribution of individual source categories for selected years.
Figure 2-4 Switzerland’s GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent (kt) by sectors, 1990–2014 (excluding LULUCF).
Source and Sink Categories
kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq %
1. Energy 41'837 78.5% 41'862 80.2% 42'139 80.6% 43'996 80.2% 43'191 79.4%
1A1 Energy industries 2'521 4.7% 2'632 5.0% 3'149 6.0% 3'817 7.0% 3'847 7.1%
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 6'457 12.1% 6'210 11.9% 5'932 11.3% 6'003 10.9% 5'829 10.7%
1A3 Transport 14'660 27.5% 14'263 27.3% 15'924 30.4% 15'851 28.9% 16'323 30.0%
1A4 Other sectors 17'632 33.1% 18'170 34.8% 16'631 31.8% 17'879 32.6% 16'777 30.9%
1A5 Other 220 0.4% 163 0.3% 151 0.3% 139 0.3% 138 0.3%
1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 346 0.6% 424 0.8% 352 0.7% 309 0.6% 277 0.5%
2. Industrial processes and product use 3'521 6.6% 2'873 5.5% 3'099 5.9% 3'776 6.9% 4'011 7.4%
3. Agriculture 6'804 12.8% 6'503 12.5% 6'123 11.7% 6'098 11.1% 6'241 11.5%
5. Waste 1'139 2.1% 955 1.8% 939 1.8% 968 1.8% 906 1.7%
6. Other 12 0.0% 13 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0%
Total (excluding LULUCF) 53'314 100.0% 52'207 100.0% 52'314 100.0% 54'852 100.0% 54'363 100.0%
Source and Sink Categories
kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq % kt CO2 eq %
1. Energy 39'147 77.8% 40'539 78.5% 41'473 79.0% 37'467 77.1%
1A1 Energy industries 3'600 7.2% 3'643 7.1% 3'739 7.1% 3'602 7.4%
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 5'389 10.7% 5'397 10.5% 5'498 10.5% 5'117 10.5%
1A3 Transport 16'142 32.1% 16'259 31.5% 16'169 30.8% 16'062 33.0%
1A4 Other sectors 13'610 27.1% 14'850 28.8% 15'698 29.9% 12'317 25.3%
1A5 Other 125 0.2% 133 0.3% 134 0.3% 139 0.3%
1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 281 0.6% 258 0.5% 235 0.4% 230 0.5%
2. Industrial processes and product use 4'046 8.0% 4'050 7.8% 4'074 7.8% 4'091 8.4%
3. Agriculture 6'185 12.3% 6'152 11.9% 6'083 11.6% 6'174 12.7%
5. Waste 893 1.8% 871 1.7% 864 1.6% 860 1.8%
6. Other 14 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0% 14 0.0%
Total (excluding LULUCF) 50'285 100.0% 51'626 100.0% 52'508 100.0% 48'605 100.0%
2014
1. Energy 2. Industrial processes and product use 3. Agriculture 5. Waste 6. Other
2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals: 2.3 Emission trends by sources and sinks
Figure 2-5 Relative emission trends (CO2 eq.) by main source categories (base year 1990 = 100%).
2.3.2 Emission trends in sector 1 Energy
The main source categories within sector 1 Energy – representing the major sources of Switzerland’s GHG emissions – are shown in Figure 2-6. Values are given in Table 2-5.
It is noteworthy that due to Switzerland’s electricity production structure (the most of it is generated by hydroelectric and nuclear power plants in 2014; see SFOE 2015: Table 24), category 1A1 Energy industries plays only a minor role. It does not represent thermal power stations as in many other countries, but primarily waste incineration plants. The following emission trends emerge within the sector 1 Energy:
Despite differing trends of individual source categories, the overall emissions from the sector 1 Energy remain at a relatively constant level (orange/bold line in Figure 2-6) in the period 1990–2005. From 2005–2014 the combination of effective reduction
measures and warm winters (see Figure 2-7) led to decreasing emissions (see details below under 1A4 Other sectors).
Overall emissions 2014 from source category 1A1 Energy industry are higher than in 1990. The time series shows an increase until 2006 and a slight decrease from then on, fluctuations being caused by varying combustion activities in the petroleum refinery industry, waste incineration, new installations of district heating and weather related forcing of heating activities (see Figure 2-6 and values in Table 2-5Table 2-5).
Only a minor part of the total sector 1 Energy emissions stem from 1A1.
The trend for category 1A3 Transport is quite stable with minor fluctuations. These fluctuations are representing the overall economic development in Switzerland fairly well (gross domestic product) (SFSO 2009a, SFSO 2015f). Since 2008 transport
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1. Energy 2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture 5. Waste
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2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals: 2.3 Emission trends by sources and sinks
emissions show a slight decrease which points to a relative decoupling from overall economic development (see alsoTable 2-5).
The trend for source category 1A4 Other sectors reflects the impact of climatic variations on energy demand for heating. The strong correlation with the number of
“heating degree days”1 – used as an index of cold weather conditions – is apparent from Figure 2-7, which shows CO2 emissions from source category 1A4 Fuel combustion – Other sectors (only stationary sources) and the number of heating degree days. The number of heating degree days in 2014 decreased compared to 2013.CO2 emissions caused by fuel combustion in source category 1A4 Other sectors – stationary sources decreased simultaneously (see Figure 2-7). In the period 1990–
2014, the number of buildings and apartments increased, as well as the average floor space per person and workplace. Both phenomena resulted in an increase in the total area heated by more than one third. Over the same period, however, higher standards were specified for insulation and for combustion equipment efficiency for both new and renovated buildings, compensating for the emissions from the additional area heated.
Figure 2-6 Emission trends (CO2 eq.) for the source categories in sector 1 Energy. The trend for the entire sector 1 Energy is represented by the bold line with orange dots. Not shown in the figure is the trend for 1B Fugitive emissions, which decreased from 100% in 1990 to 67.6% in 2014.
1 Heating degree days: Number of degrees per day calculated as the difference between 20°C (room
temperature) and the daily average outdoor temperature for such days where the daily average temperature is below 12°C (e.g. daily outdoor average equals 7°C, then for that day 20 – 7 = 13). The number of degrees per day are summed up for a year t to yield the heating degree days of year t.
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1. Energy 1A1 Energy industries
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction 1A3 Transport
1A4 Other sectors 1A5 Other
1B Fugitive emissions from fuels
2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals: 2.3 Emission trends by sources and sinks
Figure 2-7 Relative trend for CO2 emissions from 1A4 Fuel Combustion - Other Sectors (stationary sources only) compared with the number of heating degree days.
2.3.3 Emission trends in sector 4 LULUCF
Figure 2-8 illustrates the net emissions and removals of sector 4 LULUCF in Switzerland.
Specific values are given in Table 2-4. LULUCF emissions are dominated by biomass dynamics in forests. Except for the year 2000, the removals in sector 4 LULUCF were higher than the emissions throughout the period 1990–2014. A strong year to year variation is evident over the whole period. The reasons for the positive values for LULUCF exluding HWP in 1990 and in 2000 (and the very small removal in 2001) are the storms Vivian
(February 1990) and Lothar (December 1999), respectively, which caused great damages in the forest stands and increased harvesting. Harvesting rates in Swiss forests tended to increase since 1991 with maxima in 2006 and 2007 resulting in a net emission from LULUCF excluding HWP in 2006. Because harvesting rates started to decline in 2008 due to the international and domestic economic framework conditions, removals from LULUCF excluding HWP increased again. The annual contributions of CH4 and N2O emissions from LULUCF in the period 1990–2014 are relatively small compared to the CO2 emissions and removals.
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CO2 from 1A4 Stationary Sources heating degree days
2 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions and removals: 2.4 Emission trends for precursor gases and SO2
Figure 2-8 Switzerland’s net GHG emissions and removals of sector 4 Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), Harvested Wood Products (HWP) are highlighted, 1990–2014 (in kt CO2 eq). Positive values refer to emissions, negative values refer to removals.