N 2 O Emission factors for 1A Fuel combustion

Table 3-16 shows the N2O emission factors in source category 1A. Most N2O emission factors are kept constant over the whole period, with the exception for 1A1a Waste

incineration (see Table 3-30). N2O emission factors related to transport activities (aviation, road and non-road transportation) are category specific and given in the corresponding chapters.

Table 3-16 N2O emission factors. Default emission factors are used for all fuels for the whole time period.

1A Wood combustion Unit

1990 1995 2000

Open fireplaces g/GJ 160 149 138

Closed fireplaces, log wood stoves g/GJ 160 149 138

Pellet stoves g/GJ 16.0 14.9 13.8

Log wood hearths g/GJ 240 229 218

Log wood boilers g/GJ 200 161 122

Log wood dual chamber boilers g/GJ 240 229 218

Automatic chip boilers < 50 kW g/GJ 20.0 16.7 13.3

Automatic pellet boilers < 50 kW g/GJ 6.7 5.6 4.5

Automatic chip boilers 50-500 kW w/o wood proc. companies g/GJ 20.0 16.3 12.6

Automatic pellet boilers 50-500 kW g/GJ 6.7 5.4 4.1

Automatic chip boilers 50-500 kW within wood proc. companies g/GJ 20.0 16.3 12.6 Automatic chip boilers > 500 kW w/o wood proc. companies g/GJ 13.3 10.7 8.1

Automatic pellet boilers > 500 kW g/GJ 6.7 5.4 4.1

Automatic chip boilers > 500 kW within wood proc. companies g/GJ 13.3 10.7 8.1

Combined chip heat and power plants g/GJ 13.3 10.7 8.1

Plants for renewable waste from wood products g/GJ 13.3 10.7 8.1

1A Wood combustion Unit

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Open fireplaces g/GJ 127 124 122 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

Closed fireplaces, log wood stoves g/GJ 127 124 122 120 117 113 110 107 103 100

Pellet stoves g/GJ 12.7 12.4 12.2 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0

Log wood hearths g/GJ 207 204 202 200 193 187 180 173 167 160

Log wood boilers g/GJ 83 76 68 60 58 57 55 53 52 50

Log wood dual chamber boilers g/GJ 207 204 202 200 193 187 180 173 167 160

Automatic chip boilers < 50 kW g/GJ 10.0 9.3 8.7 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

Automatic pellet boilers < 50 kW g/GJ 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

Automatic chip boilers 50-500 kW w/o wood proc. companies g/GJ 8.9 8.2 7.4 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7

Automatic pellet boilers 50-500 kW g/GJ 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Automatic chip boilers 50-500 kW within wood proc. companies g/GJ 8.9 8.2 7.4 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 Automatic chip boilers > 500 kW w/o wood proc. companies g/GJ 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Automatic pellet boilers > 500 kW g/GJ 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Automatic chip boilers > 500 kW within wood proc. companies g/GJ 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Combined chip heat and power plants g/GJ 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.3

Plants for renewable waste from wood products g/GJ 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.3

CH4

CH4

N₂O emission factors

Fuel CS/D Data sources g N₂O / GJ

Gas oil D IPCC (2006) 0.6

Residual fuel oil D IPCC (2006) 0.6

Liquefied petroleum gas D IPCC (2006) 0.1

Petroleum coke D IPCC (2006) 0.6

Other bituminous coal D IPCC (2006) 1.5

Lignite D IPCC (2006) 1.5

Natural gas D IPCC (2006) 0.1

Biofuel CS/D Data sources

Biogas D IPCC (2006) 0.1

Wood D IPCC (2006) 4

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

3.2.4.5 Models overlapping more than one source category 3.2.4.5.1 Non-road transportation model (excl. aviation) Choice of method

 The GHG emissions are calculated by a Tier 3 method based on the decision tree Fig. 3.3.1 in chp. 3. Mobile Combustion in IPCC (2006), complemented with

 Tier 2 for railways CO2, Fig. 3.4.1 in IPCC (2006)

 Tier 3 for railways CH4, N2O and precursors / SO2, Fig. 3.4.2 in IPCC (2006)

 Tier 2 for navigation, Fig. 3.5.1 (Box 1) in IPCC (2006)

Methodology

The emissions of the non-road sector underwent an extended revision in 2014/2015,

resulting in an update of GHG emissions including precursors and SO2. Emission factors and activity data were updated and additional machinery types included, e.g. power generators in all industry branches (not only construction sites), airside vehicles and machinery at

international airports (reported under industrial vehicles), freight ships on the river Rhine (reported under domestic navigation). Results are documented in FOEN (2015j). The non-road categories considered are listed in Table 3-17. All of them include several technologies (diesel oil, 2- or 4-stroke gasoline, natural gas, gas oil), and emission standards according to the classification shown in Figure 3-20.

Table 3-17 Non-road categories as specified in FOEN (2015j) and the corresponding nomenclature in the CRF.

Non-road categories (by Corinair) Nomenclature CRF

Construction machinery 1.A.2.g.vii Off-road vehicles and other machinery Industrial machinery 1.A.2.g.vii Off-road vehicles and other machinery Railway machinery 1.A.3.c. Railways

Navigation machinery 1.A.3.d. Domestic Navigation

Garden-care/professional appliances 1.A.4.a.ii Commercial/institutional, Off-road vehicles and other machinery Garden-care/hobby appliances 1.A.4.b.ii Residental, Off-road vehicles and other machinery

Agricultural machinery 1.A.4.c.ii Agriculture/forestry/fishing, Off-road vehicles and other machinery Forestry machinery 1A..4.c.ii Agriculture/forestry/fishing, Off-road vehicles and other machinery Military machinery (excl. aviation) 1.A.5.b Other, mobile, Military

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

Figure 3-20: Each non-road vehicle is classified by its engine-power class, engine type, machine type and machine category (INFRAS 2015a).

The emission modelling is based on activity data and emission factors by means of the following equation, which holds on the most disaggregated level of engine power class (Figure 3-20):

𝐸𝑚 = 𝑁 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑃 ∙ 𝜆 ∙ 𝜀 ∙ 𝐶𝐹

₁

∙ 𝐶𝐹

₂

∙ 𝐶𝐹

₃

∙

with

Em = emission per engine type (in g/a) N = number of vehicles (--)

H = number of operation hours per year (h/a) P = engine power output (kW)

 = effective load factor (--)

 = emission factor (g/kWh)

CF1 = correction factor for the effective load (--) CF2 = correction factor for dynamical engine use (--) CF3 = degradation factor due to aging (--)

With this equation, the emissions of the following gases are calculated:

 GHG: CH4, N2O

 precursor gases: NOx, CO

 air pollutant: VOC

 fuel consumption: in this case,  represents the consumption instead of emission factor (in g/kWh)

 For other gases, the following method is applied:

 CO2 is calculated as product of fuel consumption and CO2 emission factors (Table 3-12)

 SO2 is calculated as product of fuel consumption and SO2 emission factors (Table A – 18)

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

 NMVOC is calculated as the difference between VOC and CH4

The total emission and consumption per non-road category is calculated by summing over all engine-power classes, engine types, and machine types.

Emissions are only calculated in steps of 5 years 1980, 1985, 1990, … 2050. Emissions for years in-between (1981, 1982 etc.) are interpolated linearly. A more detailed description of the analytical details is given in the Annex of FOEN (2015j).

Emission factors

Emission factors are taken from various sources based on measurement, modelling and literature.

 CO2 and SO2 emission factors are country-specific, see Table 3-12 and Table A – 18

 For other gases, the main data sources are EPA (2010), IFEU (2010), EMEP/EEA (2013) and Integer (2013).

For a detailed description of emission factors and their origin, see tables in the annex of FOEN (2015j) and online in the database belonging to INFRAS (2015a)⁴.

Activity data

Activity data were collected by surveys among producers and several user associations in Switzerland (FOEN 2015j), and by evaluating information from the national database of non-road vehicles (MOFIS) run by the the Federal Roads Office (FEDRO 2014). In addition, several publications serve as further data sources:

 SBV (2013) for agricultural machinery

 SFSO (2013a) for agricultural machinery

 Jardin Suisse (2012) for garden care /hobby and professional appliances

 KWF (2012) for forestry machinery

 The national statistics on imports/exports of non-road vehicles was assessed by EZV (2015a)

 Off-Highway Research (2005, 2008, 2012) provided information on the number of non-road vehicles.

 Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport: List of military machinery with vehicle stock, engine-power classes and operating hours (DDPS 2014a).

4http://www.bafu.admin.ch/luft/00596/06906/offroad-daten/index.html?lang=en

3 Energy: 3.2 Source category 1A – Fuel combustion activities

From these data sources, all necessary information was developed like size distributions, modelling of the fleets, annual operating hours (age-dependent), load factors, year of placing on the market and age distribution. Details are documented in FOEN (2015j). All activity data (vehicle stocks, operating hours, consumption factors) can be downloaded by query from the public part of the non-road database INFRAS (2015a), which is the data pool of FOEN (2015j). They can be queried by vehicle type, fuel type, power class and emission standard either at aggregated or disaggregated levels.

Im Dokument Switzerland’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2014 (Seite 98-102)