Hinweise auf die Existenz eines Genregulators

Die Tatsache, daß die Expression der am Trehalose/Maltose-Transport beteiligten Gene induzierbar ist, weist auf die Existenz eines spezifischen Genregulators hin. Durch die Raumstruktur von MalK können erste Vermutungen auf die Art dieser Regulation aufgestellt werden. MalK enthält wie sein bakterielles Homolog zusätzlich zu der ATPase-Domäne eine weitere Domäne im C-terminalen Bereich des Proteins. Im E. coli MalK-Protein konnte diesem Bereich eine regulatorische Funktion zugeordnet werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß MalK mit MalT interagiert und dabei MalT in die inaktive Form überführt (Panagiotidis et al., 1998). Obwohl in T. litoralis bislang keine Erkenntnis über ein derartiges MalT Homolog vorliegt, weist die Existenz dieser Domäne im archaeallen Protein aber auf eine solche Funktion hin.

Die Genregion, in der die Transportgene in T. litoralis kodiert sind, liegt auf einem 16 kb Fragment. Dieses Fragment liegt ebenfalls in P. furiosus vor und scheint das Ergebnis eines horizontalen Gentransfers zu sein (DiRuggerio et al., 2000). Da die Induzierbarkeit des Systems mittransferiert wurde, ist davon auszugehen, daß das Regulatorprotein ebenfalls auf diesem 16 kb Fragment zu finden ist. Neben den Genen des Tranportsystems enthält dieser Bereich die Information für mehrere Proteine denen bislang keine Funktion zugeordnet werden konnte. Als potentieller Kandidat kommt dabei u.a. das durch orf 2 (Abb. 16) kodierte Protein in Frage. Grund dafür ist die Sequenzhomologie des N-Terminus zu mehreren hypothetischen bakteriellen Transkriptionsregulatoren. Um die Frage zu klären welches dieser Proteine den protentiellen Regulator darstellen könnte

V Diskussion 126

werden derzeit bereits die ersten Versuche durchgeführt (persönliche Mitteilung S. Lee, AG Boos, Universität Konstanz).

Die Wechselwirkung des E. coli MalK mit der unphospholylierten Untereinheit EIIA^Glc des Glucose-Transportsystems führt zur Inhibierung des Maltosetransportes (Dean et al., 1990; Van der Vlag und Postma, 1995). Dies zeigt, daß eine direkte Verknüpfung zwischen Substrattransport und Genregulation existiert. Denkbar wäre deshalb auch eine vergleichbare Regulation der Tranportaktivität in T. litoralis.. Allerdings wurde in den bis jetzt verfügbaren Sequenzdaten von Archaea-Genomen kein Hinweis auf das Vorhandensein von PTS-Systemen gefunden (Paulsen et al., 1998). Unter evolutionären Gesichtspunkten ist es interessant festzustellen, daß in T. litoralis Maltose und Trehalose über eine hochaffinen ABC-Transporter aufgenommen werden. In E. coli wird Maltose über einen Bindeprotein abhängigen ABC-Transporter transportiert, während Trehalose durch ein PTS-System aufgenommen wird. Vor allem in E. coli besteht jedoch ein Zusammenhang zwischen diesen beiden Systemen. Trehalose induziert das Maltose-System, wird allerdings weder durch dieses transportiert noch durch die im Maltose Metabolismus involvieren Proteine abgebaut (Klein und Boos, 1993). Die Tatsache, daß Trehalose in T. litoralis mittels eines Bindeprotein abhängigen ABC-Transporters aufgenommen wird, könnte darauf hinweisen, daß das PTS-System in Bakterien erst später entstand, während ABC-Transporter die sowohl in Eukaryoten wie auch in Prokaryoten vorhanden sind, früher in der Evolution entstanden.

Letztendlich kann festgestellt werden, daß das hyperthermophile Archaeon T. litoralis eine vergleichbare biochemische Strategie wie das mesophile Bakterium E. coli für den Maltose Transport und Metabolismus verwendet. Mit dem Unterschied, daß diese beiden Organismen zu verschiedenen phylogenetischen Domänen gehören und eine Differenz ihrer optimalen Wachstumstemperaturen von annähernd 50°C aufweisen.

Hauptunterschiede sind die bemerkenswerte Thermostabilität der Schlüsselenzyme, die Hyperaffinität des Transportsystems und die unabhängige Regulation von Transport und Metabolismus. Es scheint allerdings so, als ob es zum Leben bei hohen Temperaturen keine grundsätzlichen Veränderungen der metabolischen Strategien braucht.

VI Literatur 127

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Im Dokument Molekulare und biochemische Charakterisierung des Trehalose/Maltose-Transportsystems des hyperthermophilen Archaeons Thermococcus litoralis (Seite 132-150)