6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TOPICS
6.2 Future topics
The presented concepts show very promising results both theoretically and in practical measure-ment examples. Nevertheless, based on the results from this work, there is still some potential for possible future research topics, especially now that autonomous driving is becoming more and more interesting for car development.
• Since the 5 GHz bandwidth (76 – 81 GHz) is becoming the worldwide accepted regula-tion, a stable radiation pattern within wide bandwidth is required for the future antenna development. For this purpose, a multilayer of RF substrate as well as back feeding are possible solutions. A multilayer structure benefits antenna bandwidth, and the back feed-ing supports a stable radiation pattern. In this solution, a sophisticated and low-cost manufacturing is the key for mass production success.
• Another trend for the mmW radar is high IO integration in the package. Since more and more mmW radar applications are developed and digital beamforming is popularly used in all mmW radar systems, there is a high demand for a high number of RF IO channels as well as antenna in package from the market [176]. Such high-integration radar can be used for gesture detection, door open alarm, etc. The high number of Tx and Rx channels with antenna integrated in the package enables a very compact size of the radar systems with good angle resolution performance. Further improvement of the package technology has great potential for the future antenna/system development.
122
Appendix A
.1 Dipole antenna resistance
The radiation resistance of a infinitesimal dipole (l≤λ/50) is:
Rr = η(2π 3)(l
λ)2 (.1.1)
= 80π2(l
λ)2 (.1.2)
where ηis 120π.
The radiation resistance of a small dipole (λ/50< l≤λ/10) is:
Rr = 20π2(l
λ)2 (.1.3)
The real and imaginary parts of the antenna impedance for a finite length dipole are:
Rr = η
2π{C+ ln(kl)−Ci(kl) +1
2sin(kl)[Si(2kl)−2Si(kl)]
+1
2cos(kl)[C+ ln(kl
2) +Ci(2kl)−2Ci(kl)]} (.1.4)
Xr = η
4π{2Si(kl) + cos(kl)[2Si(kl)−Si(2kl)]
−sin(kl)[2Ci(kl)−Ci(2kl)−Ci(2ka2
l )]} (.1.5)
where Si(x) andCi(x) are the sine and cosine integrals. Cis Euler constant 0.5772.
Whenl=λ/2,Rr is 73 Ohm andXris 42 Ohm.
123
. APPENDIX A
.2 Horizontal electric dipole
Rr =ηπl λ
2h2
3− sin(2kh)
2kh − cos(2kh)
(2kh)2 + sin(2kh) (2kh)3
i
(.2.1)
124
Acronyms
ACC : autonomous cruise control AiP : antenna in package
AoC : antenna on chip B2B : back-to-back BGA : ball grid array BW : bandwidth
CFL : Courant-Friedrichs-Levy CM : common mode
cmW : centimeter wave
CSRR : complementary split ring resonator
CST MWS : computer simulation technology microwave studio CW : continuous-wave
DBF : digital beam forming DF : differential
DMPA : differential feed microstrip patch antenna DMSLs : differential microstrip lines
DP : dual patch
DUT : device under test
EM wave : electromagnetic wave
eWLB : embedded wafer level ball grid array EIRP : equivalent isotropically radiated power FD : folded dipole
FFT : fast fourier transformation FIT : finite integration technique
FMCW : frequency-modulated continuous-wave FoV : field of view
GC : gap coupled
GSG : Ground-Signal-Ground HPBW : half power beam width IC : integrated circuit
IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IF : intermediate frequency
IO : input-output
LCP : liquid-crystal polymers LRdR: load, reect, delayed reect LO : local oscillator
125
. ACRONYMS
LTCC : low temperature co-fired ceramics LWG : laminated waveguide
MGEs : Maxwell’s Grid Equation mmW : millimeter wave Radar
MIMO : multiple-input and multiple-output MMIC : monolithic microwave integrated circuits MN : matching network
MPA : microstrip patch antenna MRR : middle range Radar MSL : microstrip line PA : power amplifier PCB : printed circuit board QFN : quad flat no-leads
Radar : RAdio Detection And Ranging RF : radio frequency
RDL : redistribution layer Rx : receiving/receiver
SMPA : single-ended microstrip patch antenna SIW : substrate integrated waveguide
SLL : side lobe level
TEM : transverse electromagnetic Tx : transmitting/transmitter TRx : tranceiver
VCO : voltage-controlled oscillator VNA : Vector Network Analyzer WG : waveguide
WLP : wafer level packaging
126
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