SKYPHOI 123 and they appear to be followed directly by a very few small groups,107 not too securely dated,

but probably a bit later. Thus nearly half a century, between the graves with the white-ground lekythoi of the late fifth century and those with the Attic ovoid skyphoi of the mid fourth, is all but unrepresented in the Cemetery.

In view of the inadequate dating which they provide for the fifth century graves, one hesi- tates to introduce Corinthian coins as corroborating evidence. For this period, however, they appear to be helpful. Of the three legible silver coins08 one is from Argos, 496-1, dated 350-228 B.C., within which period the pottery fits easily. Of the other two, which are Corinthian, 460-1 is dated 481-338 B.C. and 452-1 to 338-315 B.C., and the middle to the third quarter of the fourth century is the approximate time of manufacture of the pottery of both graves. In fact, the grave groups which include the imported ovoid skyphoi all appear to be closely contem- porary with the vases from the lowest habitation levels of the wells of the South Stoa. This fact and the dates of the coins immediately suggest that the political and building activity in Corinth in 338 B.C. is reflected in the renewed use of the Cemetery after nearly half a century by people who again could afford to deposit imported vases in the graves.

How far into the third century the graves extend is not to be determined accurately on the basis of the limited number of shapes available. There does, however, seem to be a consider- able span of time unrepresented between the graves (as 496) slightly later than the ovoid- skyphos groups and the very last of the Greek series (498).

LISTS AND SUMMARIES

PATTERN SKYPHOI

266-1 286-2 (P1. 41) 289-1 (P1. 41) 334-1 (P1. 49) 284-1 (P1. 40) 287-1 (P1. 40) 291-2 (P1. 41) 334-2 (P1. 49) 285-1 (P1. 40) 287-2 (P1. 40) 327-1 (P1. 47) 353-2 (P1. 55) 285-2 (P1. 40) 288-1 (P1. 41) 333-1 (P1. 50) D 12-e (P1. 53)

The pattern skyphoi form a continuation of the sixth century series (p. 105), but they become progressively fewer until they disappear about the middle of the fifth century. Most of the above come from the 266 cluster of children's graves. The skyphoi are all small with tapering sides and a very brief foot; 266-1, D 12-e, 334-1, and 334-2 are miniatures. The horizontal zigzag is the most popular pattern for the handle zone, but vertical zigzags still occur. Two show unattached buds (288-1 and 334-2); 287-2 a cone pattern, and 353-2 a broken meander.

The lower wall is covered with broad horizontal bands, red and glazed, or glazed only.

Common though the type is in the Cemetery, its occurrence is even more frequent in domestic contexts."* The distribution of these small vases in the fifth century is extraordinary,ll0 and apparently they were exported long after they ceased to be used as grave furniture in Corinth.

107 Graves 431-436, 437. At the other end of the gap one finds a few graves (443, 444, 445, 450) which again cannot be dated precisely, but which are perhaps slightly earlier than the homogeneous series of groups with imported ovoid skyphoi which belong to the third quarter of the century.

108 The others are the small bronze coins of the pegasos- trident series, dated 400-146 B.C.

109 Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 283, fig. 20; and the unpublished Well K-23.

110 E.g., Olynthus, V, pl. 44, Olynthus, XIII, pls. 193, 194;

Clara Rhodos, IV, p. 271, fig. 298; AeA-riov, XV, 1933-1935, p. 41, fig. 23 (Argos); Not. Scav., 1954, p. 397, fig. 7 (Megara Hyblaea).

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BLACK-GLAZED SKYPHOI WITH RAYS

261-1 (P1. 84) 277-2 (P1. 37) 265-1 (P1. 87) D 7-a

275-1 (P1. 89)

A very few fifth century examples continue the tradition of the earlier skyphoi with rays, flaring foot, and the usual red lines inside and out (group iii, see p. 108). No. 261-1 may even belong to that century. Three others show a somewhat modified form, still broad at the base but with a peculiar curve to the wall. The large skyphos from 265 is the single example of a common household type of cup, with tapering sides and exceptionally long rays.

BLACK-GLAZED SKYPHOI WITH RAYS AND HEAVY FOOT

268-1 (Fig. 11, P1. 38) 296-1 (Fig. 11, P1. 41) 278-3 (P1. 87) 301-1 (P1. 41)

280-1 (P1. 37) 305-1 (P1. 41)

In the first quarter of the fifth century, contemporary with the last examples of the tradi- tional form, appears the first Corinthian skyphos with heavy foot. The decoration is Corinthian, including the usual red lines inside and out, and the shape of the upper part is very similar to that of the normal rayed skyphos (cf. 261-1, above); the foot is, however, a new venture, and very probably reflects the Attic type. The earliest examples, 268-1 and 278-8, show a real torus foot; thereafter the profile becomes angular, but still heavy. The latest rayed skyphoi from the Cemetery belong in this group, extending well into the second quarter of the

century.11

SEMI-GLAZED SKYPHOI WITH HEAVY FOOT

274-2 (P1. 89) 356-3 (P1. 56) 309-1 363-2 (P1. 58) 328-1 (P1. 45) 379-2 (P1. 62) 335-1 (P1. 45) 384-1 (P1. 62) 337-8 (P1. 51)

This group succeeds the skyphoi of similar shape with rays. They differ little from the main group of semi-glazed skyphoi (see below), except in the square body and the heavy foot. They extend down into the third quarter of the century, appearing with the first Corinthian lekythoi.

A few semi-glazed skyphoi of group ii show a slight thickening of the foot (as 366-10 and 385-1) which may be a modification of this type.

These cups, never very numerous, were seldom exported; but one example found its way into a grave at Olynthos: Olynthus, XIII, pl. 198, no. 564.

SEMI-GLAZED SKYPHOI (Fig. 13, P1. 92)

Description: skyphoi of varying shape, but always with a small sloping foot of "Corinthian"

type; black-glazed inside and on the upper half or two-thirds of the exterior wall; wide reserved area with one black line above foot; edge of foot glazed; two red lines just below

m In other contexts, the long-rayed skyphoi such as 265-1 seem to have remained in use for a longer time. For an

export of what appears to be a Corinthian rayed skyphos with heavy foot, see Doerpfeld, Alt-Ithaka, Beilage 77.

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SKYPHOI 125 the handles, one above reserved area. Group i: large vases as above. Group ii: small vases as above. Group iii: poorly made skyphoi of the fourth century, similar to the above but without red lines.

Small Black-glazed Group i

Group ii Ovoid

Group iii Semi-glazed

Laphaes

Round

FIGURE 13. SKYPHOS SHAPES

Group i

263-1 (P1. 37) 348-1 365-2 (P1. 56) 373-1 (P1. 60) 276-1 (P1. 39) 351-3 366-2 (P1. 56) 378-1 (P1. 61) 296-1 (P1. 43) 362-1 (P1. 54) 367-2 (P1. 56) 379-3 (P1. 62) 340-1 (P1. 52) 353-3 (P1. 55) 369-2 382-1 (P1. 92) 341-1 (P1. 51) 363-4 (P1. 55) 361-2 (P1. 54) 388-3 (P1. 63) 341-2 (P1. 51) 354-2 (P1. 55) 363-1 (P1. 58) 436-1

346-1 355-1 (P1. 56) 372-2 (P1. 60) X-143 (P1. 92) Group ii

281-2 (P1. 40) 368-1 391-2 (P1. 60) 400-1 (P1. 64) 350-1 (P1. 54) 369-2 (P1. 60) 395-3 (P1. 63) 403-2 (P1. 65) 364-5 (P1. 58) 370-3 (P1. 59) 395-4 (P1. 63) 403-3 (P1. 65) 365-1 (P1. 59) 371-2 396-1 (P1. 64) 405-2 (P1. 65) 366-9 (P1. 58) 374-1 397-3 (P1. 65) 407-7 (P1. 66) 366-10 (P1. 58) 383-1 (P1. 92) 398-1 (P1. 92) 407-8 (P1. 66) 367-5 (P1. 59) 385-1 (P1. 62) 399-1 (P1. 64) 409-5 (P1. 66)

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410-2 (P1. 65) 423-3 (P1. 67) 427-7 (P1. 67) 437-1 (P1. 71) 411-4 (P1. 66) 423-4 (P1. 67) 428-5 D 15-a

418-1 (P1. 69) 424-3 (P1. 71) 430-1 (P1. 71) D 18-a 419-3 (P1. 69) 426-3 (P1. 67) 432-1 X-144 420-4 (P1. 70) 427-5 (Pl. 67) 433-1 (P1. 73)

421-1 (P1. 71) 427-6 (P1. 67) 435-1 (P1. 92) Group iii

458-2 (P1. 76) 467-1 486-1 (P1. 76) D 52-a 459-2 471-1 (P1. 75) 488-1 (P1. 76) X-145 460-3 (P1. 21) 472-2 D 27-a (P1. 92) X-146 461-1 (P1. 75) 478-1 (P1. 75) D 37-a X-147

462-3 (P1. 75) 483-1 D 37-b X-148

463-1 (P1. 21) 484-2 (P1. 77)

The skyphoi of the semi-glazed group form the largest class of fifth century drinking cups found in the Cemetery. They first appear early in the fifth century (e.g., 263-1), when rayed skyphoi were still being produced; but as the latter were dying out, the semi-glazed skyphoi became increasingly common. They probably are the successors to the tall, rather narrow skyphoi such as 265-1.

The type remains essentially the same down to the end of the century. The only basic change is in the size: until about the middle of the third quarter of the century the skyphoi are 8 cm.

or over in height (group i) ^;112 thereafter they are uniformly between 6.5 and 7.5 cm. in height (group ii). The practice of applying lines of added red exists throughout the century. There are a few variations in the shape: though most are rather tall with tapering sides, 263-1, 276-1, 341-1, and 341-2 of group i, and 364-5 and 369-2 of group ii are quite broad, not unlike the rayed skyphoi in their proportions; in the fourth quarter of the century a few (most notably 396-1 and 405-2) taper very sharply to a narrow foot. Most of the small vases of the last quarter, however, show a curve in profile which no doubt reflects somewhat the fullness of the skyphoi of the contemporary Attic series and their imitations.

Group iii of the fourth century shows a sudden disintegration in form, fabric, and glaze.

Almost certainly in that period the semi-glazed skyphoi had become restricted to funeral use (for domestic cups of the period see p. 119). The variation in shape from the very tapering (as 461-1) to the very rounded (as 485-1) may not be indicative of any great difference in date.

BLACK-GLAZED SKYPHOI

Small skyphoi (Fig. 13)

268-2 (P1. 38) 336-a 358-2 (P1. 54) 431-1 (P1. 71) 320-1 (P1. 46) 336-b 388-4 (PI. 63) 457-2 (P1. 75) 330-2 (P1. 49) 339-1 (P1. 52) 414-1 X-151

330-3 (P1. 49)

112 Exceptions: 388-3 of group i belongs to the last quarter of the century; 281-2 (group ii) is a small skyphos from the first half.

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SKYPHOI 127