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xx
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Gertraud Benke
FRO~1
PRICE A.. ,\ T D PRIZES TO OGTMODED THli\ T GS
:'\eutralityand identity in the speeches of Au s tri an Presidents
on the 0,'"ational H oliday
(26.IO.) in the Second Republic
I.
Introduction
Karin Llebhan has traced the political development of Austrian neutrality as a political Instrument in her chapter. In chis chapter ,\'e shalJ focus our attention on the discursive reflecuon and construcuon of neutrality in the Second Republic in the light of an analysis of speeches made by Ausman presidents on the national holiday Q\'er several decades. By examining the diachronic de\'elopment of chis cliscourse, we are able to trace the lI1tegra-tion of one element 'neucrality' inro the (public) naoonal self-image; that is, byemploying a micro-soclOlogJcal cli cursi\'e approach, and by analyzing tex'tS over an extended period of time. we are able ro deterrnine changes of self-image present in the cliscourse, as welJ as changes in self-perception which were dri\'en by chis cliscourse.
I. I. SeutralitJ and the national holidll) in the Second Repllblic
Ocrober 16d has been anational holiday in Austria almost since I955. Ir is the day on which Ausman independence and statehood is celebrated. As Liebhart has described in her chapter on the hisrory of Ausman neutrality, the declaration of neutraLty was made on 16'" Ocrober I955. The date of the declaration was not an historical accident: the pre-ceding da) (15,h Ocrober I955) was the deadline by which, according ro the State Treaty, alJ of the occupying power were to leave Austria with their troops. Thus 26th Ocrober I955 was the first da}- of official freedom from the occupying forces'. Sitting on chi day as the legJslative organ of a now free and sovereign state, the :\'ational Assembly passed the federal constiruoonallaw on neutrality. In chis way, the day acquired a double slgnif-Icance: It was both the first dar of (official) liberty and the day on which Austrian neu-trality was officially declared.
I In fact the rroops of the nrious signatory counaies had been \\ithdrawn se"eral da}'s earuer.
Gertraud Benke
In the following year (I956), the decision was taken to celebrate 26th Oetober as the "Day of the Flag" in commemoration of the country's regained freedom. But this decision came too late for the day to be declared a public holiday in that year. Thus in I956, most of the celebrations were organized by schools. The federal president made a short speech, which was broadcast to the nation and printed in the newspapers. The National Assembly held anormal working session, but the day's proceedings began \I/ith a short ceremonial address by the president of the Assembly. This speech was also broadcast to the public on the radio.
0:0 mention was made of neutrality in connection \O\-;th the Day of the Flag. It was only in reply to a congratulatory telegram from Bucharest that Theodor Körner, then federal president of Austria, spoke of the "premier anniversaire de la proclamation de la neu-tralire pennantente de l'Autriehe". There was no such reference in sirnilar reply tele grams made to the SO\;et Union and Poland.
In I957 the "Day of the Flag" became an official public hoLiday. The day was designed to be a day of remembrance "of the final liberation of Austria and the signing of the State Treaty, the declaration of perpetual neutrality, and the acceptance into the United Na-tions". (Bundeskanzleramt ZI. 8762 - Pr.\1I57). The federal president once again made a speech that was broadcast on the radio, but in his speech he made no mention of neu-traliey. Nevertheles , neutraliey was mentioned in a reply telegram to the Sm;et Union.
In I957 and in the immediate subsequent years most of the celebrations were held by schools and the Ministry of Education. In I958, the president gave his speech on the
"Federal Celebrations of Austrian Young People at School" to "young people". Then, in I959, efforts were made by various committees to mobilize the regions, churches, and
\;llage communities of Austria, and an even more imPOftant act of state was organized in the Stadthalle in Vienna, at which various ceremonial addresses were given.
In subsequent years, interest in the da)' seems to have waned once again. ~Te have no record of any speeches in I960, while in I96I and 1962, school pupils were received by the federal president on the eve of the Day of the Flag. In I962 the federal president made a speech in honor of the "V\Teek of the United Nations". The archives contain nothing for the Day of the Flag in I963', and in 1964 the President's speech at a cere-mony in the Burgtheater was addressed to "young Aus tri ans". 1 eutrality was not men-tioned in any of these speeches.
The situation changed in 1965 when the state holiday of the "Day of the Flag" was de-clared anational public hoLiday. In 1965, for the first time, a ceremonial session was held
2 "oe are grateful to rheArchlV der Republik for irs suPPOrt.
From pnces and pnLes to oucrnoded thmgs
in the Ausman parliament on 26th October. As part of the ceremonial session, the federal presldent also made a speech. This practice was repeated in the following two years, but für 1968, 1969, and 1971-73 there is no record of any such speeches. For these years, the archives contain only the daily commands of the federal president that he made to the Ausman armcd fore es as their supreme commander.
From 1974 cercmorual sessions of the 0Jational Assembly were held every year on the naoünal holiday \\ith speeches by the federal president, the president of the :\Tational As-sembly, and the federal chancellorJ• Over the years it became customary for the ceremo-nial speech of the federal president to be broadcast on radio and television4 .
In the following, we present our hypotheses concerning the development of neutrality in the discourse as marufested in the speeches of the various federal presidents. \\Te shall then present our methodological instrument and describe the analyses in more detail.
2.
Hypotheses.
In her chapter, Karin Liebhart presented the historical context in which neutrality was - and is - embedded. Against a background of chan ging domestic and foreign policy fundamentals, it seems likely that the po ition of neutrality as a discursive political con-cept has changed. In what folIows, we shall put forward our ideas concerning the chang-ing meanchang-ing of the concept of neutrality.
The following (very much abbreviated)historical circumstances are of particular irnpor-tance as we attempt this: the historical-political paper demonstrated how neutrality arose out of the negotiations with the occupying powers, with Switzerland being regarded as the (official) model. As the Second Republic progressed, a specific type of Ausman neu-traLty policy developed: the active neutraLty poLcy. In the late 1980s and in the 199os, neutraLty lost its significance in terms of Austrian security policy.
In the light of these historical-political circumstances, we expect to demonstrate thIee different discourse configurations, as weil as rwo phases of transition (as one configura-tion passes into the next). In the first discourse configuraconfigura-tion, neutrality is regarded as something eA'temal that was determined bya treaty and which ubsequently defined (or partly defined) the politicallirruts of the Ausman state. In the subsequent "construction phase", this is gradually changed; neutrality is still not apart of identity, but it is being
3 E.xcepoons are the years of I98I and I983. For these two years, no speeches could be found in the archives.
4 The appendlX contams a table mth detaJls of the federal presldents of the Second Repubuc.
106 Ger/Tazui Benke
mtegrated into the identit) discourses. Thus, there arises a new discourse configuration :
"\\' e are neutra justna an I" "A . " d th us we' , t h ,, e "",ustnans, are neutra a neutra country, · I ( I ) (perpetual) neutralit)" becomes an integral part of Austria . .l.ustria is defined \\ith and through neutralit)T. After this "peak" in the neutralit), discourse, there follows a "decon-srruction phase" in which neutralit)T once again becomes removed from the identit)' dis-course. In the end, neutralit), is something that was useful once, but is not so anymorej Austna is also something that is well defined "ithout reference to neutralit)T.
-\s linguists we assurne that these changes '.,ill be manifested in the discourse in a linguis-tic manner both at the level of content, m the argumentation used, and at the micro-ana-lyticallevel in the syntax and semantics of sentences. These assumptions led us to a se-ries of hypotheses.
Given the (historical) importance of neutralit)T for the constirution of the Second Repub-lic, it seems probable that neutralit), \\ill be present as an explanatory element. Histori-cally, neutralit)T can be seen as a means to an end. In a linguistic sense, this means that neutralit)· - if it is mentioned - ought to be found mostly in the attributive part of the explanations (i.e. in the part in which the explanation is made). \\Te therefore expect that:
I. neutralit), \\ill be found mostly in the attributive part of the explanations .
. .l.t the same time, we expect that the functions of neutralit) in these explanations \\ill change according to the various phases (or discourse configurations) described abm'e.
\Ve therefore assume that the change in the meaning of neutralit), mentioned abm'e is manifested in a change in the specific characteristics of the attributions in which neu-tralit) is addressed.
2. in particular we expect that, owing to the initial status of neutralit), (which was the result of negotiations), neutralit)' \\ill arise in attributions that we might dassify as ex-ternal, and that after an 'inner acceptance' and incorporation into the self-image, neu-tralit)' "ill be found in attributions that may be dassified as 'internai'. (consrruction-phase)
3. In the deconsrruction phase, we assurne that the 1055 of meaning of neutralit)' \\iil be
manifested in the sense that neutralit)" is now less dosel)' (or not at all) associated "ith the eA'Planations, and that
4. the attributions in which neutrality continues to arise, may now be dassified as vari-able (whereas the attributions in the consrruction phase - the second phase - would be constant).
This supposition is linked to the theoretical premise that both identit)' concepts as weil as elements of i dentiti es must be generaily constant in order to pemut a stable identit)' consrrucnon.
Frorn pnces and pnzes tO outmoded rhillgs 1°7
In general we also suppose that the different interpretations of, or attitudes towards, neu-tralityaml neutrahty poliey (aetive neutraliry policy) are refleeted in eorresponding lin-gUJsoe roles. In praetiee, we expeet that neutrality will sometimes appear in the role of agent (neutraliry does something) and ometimes in ehe role of patient (someching is
In general we also suppose that the different interpretations of, or attitudes towards, neu-tralityaml neutrahty poliey (aetive neutraliry policy) are refleeted in eorresponding lin-gUJsoe roles. In praetiee, we expeet that neutrality will sometimes appear in the role of agent (neutraliry does something) and ometimes in ehe role of patient (someching is