Spatial Databases and
Geographic Information Systems
Karl Neumann Sarah Tauscher
Institut für Informationssysteme
Technische Universität Braunschweig
http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de
1.1 Organizational Issues 1.2 Content and Overview 1.3 Literature
1 Introduction
• Lecture
– 29. 10.2010 - 11.02.2011 – 9:45 - 12:00
– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture – URL:
www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/
teaching/ws-1011/gis
• Credits: 4 or 5
(depending on your course of study)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 3
1.1 Organizational Issues
• Exams
– Oral exam
– 14. -18. 02.2011
– Register at examination office
– Get an appointment
at the Ifis secretariat
→ Regine Dalkiran
1.1 Organizational Issues
• 2 Spatial Data Modelling
– 2.1 Introduction – 2.2 Geometry
– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models – 2.4 Topology
– 2.5 Fields
– 2.6 AAA-Project – 2.7 Operations – 2.8 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 5
1.2 Content and Overview
http://skagit.meas.ncsu.edu/~helena/gmslab/interp/F1a.gif
– Spatial object/Geoobject: element to model real world data in geographic information system
– Are described by spatial data (geodata)
– Spatial information: custom-designed spatial data – Chief difference to “conventional” objects
(“What’s so special about spatial?”):
• Geometry
• Topology
1.2 Content and Overview
– Vector: minimum distance between a point and a line
– Raster: Distance matrices for distance determination
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 7
1.2 Content and Overview
http://worboys.duckham.org/
city block metric chessboard metric Euclidean distance
of cetres
• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data
– 3.1 Properties of Maps
– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color
– 3.3 Geometric Generalization – 3.4 Label and Symbol
Placement – 3.5 Summary
1.2 Content and Overview
– Challenges
• Projection of the 3D surface on two dimensions (paper, film, screen)
• Selection of the spatial objects and their attributes to be displayed
• Generalization of geometric and
thematic properties (simplify, omit depending on scale)
• Exaggeration and displacement (e.g. river valley with roads and railway lines)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 9
1.2 Content and Overview
http://maps.google.de/
– Douglas/Peucker algorithm
1. given: polyline L, threshold g
2. determine line between the start and end point of L,
3. determine the point of L that is furthest from the line segment
4. if distance > g then the point is
significant, repeat procedure for both sub-lines,
otherwise remove all the points between the start and end point of L
1.2 Content and Overview
• 4 Spatial Queries
– 4.1 Development of SQL – 4.2 Core SQL Queries
– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL – 4.4 Spatial Extension of the
Relational Algebra
– 4.5 Spatial Extensions of SQL
– 4.6 Evaluation of Spatial Queries – 4.7 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 11
1.2 Content and Overview
– Query 6:
Ids of churches which are located no more than 2 km from a car park
Building(id: string, typeOfUse: String, groundPlan: Polygon) π id1 (σ Distance(Centroid(groundPlan1),
Centroid(groundPlan2))<2000
(σ typeOfUse1= ′church′∧ typeOfUse2= ′car park′
(Building × Building)))
1.2 Content and Overview
– Therefore evaluation of spatial queries in 2 steps
• Filter step
– Determination of possible hits by evaluation on spatial approximation (lower costs)
• Refinement step
– Evaluation on accurate geometry only for objects of the filter step
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13
1.2 Content and Overview
• 5 Spatial Access Methods
– 5.1 Quadtree – 5.2 R-tree
– 5.3 K-d tree – 5.4 BSP tree – 5.5 Grid file – 5.6 Summary
1.2 Content and Overview
15 23 15 23
13 28 13 28
24 28 24 28 26 11 26 11
8 17
8 17 9
31 9 31 3 27 3 27
29 18 29 18 17
5 17
5
21 22 21 22 4 7 4 7
A
C
B
D
E
H G
J
I
K
– Problems
• Only suitable for points
• False positives, the solutions supplied by the index have to be verified
• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 15
1.2 Content and Overview
– Split at a data points or at an arbitrary points – Choice of split dimension
• Alternating or dimension with the largest extent
– Choice of split position
• Median or average
1 2
2
3 3
1.2 Content and Overview
1 2
2 3
3
1 2 3 4 6 5
1 2
4 3 2
3
• 6 Spatial Data and XML
– 6.1 Standards – 6.2 XML
– 6.3 GML – 6.4 XSLT – 6.5 SVG
– 6.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 17
1.2 Content and Overview
– Example: a DTD of a city
1.2 Content and Overview
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)>
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT area(polygon+)>
<!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point, point, point*)>
<!ELEMENT point(x, y)>
<!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)>
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT area(polygon+)>
<!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point, point, point*)>
<!ELEMENT point(x, y)>
<!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>
– Path instruction for complex shapes, lines and areas
• Element’s attributes include the attribute “d” for specifying the points of the path
• Attribute “d” contains further commands for the interpretation of the points
• E.g. a point may be the begin or the end of a curve or of a line
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 19
1.2 Content and Overview
<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"
d="M 130 0 L fill="none" stroke stroke
stroke
<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"
d="M 130 0 L -50 0 0 -180 50 0"
fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="20"
stroke-linejoin="miter"
stroke-width="12" stroke="&baumgrün;"/>
• 7 Application Programming
– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages – 7.2 Postgres and JDBC
– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC – 7.4 Processing of GML-
based Data
– 7.5 Functional Programming with Polygons
– 7.6 Summary
1.2 Content and Overview
– For processing geometric attributes the special Java class "JGeometry" is offered
– JGeometry maps the SDO_GEOMETRY data type to a structure (STRUCT)
– Numerous basic methods for accessing spatial information are offered, including
• createCircle, createPoint, createLinearPolygon, equals, getDimensions, getElemInfo, getFirstPoint, getJavaPoint, getJavaPoints, getLastPoint, getNumPoints,
getOrdinatesArray, getSize, getType, isCircle, isPoint, isRectangle, load, setType, store, toString
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 21
1.2 Content and Overview
– Perimeter of polygons
1.2 Content and Overview
(define perimeter (lambda (poly)
(point2 poly)) (define perimeter (lambda (poly)
(if (not (null? (trunc-poly poly))) (+ (point-distance (point1 poly)
(point2 poly))
(perimeter (trunc-poly poly)))
0)))
• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information Systems
– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software
– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated Systems
– 8.3 Clients and Servers – 8.4 Web-based Spatial
Databases – 8.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 23
1.2 Content and Overview
[SX08]
– Architecture of GIS can be roughly classified
• File based
• Hybrid
• Layer-oriented
• Integrated
1.2 Content and Overview
– Selection of some common GIS Servers
• ESRI
– ArcGIS – ArcIMS – ArcSDE
• GRASS
• Smallworld
• Oracle Spatial
• Postgres, PostGIS
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 25
1.2 Content and Overview
• 9 Remote Sensing
– 9.1 Physical Basics
– 9.2 Recording Techniques – 9.3 Image Processing
– 9.4 Thematic Classification – 9.5 Summary
1.2 Content and Overview
– System characteristics
• Recording techniques
– Radiometric resolution – Geometric resolution
• Platform
– Kind of platform – Altitude
– Orbit – Period
• Mission
– Temporal coverage – Spatial coverage
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 27
1.2 Content and Overview
www.atmos.albany.edu/deas/
atmclasses/atm335/history.pdf
www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de
– Example: aerial photo of Braunschweig
• Altitude approximately 1600 m
• Ground resolution 10 cm
• Color reversal film
• Central projection
• 21. April 2005
1.2 Content and Overview
• 10 Location Based Services
– 10.1 Positioning
– 10.2 Car Navigation – 10.3 Map Matching – 10.4 Privacy
– 10.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 29
1.2 Content and Overview
http://de.wikipedia.org/
– Application examples
1.2 Content and Overview
Push Services Pull Services Person-
oriented
Communication A message is pushed to you asking whether you allow a friend to locate you
You request from a friend finder application who is near you
Information You get an alert that a terror alarm has been issued by the city you are in
You look for the nearest cinema in your area and navigation instructions to get there M-Commerce
and Advertising
A discount voucher is being sent to you from a restaurant in the area you are in
You look for events happening in the area you are in
Device- oriented
An alert is sent to you from an asset-tracking application that one of your shipments
You request information on
where your truck fleet currently
is located in the country
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth
• Measuring the runtime of signals between the satellite and the GPS-receiver, from which the distance and the position can be deduced (trilateration)
• The transmitted signal describes a circular sphere centered at the satellite on whose surface the signal is received at the same time → circular baseline of equal receiving times
on earth
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 31
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/
lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf
• 11 Environmental Information Systems
– 11.1 Environmental Data
– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data – 11.3 Monitoring Networks
– 11.4 Laboratory Data
– 11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
– 11.6 Summary
1.2 Content and Overview
– Applications
• Environmental documentation
• Recording, monitoring
• Biotope cadastre
• Radiation detection
• Simulation of environmental processes
• Environmental compatibility assessment
• Informing the public
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 33
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www.bec-kommunal.de/
http://www.e-c-o.at
– Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island
• For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of Maine
• Network of 32 sensor nodes
• 9 nodes in different breeding caves
• Temperature measurement in
the nest (presence of the old birds)
• Additional nodes for measurement of air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www.wired.com/
• 12 Review and Outlook
– 12.1 Review – 12.2 Outlook
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 35
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www-kdd.isti.cnr.it/NWA
• [Al07] → Chap. 9
Albertz, J.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung.
3. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007.
• [Ba05] → Chap. 2, 3
Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [BCCF07]
Belussi, A.; Catania, B.; Clementini, E.; Ferrari, E.
(Eds.): Spatial Data on the Web – Modeling and Management. Springer, 2007.
1.3 Literature - Books
• [BCKO08]
Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van;
Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry –
Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2008.
• [Be02] → Chap. 4, 5
Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information Systems – An Introduction. 3. Ed., Wiley, 2002
.• [Br08]
Brinkhoff, T.: Geodatenbanksysteme in Theorie und Praxis. 2. Aufl., Wichmann, 2008.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 37
1.3 Literature - Books
• [Da96]
Dadam, P.: Verteilte Datenbanken und Client/Server-Systeme. Springer, 1996.
• [EE04] → Chap. 6.2
Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und Datenmodellierung. dpunkt.verlag, 2004.
• [Ei02]
Eisenberg, J.D.: SVG Essentials. O’Reilly, 2002.
1.3 Literature - Books
• [Fi05]
Fischer-Stabel, P. (Hrsg.): Umwelt-
informationssysteme. Wichmann, 2005.
• [Gü98]
Günther, O.: Environmental Information Systems. Springer, 1998.
• [He06] → Chap. 2, 3, 4
Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS – Eine
Einführung. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 39
1.3 Literature - Books
• [HGM02] → Chap. 2.4, 3
Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.
8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.
• [HK06]
Herter, M.; Koos, B.: Java und GIS. Wichmann, 2006.
• [Ka08]
Kay, M.: XSLT 2.0 and XPath 2.0 –
Programmer’s Reference. 4. Ed., Wrox, 2008.
1.3 Literature - Books
• [KB01]
Kraak, M.-J.; Brown, A. (Eds.):
Web Cartography: Developments and Prospects.
Taylor & Francis London, 2001.
• [KGB04] → Chap. 7.3
Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle Spatial. Apress, 2004.
• [KO03]
Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography –
Visualization of Spatial Data. 2. Ed., Prentice Hall, 2003.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 41
1.3 Literature - Books
• [KZe07]
Korduan, P.; Zehner, M. L.: Geoinformation im Internet. Wichmann, 2007.
• [La05] → Chap. 5.1, 5.2
Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und Praxis. 2. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [LKC08] → Chap. 9
Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote
Sensing and Image Interpretation. 6. Ed., Wiley, 2008.
1.3 Literature - Books
• [PA04]
Plümer, L.; Asche, H. (Hrsg.): Geoinformation – Neue Medien für eine neue Disziplin.
Wichmann, 2004.
• [RSV02]
Rigaux, P.; Scholl, M.; Voisard, A.: Spatial Databases with Application to GIS. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
• [Sa06] → Chap. 5
Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science
& Technology, 2006.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 43
1.3 Literature - Books
• [SaS03] → Chap. 7.1
Saake, G.; Sattler, K.-U.: Datenbanken & Java.
2. Aufl., dpunkt.Verlag, 2003.
• [SC03]
Shashi, S.; Chawlanjay, C.: Spatial Databases – A Tour. Prentice Hall, 2003.
• [SV04]
Schiller, J.; Voisard, A. (Eds.): Location-Based Services. Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.
1.3 Literature - Books
• [SX08]
Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.
• [UW06]
Ueberschär, N.; Winter, A.: Visualisieren von Geodaten mit SVG im Internet. Wichmann, 2006.
• [WD04] → Chap. 3, 4
Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 45
1.3 Literature - Books
• [WS06]
Wade, T.; Sommer, S. (Eds.): A to Z GIS: An Illustrated Dictionary of Geographic Information Systems. 2. Ed., ESRI, 2006.
1.3 Literature - Books
[WS06] [WS06]
• [Ba08]
Baumann, P.: Konzeptuelle Modellierung von Geodiensten.
Informatik-Spektrum, Band 31, Nr. 5, 2008, pp. 435–450.
• [Br07]
Breunig, M.: Geodatenbankforschung: Rückblick und
Perspektiven aus Sicht der Informatik. Datenbank-Spektrum, Band 21, Nr. 20, 2007, pp. 5–14.
• [DP73]
Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points required to represent a digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian Cartographer, Jhrg. 10, Heft 2, 1973, pp. 112–122.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 47
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [Gü94]
Güting, R.H.: An Introduction to Spatial Database
Systems. VLDB Journal, Band 3, Nr. 4, 1994, pp. 357–399.
• [Ne02] → Chap. 7.5
Neumann, K.: Funktionales Programmieren mit Poly- gonen. Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie, (MdBKG), Band 22, 2002, pp. 125–136.
• [NE03] → Chap. 6.3
Neumann, K.; Eckstein, S.: Geography Markup Language (GML) – Eine Einführung aus Informatiksicht. MdBKG,
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NGNSW07]
Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf, C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. MdBKG,
Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.
• [NKM05]
Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.;
Mathiak, B.: Umsetzung des
Signaturenkataloges SK25 bei der XML-basierten Erzeugung kartenähnlicher
Graphiken. MdBKG, Band 34, 2005, pp. 107–118.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 49
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NKP08] → Chap. 7.4
Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung von
Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-Bestandsdaten- auszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008, pp. 83–92.
• [NMK04]
Neumann, K.; Mathiak, B.; Kupfer, A.: Modellierung und kartographische Visualisierung von Geodaten mit XML-
basierten Sprachen. Proc. “Modellierung 2004”, B. Rumpe, W. Hesse (Hrsg.), LNI P-45, 2004, pp. 93–107.
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NPW06] → Chap. 3.4
Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung kartenähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung und Platzierung
von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG, Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.
• [NSe01]
Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der
Programmiersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation des
Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur
Erhaltung rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 51
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [PP97]
Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in
dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, (NaKaVerm),
Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.
• [Se00]
Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels
Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [Se07]
Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen
Präsentationen im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY. MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.
• [SH95]
Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie- typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995, pp. 209–224.
• [TN10]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Polygonverschneidung mit SQL. MdBKG, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 53
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [Br09]
Bruchno, S.: Realisierung einer Beispiel-Anwendung mit PostgreSQL, JDBC und geometrischen Datentypen.
Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2009.
• [Bu10]
Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von
Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [La09]
Latta, C.: Visualisierung der Z-Ordnung realistischer
Punktmengen mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2009 .
1.3 Literature – Student Works
• [Ra10]
Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL-Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU
Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Sp10]
Spannknebel, J.: Visualisierung der Splitmöglichkeiten beim R-Baum. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [St10]
Stachowiak, N.: Greedy- und Delaunay-Triangulation von Polygonen im XFig-Format. Studienarbeit, TU
Braunschweig, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 55