Spatial Databases and
Geographic Information Systems
Karl Neumann Sarah Tauscher
Institut für Informationssysteme
Technische Universität Braunschweig
http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Organizational Issues 1.3 Content and Overview 1.4 Literature
1 Introduction
http://www.radcyberzine.com/
• Route planning
1.1 Motivation
http://www.viamichelin.de/
• Sentiment maps
1.1 Motivation
[TN12]
• City model
1.1 Motivation
visualization tool: [Me12]
• Search for point of interest
1.1 Motivation
• Tree register
1.1 Motivation
http://www.baumbuero.de/
http://falk-weihs.com/
• Railway noise prediction
1.1 Motivation
http://www.braunschweig.de/
• Ship tracking
– "Halunder Jet"
• Ship type:
passenger
• Built: 2003
• Size: 59×12 m
• July, 28
th2014
– Hamburg Helgoland
– 12:49 h – 13:01 h
1.1 Motivation
http://www.vesselfinder.com/
• Land cover - Germany
1.1 Motivation
http://www.corine.dfd.dlr.de/
• Lecture
– 21.10.2016 – 10.02.2017 – 9:45 – 12:00
– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture – URL:
www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/
teaching/ws-1617/gis
• Credits: 4 or 5
(depending on your course of study)
1.2 Organizational Issues
• Exams
– Oral exam
– 13. –17. 02.2017
– Register at examination office
– Get an appointment
at the Ifis secretariat
→ Regine Dalkiran
1.2 Organizational Issues
• 2 Spatial Data Modelling
– 2.1 Introduction – 2.2 Geometry
– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models – 2.4 Topology
– 2.5 Fields
– 2.6 AAA-Project – 2.7 Operations – 2.8 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13
1.3 Content and Overview
http://skagit.meas.ncsu.edu/~helena/gmslab/interp/F1a.gif
– Spatial object/Geoobject: element to model real world data in geographic information system
– Are described by spatial data (geodata)
– Spatial information: custom-designed spatial data – Chief difference to "conventional" objects
("What’s so special about spatial?"):
• Geometry
• Topology
1.3 Content and Overview
http://speedymole.com/Tubes/Paris/
– Vector: minimum distance between a point and a line
– Raster: distance matrices for distance determination
1.3 Content and Overview
city block metric chessboard metric Euclidean distance of centers
• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data
– 3.1 Properties of Maps
– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color
– 3.3 Geometric Generalization
– 3.4 Label and Symbol
Placement – 3.5 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
http://homepage.univie.ac.at/.../Janschitz_Text.pdf
– Challenges
• Projection of the 3D surface on two dimensions (paper, film, screen)
• Selection of the spatial objects and their attributes to be displayed
• Generalization of geometric and
thematic properties (simplify, omit depending on scale)
• Exaggeration and displacement
(e.g. river valley with roads and railway lines)
1.3 Content and Overview
http://maps.google.de/
– Douglas/Peucker algorithm
1. given: polyline L, threshold g
2. determine line between the start and end point of L,
3. determine the point of L that is furthest from the line segment
4. if distance > g then the point is
significant, repeat procedure for both sub-lines,
otherwise remove all the points between the start and end point of L
1.3 Content and Overview
• 4 Spatial Queries
– 4.1 Development of SQL – 4.2 Core SQL Queries
– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL – 4.4 Spatial Extensions of SQL
– 4.5 Evaluation of Spatial Queries – 4.6 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
– Query 4’:
Areas of all buildings on the parcel with id "1222"
1.3 Content and Overview
Building(id: String, typeOfUse: String, groundPlan: Polygon) Parcel(id, groundPlan: Polygon)
SELECT Area(b.groundPlan) FROM Building b,
Parcel p
WHERE p.id = ’1222’
AND Contains (p.groundPlan,
b.groundPlan);
– Therefore evaluation of spatial queries in two steps
• Filter step
– Determination of possible hits by evaluation on spatial approximation (lower costs)
• Refinement step
– Evaluation on accurate geometry only for objects of the filter step
1.3 Content and Overview
• 5 Spatial Access Methods
– 5.1 Quadtree – 5.2 R-tree
– 5.3 K-d tree – 5.4 BSP tree – 5.5 Grid file – 5.6 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
15 23
13 28
24 28 26 11
8 17 9
31 3 27
29 18 17
5
21 22 4 7
A
C
B
D
F
E
H G
J
I
K
– Problems
• Only suitable for points
• False positives, the solutions supplied by the index have to be verified
• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window
1.3 Content and Overview
– Heuristic
• Always insert a new object into the node resulting in the
smallest increase in volume
• If it lies inside a MBR no enlargement is necessary
• If there is more than one possibility,
choose the node with the smallest volume
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 24
1.3 Content and Overview
• 6 Spatial Data and XML
– 6.1 Standards – 6.2 XML
– 6.3 GML – 6.4 SVG
– 6.5 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
– Example: a DTD of a city
1.3 Content and Overview
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)>
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT area(polygon+)>
<!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point, point, point*)>
<!ELEMENT point(x, y)>
<!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>
– Path instruction for complex shapes, lines and areas
• Element’s attributes include the attribute "d" for specifying the points of the path
• Attribute "d" contains further commands for the interpretation of the points
• E.g. a point may be the begin or the end of a curve or of a line
1.3 Content and Overview
<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"
d="M 130 0 L -50 0 0 -180 50 0"
fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="20"
stroke-linejoin="miter"
stroke-width="12" stroke="&baumgrün;"/>
• 7 Application Programming
– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages – 7.2 PostgreSQL and JDBC
– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC
– 7.4 Processing of GML- based Data
– 7.5 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
[KGB11]
– For processing geometric attributes special Java classes and methods are offered
– They are subclasses of class "PGobject":
PGpoint, PGlseg, PGline PGbox, PGpolygon, PGcircle
– Each subclass includes
• Constructor
• equals compares two objects of the same type
• getValue returns the object as a string
1.3 Content and Overview
• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information Systems
– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software
– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated Systems
– 8.3 Clients and Servers – 8.4 Web-based Spatial
Databases – 8.5 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
[SX08]
– Architecture of GIS can be roughly classified
• File based
• Hybrid
• Layer-oriented
• Integrated
1.3 Content and Overview
– PostGIS extends PostgreSQL by implementing missing types and functions
– Is certified as a compliant "Simple Features for SQL"
database by the OGC
1.3 Content and Overview
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection(
ST_GeomFromText(
'MULTIPOLYGON(((-77 56,-52 18,-88 -27,
-10 -13,-11 38,-77 56)))'), ST_GeomFromText(
'MULTIPOLYGON(((-49 63,-32 24,-39 -7,-66 -19,
-72 -9,-74 31,-49 63)))')));
• 9 Remote Sensing
– 9.1 Physical Basics
– 9.2 Recording Techniques – 9.3 Image Processing
– 9.4 Thematic Classification – 9.5 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
http://saturn.unibe.ch/.../Fotogrammetrie-Bildflug.pdf
– System characteristics
• Recording techniques
– Radiometric resolution – Geometric resolution
• Platform
– Kind of platform – Altitude
– Orbit – Period
• Mission
– Temporal coverage – Spatial coverage
1.3 Content and Overview
http://www.wdr.de/tv/quarks/
http://www.dlr.de/
http://www.chip.de/
http://www.maritime-technik.de/
– Example: digital
aerial orthophotos of Braunschweig
• Central projection
• Planimetrically corrected
• 30. March 2014
1.3 Content and Overview
https://www.braunschweig.de/
• 10 Location Based Services
– 10.1 Positioning
– 10.2 Car Navigation – 10.3 Map Matching – 10.4 Privacy
– 10.5 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth
• Measuring the runtime of signals between the satellite and the GPS-receiver, from which the distance and the position can be deduced (trilateration)
• The transmitted signal describes
a circular sphere centered at the satellite on whose surface the
signal is received at the same
time → circular baseline of
equal receiving times on earth
1.3 Content and Overview
http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/
lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf
– Sensor fusion
• Combining of data so that the resulting information is
"better" than when the
sources were used
individually
• Complex task
1.3 Content and Overview
[MMG12]
• 11 Environmental Information Systems
– 11.1 Environmental Data
– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data – 11.3 Monitoring Networks
– 11.4 Laboratory Data – 11.5 Summary
1.3 Content and Overview
http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/
– Example: TAO monitoring network
• "Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array"
• World's largest marine monitoring network
• Approx. 8000 miles near the equator through the Pacific, from New Guinea to Panama
• Completed
in 1995, still operating
1.3 Content and Overview
http://tao.ndbc.noaa.gov/
• 12 Review and Outlook
– 12.1 Review – 12.2 Outlook
1.3 Content and Overview
[TN16]
• [ AS14]
Albertz, J.; Scholten, F.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 5. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.
• [Ba05]
Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [BCKO10]
Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van;
Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry – Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2010.
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 9
Chap. 2, 3
• [Be08]
Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information
Systems – An Introduction.
3. Ed., Wiley, 2008.
• [Be11]
Bertin, J.: Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps. ESRI Press, 2011.
• [Bi16]
Bill, R.: Grundlagen der Geo-Informations- systeme. 6. Aufl., Wichmann, 2016.
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 4, 5
• [CW11]
Campbell, J.B.; Wynne, R.H.: Introduction to Remote Sensing. 5. Ed., Guilford Publ., 2011.
• [EE04]
Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und Datenmodellierung. dpunk, 2004.
• [Gü10]
Günther, O.: Environmental Information Systems. Springer, 2010.
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 9
• [He14]
Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS – Eine Einführung. 2. Aufl., Wissen-
schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.
• [HGM02]
Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.
8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.
• [KGB11]
Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle Spatial. Apress, 2011.
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 2.4, 3
Chap. 7.3
Chap. 2, 3, 4
• [KO09]
Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography – Visualization of Spatial Data. 3. Ed., Pearson Education Limited, 2009.
• [La13]
Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und Praxis. 3. Aufl., Springer, 2013.
• [LKC15]
Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote
Sensing and Image Interpretation. 7. Ed., Wiley, 2015.
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 5.1, 5.2
Chap. 9
• [Sa06]
Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier
Science & Technology, 2006.
• [SX08]
Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.
• [WD04]
Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.:
GIS: A Computing Perspective.
2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 47
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 3, 4
Chap. 5
• [BO79]
Bentley, J.L.; Ottmann, T.: Algorithms for Reporting and Counting Geometric Intersections. IEEE Transactions on Computers 28(9), 1979, pp. 643–647.
• [DP73]
Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points required to represent a
digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian Cartographer 10(2), 1973, pp. 112–122.
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [Gu84]
Guttman, A.: R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for
Spatial Searching. In Proc. "SIGMOD Conference", 1984, pp. 47–57.
• [HBS11]
Huang, H.; Brenner, C.; Sester, M.: 3D Building Roof Reconstruction from Point Clouds via Generative
Models. In Proc. "19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, ACM-GIS", 2011, pp. 16–24.
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [MMG12]
Marti, E.D.; Martin, D.; Garcia, J.; de la Escalera, A.; Molina, J.M.; Armingol, J.M.: Context-Aided Sensor Fusion for Enhanced Urban Navigation. Sensors, 2012, 12, pp. 16802–16837.
• [NGNSW07]
Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf, C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie
(MdBKG), Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [NHS84]
Nievergelt, J.; Hinterberger, H.; Sevcik, K.C.: The Grid File: An Adaptable, Symmetric Multikey File Structure. ACM Transactions on Database
Systsems, 9(1), 1984, pp. 38–71.
• [NKP08]
Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung von Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS- Bestandsdatenauszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008, pp. 83–92 .
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [NPW06]
Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung karten- ähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung und Platzierung von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG, Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.
• [NSe01]
Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der Program-
miersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation des Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur Erhaltung rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [PP97]
Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in
dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermeesungswesen (NaKaVerm),
Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.
• [Se00]
Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.
• [Se07]
Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen Präsentationen im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY.
MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 53
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [SH95]
Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie- typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995, pp. 209–224.
• [St12]
Storandt, S.: Quick and Energy-Efficient Routes – Computing Constrained Shortest Paths for Electric
Vehicles. In Proc. "ACM SIGSPATIAL Int. Workshop on Computational Transportation Science", 2012, pp. 20–25.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 54
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [TN12]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Combining Web Map Services and Opinion Mining to generate Sentiment Maps of
Touristic Locations. In Proc. "Int. Symposium on Service Oriented Mapping", M. Jobst (Ed.), Wien 2012, pp. 277–286.
• [TN16]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: A Displacement Method for Maps Showing Dense Sets of Points of Interest. In
"Progress in Cartography", Lecture Notes in
Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 3–16.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 55
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [Bu10]
Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von
Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Bu11]
Budgenhagen, B.: Visuelle Darstellung des Überganges von Polygonen zu Linienzügen durch Rasterisierung und
topologische Skelettierung. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
• [Da12]
Darda, R.: Visuelle Darstellung von Rasterisierung und Blockcodierung vektorbasierter Polygone. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.
1.4 Literature – Student Works
• [Hu14]
Huy, M.: Ein durch Kriging berechnetes Höhenmodell aus Wikipedia-Daten. Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2014.
• [Lu13]
Luthmann, L.: Erzeugung von speziellen zweidimen-
sionalen Parkettierungen. Bachelorarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.
• [Me11]
Menzel, M.: Übergang von Polygonen zu Linienzügen:
Implementierung des Petzold/Plümer-Verfahrens.
Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 57
1.4 Literature – Student Works
• [Me12]
Menzel, M.:Verknüpfung von Radar-Höhendaten und OSM- Flächendaten zur Realisierung eines einfachen Stadtmodells am Beispiel von Braunschweig. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.
• [Ra10]
Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten
Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL- Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Sc11]
Schön, A.: Erstellung aktueller Windkarten für Deutschland durch Web-Mining und Inverse-Distance-Weighting.
Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 58