Geographic Information

(1)

Spatial Databases and

Geographic Information Systems

Karl Neumann Sarah Tauscher

Institut für Informationssysteme

Technische Universität Braunschweig

http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de

(2)

1.1 Motivation

1.2 Organizational Issues 1.3 Content and Overview 1.4 Literature

Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 2

1 Introduction

http://www.radcyberzine.com/

(3)

• Route planning

1.1 Motivation

http://www.viamichelin.de/

(4)

• Sentiment maps

1.1 Motivation

[TN12]

(5)

• Search for point of interest

1.1 Motivation

(6)

• Tree register

1.1 Motivation

http://www.baumbuero.de/

http://falk-weihs.com/

(7)

• Railway noise prediction

1.1 Motivation

http://www.braunschweig.de/

(8)

• Ship tracking

– "Halunder Jet"

• Ship type:

passenger

• Built: 2003

• Size: 59×12 m

– Arrival at Helgoland

(~ 12:45 – 13:15 h)

1.1 Motivation

http://www.vesselfinder.com/

(9)

• Land cover - Germany

1.1 Motivation

http://www.corine.dfd.dlr.de/

(10)

• Lecture

– 20.10.2017 – 02.02.2018 – 9:45 – 12:00

– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture – URL: www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/teaching/ws-1718/gis

• Credits: 5

1.2 Organizational Issues

(11)

• Exams

– Oral exam

– 05. – 09. 02.2018

– Register at examination office

– Get an appointment

at the Ifis secretariat

→ Regine Dalkiran

1.2 Organizational Issues

(12)

• 2 Spatial Data Modelling

– 2.1 Introduction – 2.2 Geometry

– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models

• Outline extraction for polygons

– 2.4 Topology

1.3 Content and Overview

(13)

– 2.5 Fields

• Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)

– 2.6 AAA-Project – 2.7 Operations – 2.8 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview















ⁿ

i

u i n

i

i u

i

z d

d P

1 1

) f(

0 with u

and __i _d_i _ ₀

(14)

• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data

– 3.1 Properties of Maps

– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color

• For maps and map series the signatures on-hand, fonts, and colors are specified in signature catalogs and color tables

1.3 Content and Overview

(15)

– 3.3 Geometric Generalization

• Douglas/Peucker algorithm

– 3.4 Label and Symbol Placement – 3.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

(16)

• 4 Spatial Queries

– 4.1 Development of SQL – 4.2 Core SQL Queries

– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL

• Distance calculation between points P

₁

(x

₁

, y

₁

), P

₂

(x

₂

, y

₂

)

1.3 Content and Overview

SELECT SQRT(((p2.x-p1.x)**2)+

((p2.y-p1.y)**2)) FROM Points p1, Points p2

WHERE p1.id = ’restaurant’

AND p2.id = ’church’;

(17)

– 4.4 Spatial Extensions of SQL

• Names of owners of adjacent residential buildings

– 4.5 Evaluation of Spatial Queries – 4.6 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

SELECT p1.name, p2.name

FROM Person p1, Person p2, Building b1, Building b2, Owner o1, Owner o2

WHERE p1.persNo = o1.persNo AND p2.persNo = o2.persNo AND b2.typeOfUse = ’residential’ AND o2.buildingId = b2.id AND b1.typeOfUse = ’residential’ AND o1.buildingId = b1.id

AND Touches(b1.groundPlan,b2.groundPlan) AND b1.id < b2.id;

(18)

• 5 Spatial Access Methods

– 5.1 Quadtree – 5.2 R-tree

• Insertion: MBR of the parent node has to be enlarged if the new object is not entirely inside (AdjustTree)

– 5.3 K-d tree

1.3 Content and Overview

(19)

– 5.4 BSP tree – 5.5 Grid file

• Exact match query

– 5.6 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

10.1, 54.3 Kiel 10.3, 52.2 Braunschweig 11.5, 51.0 Jena

6

2

0

S₁ 1 ¹⁰ 3

12

4

15

5

45

2

0

S₂ 1 ⁴⁹ 3

55

4 find (10.3,52.2)

(20)

• 6 Spatial Data and XML

– 6.1 Standards – 6.2 XML

• Main components of XML are elements, attributes, entities

• Attributes specify additional properties of elements

– 6.3 GML

1.3 Content and Overview

<text font-family= "Arial" font-weight= "bold" font-size= "350"

stroke= "#FFFFFF" fill= "#FFFFFF" x= "-130.0" y="115.0">

U </text>

(21)

– 6.4 SVG

• Path instruction for complex shapes, lines, and areas

– 6.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

<path d="M -200.0 145.0 L -118.0 88.0 -94.0 97.0 -94.0 72.0 -148.0 72.0 -148.0 -27.0 -94.0 -27.0

-94.0 -152.0 33.0 -200.0 161.0 -134.0 161.0 80.0 200.0 115.0 132.0 200.0 62.0

150.0 62.0 72.0 0.0 72.0 0.0 150.0 -73.0 200.0 Z“ fill= "#FF0000"/>

<path d="M 0.0 -27.0 L 0.0 -119.0 62.0 -95.0 62.0 -27.0 Z"

fill= "#FFFFFF"/>

</g>

(22)

• 7 Application Programming

– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages – 7.2 PostgreSQL and JDBC

• For processing geometric attributes special Java classes and methods are offered

• They are subclasses of class "PGobject"

– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC

– 7.4 Processing of GML-based Data – 7.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

(23)

• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information Systems

– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software

– 8.2 Hybrid vs.

Integrated Systems

1.3 Content and Overview

(24)

– 8.3 Clients and Servers

• PostGIS extends PostgreSQL by implementing missing types and functions

– 8.4 Web-based Spatial Databases – 8.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection(

ST_GeomFromText(

'MULTIPOLYGON(((-77 56,-52 18,-88 -27,

-10 -13,-11 38,-77 56)))'), ST_GeomFromText(

'MULTIPOLYGON(((-49 63,-32 24,-39 -7,-66 -19, -72 -9,-74 31,-49 63)))')));

(25)

• 9 Remote Sensing

– 9.1 Physical Basics

– 9.2 Recording Techniques

• Radar: Azimuth resolution AR

depends on beam width (β) and the ground

range distance (GR)

1.3 Content and Overview

B GR₂

GR₁

R₂ R₁

A

A β B

[LKC15]

(26)

– 9.3 Image Processing

– 9.4 Thematic Classification

• Classification with iterative k-means clustering (k=3 was chosen)

– 9.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

(27)

• 10 Location Based Services

– 10.1 Positioning

• Global Positioning System (GPS):

Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/

lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf

[La13]

(28)

http://www.zess.uni-siegen.de/

– 10.2 Car Navigation

• Inertial navigation system:

Three gyroscopes and three accelerometers (MEMS sensors)

– 10.3 Map Matching – 10.4 Privacy

– 10.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

(29)

• 11 Environmental Information Systems

– 11.1 Environmental Data

– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data

– 11.3 Monitoring Networks

• Tropical Atmosphere-

Ocean Array (TAO Network)

– 11.4 Laboratory Data – 11.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://tao.ndbc.noaa.gov/

(30)

• 12 Review and Outlook

– 12.1 Review – 12.2 Outlook

1.3 Content and Overview

[TN16]

(31)

• [ AS14]

Albertz, J.; Scholten, F.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 5. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.

• [Ba05]

Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.

• [BCKO10]

Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van;

Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry – Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2010.

1.4 Literature – Books

 Chap. 9

 Chap. 2, 3

(32)

• [Be08]

Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information

Systems – An Introduction.

3. Ed., Wiley, 2008.

• [Be11]

Bertin, J.: Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps. ESRI Press, 2011.

• [Bi16]

Bill, R.: Grundlagen der Geo-Informations- systeme. 6. Aufl., Wichmann, 2016.

1.4 Literature – Books

 Chap. 4, 5

(33)

• [CW11]

Campbell, J.B.; Wynne, R.H.: Introduction to Remote Sensing. 5. Ed., Guilford Publ., 2011.

• [EE04]

Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und Datenmodellierung. dpunk, 2004.

• [Gü10]

Günther, O.: Environmental Information Systems. Springer, 2010.

1.4 Literature – Books

 Chap. 9

(34)

• [He14]

Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS – Eine Einführung. 2. Aufl., Wissen-

schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.

• [HGM02]

Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.

8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.

• [KGB11]

Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle Spatial. Apress, 2011.

1.4 Literature – Books

 Chap. 2.4, 3

 Chap. 7.3

 Chap. 2, 3, 4

(35)

• [KO15]

Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography – Visualization of Spatial Data. 3. Ed., Taylor & Francis, 2015.

• [La13]

Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und Praxis. 3. Aufl., Springer, 2013.

• [LKC15]

Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation. 7. Ed., Wiley, 2015.

1.4 Literature – Books

 Chap. 5.1, 5.2

 Chap. 9

(36)

• [Sa06]

Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier

Science & Technology, 2006.

• [SX08]

Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.

• [WD04]

Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.:

GIS: A Computing Perspective.

2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.

1.4 Literature – Books

 Chap. 3, 4

 Chap. 5

(37)

• [BO79]

Bentley, J.L.; Ottmann, T.: Algorithms for Reporting and Counting Geometric Intersections. IEEE Transactions on Computers 28(9), 1979, pp. 643–647.

• [DP73]

Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points required to represent a

digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian Cartographer 10(2), 1973, pp. 112–122.

1.4 Literature – Articles

(38)

• [Gu84]

Guttman, A.: R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for

Spatial Searching. In Proc. "SIGMOD Conference", 1984, pp. 47–57.

• [HBS11]

Huang, H.; Brenner, C.; Sester, M.: 3D Building Roof Reconstruction from Point Clouds via Generative

Models. In Proc. "19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, ACM-GIS", 2011, pp. 16–24.

1.4 Literature – Articles

(39)

• [MMG12]

Marti, E.D.; Martin, D.; Garcia, J.; de la Escalera, A.; Molina, J.M.; Armingol, J.M.: Context-Aided Sensor Fusion for Enhanced Urban Navigation. Sensors, 2012, 12, pp. 16802–16837.

• [NGNSW07]

Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf, C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie

(MdBKG), Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.

1.4 Literature – Articles

(40)

• [NHS84]

Nievergelt, J.; Hinterberger, H.; Sevcik, K.C.: The Grid File: An Adaptable, Symmetric Multikey File Structure. ACM Transactions on Database

Systsems, 9(1), 1984, pp. 38–71.

• [NKP08]

Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung von Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS- Bestandsdatenauszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008, pp. 83–92 .

1.4 Literature – Articles

(41)

• [NPW06]

Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung karten- ähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung und Platzierung von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG, Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.

• [NSe01]

Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der Program-

miersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation des Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur Erhaltung rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.

1.4 Literature – Articles

(42)

• [PP97]

Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in

dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermeesungswesen (NaKaVerm),

Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.

• [Se00]

Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.

• [Se07]

Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen Präsentationen im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY.

MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.

1.4 Literature – Articles

(43)

• [SH95]

Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie- typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995, pp. 209–224.

• [St12]

Storandt, S.: Quick and Energy-Efficient Routes – Computing Constrained Shortest Paths for Electric

Vehicles. In Proc. "ACM SIGSPATIAL Int. Workshop on Computational Transportation Science", 2012, pp. 20–25.

1.4 Literature – Articles

(44)

• [TN12]

Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Combining Web Map Services and Opinion Mining to generate Sentiment Maps of

Touristic Locations. In Proc. "Int. Symposium on Service Oriented Mapping", M. Jobst (Ed.), Wien 2012, pp. 277–286.

• [TN16]

Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: A Displacement Method for Maps Showing Dense Sets of Points of Interest. In

"Progress in Cartography", Lecture Notes in

Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 3–16.

1.4 Literature – Articles

(45)

• [Bu10]

Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von

Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Bu11]

Budgenhagen, B.: Visuelle Darstellung des Überganges von Polygonen zu Linienzügen durch Rasterisierung und

topologische Skelettierung. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

• [Da12]

Darda, R.: Visuelle Darstellung von Rasterisierung und Blockcodierung vektorbasierter Polygone. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.

1.4 Literature – Student Works

(46)

• [Hu14]

Huy, M.: Ein durch Kriging berechnetes Höhenmodell aus Wikipedia-Daten. Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2014.

• [Lu13]

Luthmann, L.: Erzeugung von speziellen zweidimen-

sionalen Parkettierungen. Bachelorarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.

• [Me11]

Menzel, M.: Übergang von Polygonen zu Linienzügen:

Implementierung des Petzold/Plümer-Verfahrens.

Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

1.4 Literature – Student Works

(47)

• [Ra10]

Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL-Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU

Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Sp10]

Spannknebel, J.: Visualisierung der Splitmöglichkeiten beim R-Baum. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Zo13]

Zorigoo-Graap, S.: Konstruktion und anspruchsvolle Visualisierung von experimentellen Variogrammen mit XFig und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.