Geographic Information

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Spatial Databases and

Geographic Information Systems

Karl Neumann Sarah Tauscher

Institut für Informationssysteme

Technische Universität Braunschweig http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de

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1.1 Motivation

1.2 Organizational Issues 1.3 Content and Overview 1.4 Literature

1 Introduction

http://www.radcyberzine.com/

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• Weather radar

1.1 Motivation

http://www.wetter.com/wetter_aktuell/

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• Route planning

1.1 Motivation

http://www.viamichelin.de/

(5)

• Sentiment maps

1.1 Motivation

[TN12]

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• City model

1.1 Motivation

visualization tool: [Me12]

(7)

• Green light optimal speed advisory

1.1 Motivation

http://www.ampelmeter.com/

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• Tree register

1.1 Motivation

http://www.baumbuero.de/

http://falk-weihs.com/

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• Railway noise prediction

1.1 Motivation

http://www.braunschweig.de/

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• Container tracking

1.1 Motivation

http://www.mark-itservices.com/

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• Lecture

– 25. 10.2013 - 07.02.2014 – 9:45 - 12:00

– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture – URL:

www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/

teaching/ws-1314/gis

• Credits: 4 or 5

(depending on your course of study)

1.2 Organizational Issues

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• Exams

– Oral exam

– 10. -14. 02.2014

– Register at examination office

– Get an appointment

at the Ifis secretariat

→ Regine Dalkiran

1.2 Organizational Issues

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• 2 Spatial Data Modelling

– 2.1 Introduction – 2.2 Geometry

– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models – 2.4 Topology

– 2.5 Fields

– 2.6 AAA-Project – 2.7 Operations – 2.8 Summary

Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13

1.3 Content and Overview

http://skagit.meas.ncsu.edu/~helena/gmslab/interp/F1a.gif

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– Spatial object/Geoobject: element to model real world data in geographic information system

– Are described by spatial data (geodata)

– Spatial information: custom-designed spatial data – Chief difference to “conventional” objects

(“What’s so special about spatial?”):

• Geometry

• Topology

1.3 Content and Overview

http://speedymole.com/Tubes/Paris/

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– Vector: minimum distance between a point and a line

– Raster: distance matrices for distance determination

1.3 Content and Overview

http://worboys.duckham.org/

city block metric chessboard metric Euclidean distance of centers

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• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data

– 3.1 Properties of Maps

– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color

– 3.3 Geometric Generalization

– 3.4 Label and Symbol

Placement – 3.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://homepage.univie.ac.at/.../Janschitz_Text.pdf

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– Challenges

• Projection of the 3D surface on two dimensions (paper, film, screen)

• Selection of the spatial objects and their attributes to be displayed

• Generalization of geometric and

thematic properties (simplify, omit depending on scale)

• Exaggeration and displacement

(e.g. river valley with roads and railway lines)

1.3 Content and Overview

http://maps.google.de/

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– Douglas/Peucker algorithm

1. given: polyline L, threshold g

2. determine line between the start and end point of L,

3. determine the point of L that is furthest from the line segment

4. if distance > g then the point is

significant, repeat procedure for both sub-lines,

otherwise remove all the points between the start and end point of L

1.3 Content and Overview

http://en.wiki.mcneel.com/

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• 4 Spatial Queries

– 4.1 Development of SQL – 4.2 Core SQL Queries

– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL

– 4.4 Spatial Extension of the

Relational Algebra

– 4.5 Spatial Extensions of SQL

– 4.6 Evaluation of Spatial Queries – 4.7 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Query 6:

Ids of churches which are located no more than 2 km from a car park

Building(id: String, typeOfUse: String, groundPlan: Polygon) π_id1(σDistance(Centroid(groundPlan1),

Centroid(groundPlan2))<2000

(σtypeOfUse1=′church′∧typeOfUse2=′car park′

(Building × Building)))

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Therefore evaluation of spatial queries in 2 steps

• Filter step

– Determination of possible hits by evaluation on spatial approximation (lower costs)

• Refinement step

– Evaluation on accurate geometry only for objects of the filter step

1.3 Content and Overview

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• 5 Spatial Access Methods

– 5.1 Quadtree – 5.2 R-tree

– 5.3 K-d tree – 5.4 BSP tree – 5.5 Grid file – 5.6 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

15 23

13 28

24 28 26 11

8 17 9

31 3 27

29 18 17

5

21 22 4 7

A

C

B

D

F

E

H G

J

I

K

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– Problems

• Only suitable for points

• False positives, the solutions supplied by the index have to be verified

• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Split at a data points or at an arbitrary points – Choice of split dimension

• Alternating or dimension with the largest extent

– Choice of split position

• Median or average

1 2

2

3 3

1.3 Content and Overview

1 2

2 3

3

1 2 3 4 6 5

1 2

4 3 2

3

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• 6 Spatial Data and XML

– 6.1 Standards – 6.2 XML

– 6.3 GML – 6.4 SVG

– 6.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Example: a DTD of a city

1.3 Content and Overview

<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)>

<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT area(polygon+)>

<!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point, point, point*)>

<!ELEMENT point(x, y)>

<!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>

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– Path instruction for complex shapes, lines and areas

• Element’s attributes include the attribute “d” for specifying the points of the path

• Attribute “d” contains further commands for the interpretation of the points

• E.g. a point may be the begin or the end of a curve or of a line

1.3 Content and Overview

<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"

d="M 130 0 L -50 0 0 -180 50 0"

fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="20"

stroke-linejoin="miter"

stroke-width="12" stroke="&baumgrün;"/>

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• 7 Application Programming

– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages – 7.2 Postgres and JDBC

– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC

– 7.4 Processing of GML- based Data

– 7.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

[KGB04]

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– For processing geometric attributes the special Java class "JGeometry" is offered

– JGeometry maps the SDO_GEOMETRY data type (STRUCT) to a more convenient class

– Numerous basic methods for accessing spatial information are offered, including

• createCircle, createPoint, createLinearPolygon, equals, getDimensions, getElemInfo, getFirstPoint, getJavaPoint, getJavaPoints, getLastPoint, getNumPoints,

getOrdinatesArray, getSize, getType, isCircle, isPoint, isRectangle, load, setType, store, toString

1.3 Content and Overview

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• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information Systems

– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software

– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated Systems

– 8.3 Clients and Servers – 8.4 Web-based Spatial

Databases – 8.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

[SX08]

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– Architecture of GIS can be roughly classified

• File based

• Hybrid

• Layer-oriented

• Integrated

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Selection of some common GIS Servers

• ESRI

– ArcGIS – ArcIMS – ArcSDE

• GRASS

• Smallworld

• Oracle Spatial

• Postgres, PostGIS

1.3 Content and Overview

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• 9 Remote Sensing

– 9.1 Physical Basics

– 9.2 Recording Techniques – 9.3 Image Processing

– 9.4 Thematic Classification – 9.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://saturn.unibe.ch/.../Fotogrammetrie-Bildflug.pdf

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– System characteristics

• Recording techniques

– Radiometric resolution – Geometric resolution

• Platform

– Kind of platform – Altitude

– Orbit – Period

• Mission

– Temporal coverage – Spatial coverage

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.wdr.de/tv/quarks/

http://www.dlr.de/

http://www.chip.de/

http://www.maritime-technik.de/

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– Example: aerial photo of Braunschweig

• Altitude approximately 1600 m

• Ground resolution 10 cm

• Color reversal film

• Central projection

• 21. April 2005

1.3 Content and Overview

www.braunschweig.de/.../luftbilder.html

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• 10 Location Based Services

– 10.1 Positioning

– 10.2 Car Navigation – 10.3 Map Matching – 10.4 Privacy

– 10.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://de.wikipedia.org/

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– Application examples

1.3 Content and Overview

Push Services Pull Services Person-

oriented

Communication A message is pushed to you asking whether you allow a friend to locate you

You request from a friend finder application who is near you

Information You get an alert that a terror alarm has been issued by the city you are in

You look for the nearest cinema in your area and navigation instructions to get there M-Commerce

and Advertising

A discount voucher is being sent to you from a restaurant in the area you are in

You look for events happening in the area you are in

Device- oriented

An alert is sent to you from an asset-tracking application that one of your shipments has just deviated from its foreseen route

You request information on where your truck fleet currently is located in the country

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– Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth

• Measuring the runtime of signals between the satellite and the GPS-receiver, from which the distance and the position can be deduced (trilateration)

• The transmitted signal describes

a circular sphere centered at the satellite on whose surface the

signal is received at the same

time → circular baseline of

equal receiving times on earth

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/

lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf

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• 11 Environmental Information Systems

– 11.1 Environmental Data

– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data – 11.3 Monitoring Networks

– 11.4 Laboratory Data – 11.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/

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– Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island

• For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of Maine

• Network of 32 sensor nodes

• 9 nodes in different breeding caves

• Temperature measurement in

the nest (presence of the old birds)

• Additional nodes for measurement of air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding

• Example of peer-to-peer sensor network

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.wired.com/

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• 12 Review and Outlook

– 12.1 Review – 12.2 Outlook

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www-kdd.isti.cnr.it/NWA

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• [

Al09]

Albertz, J.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung.

4. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2009.

• [Ba05]

Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.

• [BCKO10]

Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van;

Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry – Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2010.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [Be08]

Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information

Systems – An Introduction.

3. Ed., Wiley, 2008.

• [Be11]

Bertin, J.: Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps. ESRI Press, 2011.

• [EE04]

Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und Datenmodellierung. dpunkt.verlag, 2004.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [Ei02]

Eisenberg, J.D.: SVG Essentials. O’Reilly, 2002.

• [Fi05]

Fischer-Stabel, P. (Hrsg.): Umwelt- informationssysteme. Wichmann, 2005.

• [Gü10]

Günther, O.: Environmental Information Systems. Springer, 2010.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [He06]

Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS – Eine Einführung. Wissenschaftliche

Buchgesellschaft, 2006.

• [HGM02]

Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.

8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.

• [KGB07]

Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle Spatial. Apress, 2007.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [KO09]

Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography – Visualization of Spatial Data. 3. Ed., Pearson Education Limited, 2009.

• [La13]

Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und Praxis. 3. Aufl., Springer, 2013.

• [LKC08]

Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation. 6. Ed., Wiley, 2008.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [PA04]

Plümer, L.; Asche, H. (Hrsg.): Geoinformation – Neue Medien für eine neue Disziplin.

Wichmann, 2004.

• [RSV02]

Rigaux, P.; Scholl, M.; Voisard, A.: Spatial Databases with Application to GIS. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.

• [Sa06]

Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science

& Technology, 2006.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [SaS03]

Saake, G.; Sattler, K.-U.: Datenbanken & Java.

2. Aufl., dpunkt.Verlag, 2003.

• [SC03]

Shashi, S.; Chawlanjay, C.: Spatial Databases – A Tour. Prentice Hall, 2003.

• [SV04]

Schiller, J.; Voisard, A. (Eds.): Location-Based Services. Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [SX08]

Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.

• [UW06]

Ueberschär, N.; Winter, A.: Visualisieren von Geodaten mit SVG im Internet. Wichmann, 2006.

• [WD04]

Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.

1.4 Literature – Books

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• [BO79]

Bentley, J.L.; Ottmann, T.: Algorithms for Reporting and Counting Geometric Intersections. IEEE Transactions on Computers 28(9), 1979, pp. 643–647.

• [DP73]

Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points required to represent a

digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian

Cartographer, Jhrg. 10, Heft 2, 1973, pp. 112–122.

1.4 Literature – Articles

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• [Gu84]

Guttman, A.: R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for

Spatial Searching. In Proc. "SIGMOD Conference", 1984, 47–57.

• [HBS11]

Huang, H.; Brenner, C.; Sester, M.: 3D Building Roof Reconstruction from Point Clouds via Generative

Models. In Proc. "19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, ACM-GIS", 2011, pp. 16–24.

1.4 Literature – Articles

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• [NGNSW07]

Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf, C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. MdBKG,

Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.

• [NHS84]

Nievergelt, J.; Hinterberger, H.; Sevcik, K.C.: The Grid File:

An Adaptable, Symmetric Multikey File Structure. ACM

Transactions on Database Systsems, 9(1), 1984, pp. 38–71.

1.4 Literature – Articles

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• [NKP08]

Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung von

Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-Bestandsdaten- auszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008, pp. 83–92.

• [NMK04]

Neumann, K.; Mathiak, B.; Kupfer, A.: Modellierung und kartographische Visualisierung von Geodaten mit XML-

basierten Sprachen. Proc. “Modellierung 2004”, B. Rumpe, W. Hesse (Hrsg.), LNI P-45, 2004, pp. 93–107.

1.4 Literature – Articles

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• [NPW06]

Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung kartenähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung und Platzierung

von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG, Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.

• [NSe01]

Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der

Programmiersprache Java vorgestellt an einer

Modifikation des Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur Erhaltung rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001,

pp. 87–97.

1.4 Literature – Articles

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• [PP97]

Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in

dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.

• [Se00]

Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.

• [Se07]

Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen Präsentationen im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY.

MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101

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1.4 Literature – Articles

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• [SH95]

Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie- typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995, pp.

209–224.

• [TN10]

Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Polygonverschneidung mit SQL.

MdBKG, Band 45, 2010, pp. 133–143.

• [TN12]

Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Combining Web Map Services and Opinion Mining to generate Sentiment Maps of Touristic

Locations. In Proc. "Int. Symposium on Service Oriented Mapping", M. Jobst (Ed.), Wien 2012, pp. 277–286.

1.4 Literature – Articles

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• [Bu10]

Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von

Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Bu11]

Budgenhagen, B.: Visuelle Darstellung des Überganges von Polygonen zu Linienzügen durch Rasterisierung und

topologische Skelettierung. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

• [Da12]

Darda, R.: Visuelle Darstellung von Rasterisierung und Blockcodierung vektorbasierter Polygone. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.

1.4 Literature – Student Works

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• [La09]

Latta, C.: Visualisierung der Z-Ordnung realistischer

Punktmengen mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2009.

• [Lu13]

Luthmann, L.: Erzeugung von speziellen zweidimen-

sionalen Parkettierungen. Bachelorarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.

• [Me11]

Menzel, M.: Übergang von Polygonen zu Linienzügen:

Implementierung des Petzold/Plümer-Verfahrens.

Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

1.4 Literature – Student Works

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• [Me12]

Menzel, M.:Verknüpfung von Radar-Höhendaten und OSM- Flächendaten zur Realisierung eines einfachen Stadtmodells am Beispiel von Braunschweig. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.

• [Ra10]

Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten

Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL- Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Sc11]

Schön, A.: Erstellung aktueller Windkarten für Deutschland durch Web-Mining und Inverse-Distance-Weighting.

Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

1.4 Literature – Student Works

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• [Sp10]

Spannknebel, J.: Visualisierung der Splitmöglichkeiten beim R-Baum. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [St11]

Stachowiak, N.: Greedy- und Delaunay-Triangulation von Polygonen im XFig-Format. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

• [Zo13]

Zorigoo-Graap, S.: Konstruktion und anspruchsvolle Visualisierung von experimentellen Variogrammen mit XFig und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.

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