Geographic Information

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Spatial Databases and

Geographic Information Systems

Karl Neumann Sarah Tauscher

Institut für Informationssysteme

Technische Universität Braunschweig http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de

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1.1 Motivation

1.2 Organizational Issues 1.3 Content and Overview 1.4 Literature

1 Introduction

http://www.radcyberzine.com/

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• Weather radar

1.1 Motivation

http://www.wetter.com/wetter_aktuell/

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• Route planning

1.1 Motivation

http://www.viamichelin.de/

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• Car navigation

1.1 Motivation

http://img.alibaba.com/

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• Fallout forecast

1.1 Motivation

http://www.radiation-remedies.com/

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• Search for point of interest

1.1 Motivation

http://www.aponet.de/service/apotheke-finden/

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• Tree register

1.1 Motivation

http://www.baumbuero.de/

http://falk-weihs.com/

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• Railway noise prediction

1.1 Motivation

http://www.braunschweig.de/

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• Container tracking

1.1 Motivation

http://www.mark-itservices.com/

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• Lecture

– 28. 10.2011 - 10.02.2012 – 9:45 - 12:00

– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture – URL:

www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/

teaching/ws-1112/gis

• Credits: 4 or 5

(depending on your course of study)

1.2 Organizational Issues

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• Exams

– Oral exam

– 13. -17. 02.2012

– Register at examination office

– Get an appointment

at the Ifis secretariat

→ Regine Dalkiran

1.2 Organizational Issues

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• 2 Spatial Data Modelling

– 2.1 Introduction – 2.2 Geometry

– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models – 2.4 Topology

– 2.5 Fields

– 2.6 AAA-Project – 2.7 Operations – 2.8 Summary

Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13

1.3 Content and Overview

http://skagit.meas.ncsu.edu/~helena/gmslab/interp/F1a.gif

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– Spatial object/Geoobject: element to model real world data in geographic information system

– Are described by spatial data (geodata)

– Spatial information: custom-designed spatial data – Chief difference to “conventional” objects

(“What’s so special about spatial?”):

• Geometry

• Topology

1.3 Content and Overview

http://speedymole.com/Tubes/Paris/

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– Vector: minimum distance between a point and a line

– Raster: distance matrices for distance determination

1.3 Content and Overview

http://worboys.duckham.org/

city block metric chessboard metric Euclidean distance of cetres

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• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data

– 3.1 Properties of Maps

– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color

– 3.3 Geometric Generalization

– 3.4 Label and Symbol

Placement – 3.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://homepage.univie.ac.at/.../Janschitz_Text.pdf

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– Challenges

• Projection of the 3D surface on two dimensions (paper, film, screen)

• Selection of the spatial objects and their attributes to be displayed

• Generalization of geometric and

thematic properties (simplify, omit depending on scale)

• Exaggeration and displacement

(e.g. river valley with roads and railway lines)

1.3 Content and Overview

http://maps.google.de/

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– Douglas/Peucker algorithm

1. given: polyline L, threshold g

2. determine line between the start and end point of L,

3. determine the point of L that is furthest from the line segment

4. if distance > g then the point is

significant, repeat procedure for both sub-lines,

otherwise remove all the points between the start and end point of L

1.3 Content and Overview

http://en.wiki.mcneel.com/

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• 4 Spatial Queries

– 4.1 Development of SQL – 4.2 Core SQL Queries

– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL

– 4.4 Spatial Extension of the

Relational Algebra

– 4.5 Spatial Extensions of SQL

– 4.6 Evaluation of Spatial Queries – 4.7 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Query 6:

Ids of churches which are located no more than 2 km from a car park

Building(id: string, typeOfUse: String, groundPlan: Polygon) π_id1(σDistance(Centroid(groundPlan1),

Centroid(groundPlan2))<2000

(σtypeOfUse1=′church′∧typeOfUse2=′car park′

(Building × Building)))

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Therefore evaluation of spatial queries in 2 steps

• Filter step

– Determination of possible hits by evaluation on spatial approximation (lower costs)

• Refinement step

– Evaluation on accurate geometry only for objects of the filter step

1.3 Content and Overview

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• 5 Spatial Access Methods

– 5.1 Quadtree – 5.2 R-tree

– 5.3 K-d tree – 5.4 BSP tree – 5.5 Grid file – 5.6 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

15 23 15 23

13 28 13 28

24 28 24 28 26 11 26 11

8 17 8 17 9

31 9 31 3 27

3 27

29 18 29 18 17

5 17

5

21 22 21 22 4 7 4 7

A

C

B

D

F

E

H G

J

I

K

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– Problems

• Only suitable for points

• False positives, the solutions supplied by the index have to be verified

• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Split at a data points or at an arbitrary points – Choice of split dimension

• Alternating or dimension with the largest extent

– Choice of split position

• Median or average

1 2

2

3 3

1.3 Content and Overview

1 2

2 3

3

1 2 3 4 6 5

1 2

4 3 2

3

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• 6 Spatial Data and XML

– 6.1 Standards – 6.2 XML

– 6.3 GML – 6.4 XSLT – 6.5 SVG

– 6.6 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Example: a DTD of a city

1.3 Content and Overview

<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)>

<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT area(polygon+)>

<!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point, point, point*)>

<!ELEMENT point(x, y)>

<!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)>

<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT area(polygon+)>

<!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point, point, point*)>

<!ELEMENT point(x, y)>

<!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>

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– Path instruction for complex shapes, lines and areas

• Element’s attributes include the attribute “d” for specifying the points of the path

• Attribute “d” contains further commands for the interpretation of the points

• E.g. a point may be the begin or the end of a curve or of a line

1.3 Content and Overview

<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"

d="M 130 0 L fill="none" stroke stroke

stroke

<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"

d="M 130 0 L -50 0 0 -180 50 0"

fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="20"

stroke-linejoin="miter"

stroke-width="12" stroke="&baumgrün;"/>

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• 7 Application Programming

– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages – 7.2 Postgres and JDBC

– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC

– 7.4 Processing of GML- based Data

– 7.5 Functional Programming

with Polygons – 7.6 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

[KGB04]

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– For processing geometric attributes the special Java class "JGeometry" is offered

– JGeometry maps the SDO_GEOMETRY data type to a structure (STRUCT)

– Numerous basic methods for accessing spatial information are offered, including

• createCircle, createPoint, createLinearPolygon, equals, getDimensions, getElemInfo, getFirstPoint, getJavaPoint, getJavaPoints, getLastPoint, getNumPoints,

getOrdinatesArray, getSize, getType, isCircle, isPoint, isRectangle, load, setType, store, toString

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Perimeter of polygons

1.3 Content and Overview

(define perimeter (lambda (poly)

(point2 poly))

(define perimeter (lambda (poly) (if (not (null? (trunc-poly poly))) (+ (point-distance (point1 poly)

(point2 poly)) (perimeter (trunc-poly poly))) 0)))

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• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information Systems

– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software

– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated Systems

– 8.3 Clients and Servers – 8.4 Web-based Spatial

Databases – 8.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

[SX08]

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– Architecture of GIS can be roughly classified

• File based

• Hybrid

• Layer-oriented

• Integrated

1.3 Content and Overview

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– Selection of some common GIS Servers

• ESRI

– ArcGIS – ArcIMS – ArcSDE

• GRASS

• Smallworld

• Oracle Spatial

• Postgres, PostGIS

1.3 Content and Overview

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• 9 Remote Sensing

– 9.1 Physical Basics

– 9.2 Recording Techniques – 9.3 Image Processing

– 9.4 Thematic Classification – 9.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://saturn.unibe.ch/.../Fotogrammetrie-Bildflug.pdf

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– System characteristics

• Recording techniques

– Radiometric resolution – Geometric resolution

• Platform

– Kind of platform – Altitude

– Orbit – Period

• Mission

– Temporal coverage – Spatial coverage

1.3 Content and Overview

www.atmos.albany.edu/deas/

atmclasses/atm335/history.pdf

www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de

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– Example: aerial photo of Braunschweig

• Altitude approximately 1600 m

• Ground resolution 10 cm

• Color reversal film

• Central projection

• 21. April 2005

1.3 Content and Overview

www.braunschweig.de/.../luftbilder.html

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• 10 Location Based Services

– 10.1 Positioning

– 10.2 Car Navigation – 10.3 Map Matching – 10.4 Privacy

– 10.5 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://de.wikipedia.org/

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– Application examples

1.3 Content and Overview

Push Services Pull Services Person-

oriented

Communication A message is pushed to you asking whether you allow a friend to locate you

You request from a friend finder application who is near you

Information You get an alert that a terror alarm has been issued by the city you are in

You look for the nearest cinema in your area and navigation instructions to get there M-Commerce

and Advertising

A discount voucher is being sent to you from a restaurant in the area you are in

You look for events happening in the area you are in

Device- oriented

An alert is sent to you from an asset-tracking application that one of your shipments has just deviated from its foreseen route

You request information on where your truck fleet currently is located in the country

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– Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth

• Measuring the runtime of signals between the satellite and the GPS-receiver, from which the distance and the position can be deduced (trilateration)

• The transmitted signal describes

a circular sphere centered at the satellite on whose surface the

signal is received at the same

time → circular baseline of

equal receiving times on earth

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/

lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf

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• 11 Environmental Information Systems

– 11.1 Environmental Data

– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data – 11.3 Monitoring Networks

– 11.4 Laboratory Data

– 11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg

– 11.6 Summary

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/

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– Applications

• Environmental documentation

• Recording, monitoring

• Biotope cadastre

• Radiation detection

• Simulation of environmental processes

• Environmental compatibility assessment

• Informing the public

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.bec-kommunal.de/

http://www.e-c-o.at

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– Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island

• For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of Maine

• Network of 32 sensor nodes

• 9 nodes in different breeding caves

• Temperature measurement in

the nest (presence of the old birds)

• Additional nodes for measurement of air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding

• Example of peer-to-peer sensor network

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www.wired.com/

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• 12 Review and Outlook

– 12.1 Review – 12.2 Outlook

1.3 Content and Overview

http://www-kdd.isti.cnr.it/NWA

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• [Al09] ^{→ Chap. 9}

Albertz, J.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung.

4. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2009.

• [Ba05] → Chap. 2, 3 Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.

• [BCCF07]

Belussi, A.; Catania, B.; Clementini, E.; Ferrari, E.

(Eds.): Spatial Data on the Web – Modeling and Management. Springer, 2007.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [BCKO10]

Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van;

Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry – Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2010.

• [Be08] → Chap. 4, 5

Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information Systems – An Introduction. 3. Ed., Wiley, 2008^.

• [Br08]

Brinkhoff, T.: Geodatenbanksysteme in Theorie und Praxis. 2. Aufl., Wichmann, 2008.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [EE04] → Chap. 6.2

Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und Datenmodellierung. dpunkt.verlag, 2004.

• [Ei02]

Eisenberg, J.D.: SVG Essentials. O’Reilly, 2002.

1.4 Literature - Books

[EE04]

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• [Fi05]

Fischer-Stabel, P. (Hrsg.): Umwelt- informationssysteme. Wichmann, 2005.

• [Gü98]

Günther, O.: Environmental Information Systems. Springer, 1998.

• [He06] → Chap. 2, 3, 4 Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS – Eine

Einführung. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [HGM02] → Chap. 2.4, 3

Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.

8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.

• [HK06]

Herter, M.; Koos, B.: Java und GIS. Wichmann, 2006.

• [Ka08]

Kay, M.: XSLT 2.0 and XPath 2.0 – Programmer’s Reference. 4. Ed., Wrox, 2008.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [KB01]

Kraak, M.-J.; Brown, A. (Eds.):

Web Cartography: Developments and Prospects.

Taylor & Francis London, 2001.

• [KGB07] → Chap. 7.3 Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle

Spatial. Apress, 2007.

• [KO09]

Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography – Visualization of Spatial Data. 3. Ed., Pearson Education Limited, 2009.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [KZe07]

Korduan, P.; Zehner, M. L.: Geoinformation im Internet. Wichmann, 2007.

• [La06] → Chap. 5.1, 5.2 Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und

Praxis. 2. Aufl., Springer, 2006.

• [LKC08] → Chap. 9 Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation. 6. Ed., Wiley, 2008.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [PA04]

Plümer, L.; Asche, H. (Hrsg.): Geoinformation – Neue Medien für eine neue Disziplin.

Wichmann, 2004.

• [RSV02]

Rigaux, P.; Scholl, M.; Voisard, A.: Spatial Databases with Application to GIS. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.

• [Sa06] → Chap. 5

Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science

& Technology, 2006.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [SaS03] → Chap. 7.1 Saake, G.; Sattler, K.-U.: Datenbanken & Java.

2. Aufl., dpunkt.Verlag, 2003.

• [SC03]

Shashi, S.; Chawlanjay, C.: Spatial Databases – A Tour. Prentice Hall, 2003.

• [SV04]

Schiller, J.; Voisard, A. (Eds.): Location-Based Services. Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [SX08]

Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.

• [UW06]

Ueberschär, N.; Winter, A.: Visualisieren von Geodaten mit SVG im Internet. Wichmann, 2006.

• [WD04] → Chap. 3, 4 Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing

Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.

1.4 Literature - Books

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• [WS06]

Wade, T.; Sommer, S. (Eds.): A to Z GIS: An Illustrated Dictionary of Geographic Information Systems. 2. Ed., ESRI, 2006.

1.4 Literature - Books

[WS06]

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• [Ba08]

Baumann, P.: Konzeptuelle Modellierung von Geodiensten.

Informatik-Spektrum, Band 31, Nr. 5, 2008, pp. 435–450.

• [Br07]

Breunig, M.: Geodatenbankforschung: Rückblick und

Perspektiven aus Sicht der Informatik. Datenbank-Spektrum, Band 21, Nr. 20, 2007, pp. 5–14.

• [DP73]

Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points required to represent a digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian Cartographer, Jhrg. 10, Heft 2, 1973, pp. 112–122.

1.4 Literature - Articles

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• [Gü94]

Güting, R.H.: An Introduction to Spatial Database

Systems. VLDB Journal, Band 3, Nr. 4, 1994, pp. 357–399.

• [Ne02] → Chap. 7.5 Neumann, K.: Funktionales Programmieren mit Poly-

gonen. Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie, (MdBKG), Band 22, 2002, pp. 125–136.

• [NE03] → Chap. 6.3

Neumann, K.; Eckstein, S.: Geography Markup Language (GML) – Eine Einführung aus Informatiksicht. MdBKG, Band 24, 2003, pp. 103–111.

1.4 Literature - Articles

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• [NGNSW07]

Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf, C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. MdBKG,

Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.

• [NKM05]

Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.;

Mathiak, B.: Umsetzung des

Signaturenkataloges SK25 bei der XML-basierten Erzeugung kartenähnlicher

Graphiken. MdBKG, Band 34, 2005, pp. 107–118.

1.4 Literature - Articles

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• [NKP08] → Chap. 7.4

Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung von

Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-Bestandsdaten- auszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008, pp. 83–92.

• [NMK04]

Neumann, K.; Mathiak, B.; Kupfer, A.: Modellierung und kartographische Visualisierung von Geodaten mit XML-

basierten Sprachen. Proc. “Modellierung 2004”, B. Rumpe, W. Hesse (Hrsg.), LNI P-45, 2004, pp. 93–107.

1.4 Literature - Articles

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• [NPW06] → Chap. 3.4

Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung kartenähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung und Platzierung

von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG, Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.

• [NSe01]

Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der

Programmiersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation des

Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur Erhaltung rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.

1.4 Literature - Articles

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• [PP97]

Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in

dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, (NaKaVerm),

Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.

• [Se00]

Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels

Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.

1.4 Literature - Articles

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• [Se07]

Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen

Präsentationen im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY. MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.

• [SH95]

Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie- typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995, pp. 209–224.

• [TN10]

Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Polygonverschneidung mit SQL. MdBKG, Band 45, 2010, pp. 133–143.

1.4 Literature - Articles

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• [Br09]

Bruchno, S.: Realisierung einer Beispiel-Anwendung mit PostgreSQL, JDBC und geometrischen Datentypen.

Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2009.

• [Bu10]

Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von

Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Bu11]

Budgenhagen, B.: Visuelle Darstellung des Überganges von Polygonen zu Linienzügen durch Rasterisierung und

topologische Skelettierung. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011

.

1.4 Literature – Student Works

(63)

• [La09]

Latta, C.: Visualisierung der Z-Ordnung realistischer

Punktmengen mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2009

• [Me11]

Menzel, M.: Übergang von Polygonen zu Linienzügen:

Implementierung des Petzold/Plümer-Verfahrens.

Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

• [Ra10]

Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL-Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU

Braunschweig, 2010.

1.4 Literature – Student Works

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