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[1] CASTILLO BONET, M., “Dealing with Uncertainty in Integrated Electricity Planning”, in Integrated Electricity Resource Planning (de Almeida, A.T., et al., Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (1994).

[2] CROUSILLAT, E.O., DÖRFNER, P., ALVARADO, P. AND MERRILL, H.M., “Conflicting Objectives and Risk in Power System Planning”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8, No. 3 (August 1993).

[3] VLADU, I.F., “Energy Chain Analysis for Comparative Assessment in the Power Sector”, in Electricity, Health and the Environment: Comparative Assessment in Support of Decision Making (Proc. Int. Symp., Vienna, 16-19 October 1995), IAEA Proceedings Series, STI/PUB/975, IAEA, Vienna (1996).

[4] WORLD BANK, GTZ, ÖKO-INSTITUTE, The Environmental Manual for Power Development, An Introduction to the EM Version 1.0, Darmstatt (1995).

[5] HAMILTON, B., et. al., Energy and Power Evaluation Program (ENPEP) Documentation and User's Manual, Report ANL/EES-TM-317 Rev. 1 (September 1994), Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago (1994).

[6] TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Energy Vision 2020 - An Integrated Resource Plan and Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, Chattanooga, Tennessee (1995)

[7] SCHRATTENHOLZER, L., Assessment of Personal Computer Models for Energy Planning in Developing Countries, World Bank, Washington, DC (1991).

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