The Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta based on literature evaluation

Mass flights of large quantities of individuals of the Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta L^INNAEUS 1758 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at the coast of the North Sea in the northwestern part of Germany have been observed on the island Helgoland northnorthwest of Bremerhaven where abundant individuals each and hundreds of individuals have flown on 25.08.1873 (H^EINRICH G^ÄTKE in S^EITZ 1936), in August 1976 (SCHURIAN 1977) and on 13.06.2007 and 13.08.2007 (T. FALKE in HENSLE 2008a), re-spectively, which has been two days after the new moon on 23.08.1873, around and between the full moon on 09.08.1976 and the new moon on 20.08.1976, two days before the new moon on 15.06.2007 and on the new moon on 13.08.2007, respectively; on the Düne east of Helgoland north-northwest of Bremerhaven where numerous individuals have flown on 31.05.2008 (T. F^ALKE in HENSLE 2009a) which has been three days before the new moon on 03.06.2008; on the island Sylt westnorthwest of Flensburg where abundant individuals each have flown on 16.08.1973 (S^CHURIAN 1974) and around 20.08.1976 (SCHURIAN 1977) which has been two days after the full moon on 14.08.1973 and around the full moon on 20.08.1976, respectively; on the island Sylt westnorthwest of Flensburg where masses of individuals have flown on 21.08.1996 (HARBICH 1998) which has

been two days before the increasing half moon on 23.08.1996 between the new moon on 14.08.1996 and the full moon on 28.08.1996, around Westerland at the western margin of the cen-tral part of the island Sylt westnorthwest of Flensburg where thousands of individuals have flown on 09.08.2003 – 10.08.2003 (BARWINSKI 2004, HENSLE 2004a) which has been two and three days before the full moon on 12.08.2003, on the island Römö south of Esbjerg in the southwestern part of Denmark where 60 individuals have flown on 15.08.1973 (SCHURIAN 1974) which has been one day after the full moon on 14.08.1973; on the Hallig Gröde northwest of Husum where hundreds of individuals and numerous individuals each have flown on 13.08.1977 – 15.08.1977 (LOBENSTEIN

1978) as well as on 07.09.2000 and 01.10.2000 (HENSLE 2001b), respectively, which has been on and two days before the new moon on 15.08.1977, one day after the increasing half moon on 06.09.2000 between the new moon on 29.08.2000 and the full moon on 13.09.2000, and four days after the new moon on 27.09.2000, respectively; on the Hallig Gröde northwest of Husum where several hundreds of individuals each have flown and have sucked juice on overmature fruits on 03.08.1999 and 04.09.1999 – 07.09.1999 (HENSLE 2001a) which has been two days before the de-creasing half moon on 05.08.1999 between the full moon on 28.07.1999 and the new moon on 11.08.1999 as well as several days before the new moon on 10.09.1999, respectively; on the Hallig Gröde northwest of Husum where abundant individuals each have flown on 26.08.2001, 21.09.2001 and 22.10.2001 (HENSLE 2002a) which has been on the increasing half moon on 26.08.2001 between the new moon on 19.08.2001 and the full moon on 03.09.2001, four days after the new moon on 17.09.2001, and three days before the increasing half moon on 25.10.2001 between the new moon on 16.10.2001 and the full moon on 01.11.2001, respectively; near Schlüttsiel southsoutheast of Dagebüll northnorthwest of Husum where abt. 300 individuals have flown on 05.10.1968 (BRUNO P.

KREMER in HARZ 1969) which has been one day before the full moon on 06.10.1968; in Sankt Peter-Ording southwest of Husum where hundreds or thousands of individuals have flown daily on 15.08.1966 – 20.08.1966 (ACHIM PFEIFFER in HARZ 1967a) and numerous individuals have flown on 15.09.1997 (H^ENSLE 2000c) which has been one day before and several days after the new moon on 16.08.1966 as well as one day before the full moon on 16.09.1997, respectively; on the island Bal-trum northeast of Norden where abt. 250 individuals have flown on 15.10.2005 – 16.10.2005 (J.

KAMP in HENSLE 2006a) which has been one and two days before the full moon on 17.10.2005, in the vicinity of Bremerhaven and Hannover where numerous individuals have flown on 01.10.1973 (S^CHURIAN 1974) which has been five days after the new moon on 26.09.1973, in Schiffdorf east of Bremerhaven where abundant individuals have flown on 23.08.002 (HENSLE 2003) which has been two days after the full moon on 21.08.2002, around the mouth of the river Weser near Bremerhaven where abt. 170 individuals have flown on 03.10.1982 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been on the full moon on 03.10.1982; on the island Pagensand in the mouth of the river Elbe north-west of Hamburg where abt. 30 individuals, abt. 150 individuals, abt. 120 individuals and abt. 20 individuals have flown on 25.09.1997 – 28.09.1997 (HENSLE 2000c), in the period of 09.09.2000 – 04.10.2000 (H^ENSLE 2002a), on 05.09.2001 – 06.09.2001 (H^ENSLE 2002a) and on 07.11.2002 (H^ENSLE 2003), respectively, which has been three to six days before the new moon on 01.10.1997, around and between the full moon on 13.09.2001 and the new moon on 27.09.2001, two and three days after the full moon on 03.09.2001, and three days after the full moon on 04.11.2002, respectively;

around Hamburg where abundant individuals have flown on 22.05.1920 – 23.05.1920 (SELZER in W^ARNECKE 1924) which has been four to five days after the new moon on 18.05.1920; in the vicinity of Hamburg, Kiel and Herzberg am Harz southeast of Osterode where numerous individuals have flown on 04.10.1973 – 06.10.1973 (S^CHURIAN 1974) which has been around the increasing half moon on 05.10.1973 between the new moon on 26.09.1973 and the full moon on 12.10.1973; at the mouth of the river Ems south of Emden where more than 50 individuals have flown on 02.10.2007 (HENSLE 2008a) which has been one day before the decreasing half moon on 03.10.2007 between the full moon on 26.09.2007 and the new moon on 11.10.2007, around Hamburg where abundant indi-viduals have flown on 22.05.1920 – 23.05.1920 (S^ELZER in W^ARNECKE 1955) which has been four to five days after the new moon on 18.05.1920, near Greetsiel northnorthwest of Emden where 35

individuals have flown on 08.06.1992 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1994) which has been on the in-creasing half moon on 08.06.1992 between the new moon on 01.06.1992 and the full moon on 15.06.1992, and near Zaandam in the eastern part of Zaanstad northnorthwest of Amsterdam in the western part of the Netherlands where several thousands of individuals have flown on 26.08.1950 (B.J. L^EMPKE in W^ARNECKE 1955) which has been one day before the full moon on 27.08.1950.

Mass flights of large quantities of individuals of the Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta at the coast of the Baltic Sea in the northeastern part of Germany have been recorded on the island Fehmarn north-east of Heiligenhafen where abt. 40 individuals have sit around the roots of two oaks wherein ants have nested on 16.08.1982 – 22.08.1982 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been several days before and after the new moon on 19.08.1982, in Rostock where very abundant individuals have flown from end of September 1958 to mid of October 1958 (F.P. MÜLLER in KOCH 1959) which has been around and between the full moon on 28.09.1958 and the new moon on 12.10.1958, in Saßnitz in the northeastern part of the island Rügen where more than 60 freshly emerged indivi-duals have assembled under a birch and have flown on 12.10.2000 (HENSLE 2001b) which has been one day before the full moon on 13.10.2000; near Seedorf southsoutheast of Binz in the southeas-tern part of the island Rügen where more than 20 individuals have sucked juice on overmature fruits on 31.10.2000 – 08.11.2000 (H^ENSLE 2001b) and abt. 20 individuals have flown on 27.10.2001 – 30.10.2001 (HENSLE 2002a) which has been around and between the new moon on 27.10.2000 and the full moon on 12.11.2000, and two to five days before the full moon on 01.11.2001, respectively;

on the island Hyllekrog south of Lolland in the southeastern part of Denmark where abt. 50 indivi-duals have flown on 04.08.2002 (HENSLE 2003) which has been four days before the new moon on 08.08.2002, on the island Falster in the southeastern part of Denmark where abt. 100 individuals have flown on 31.07.2007 (J. STOLT in HENSLE 2008a) which has been one day after the full moon on 30.07.2007, on the island Mön in the southeastern part of Denmark where abt. 300 individuals have flown on 02.07.2007 (K. OLSEN in HENSLE 2008a) which has been two days after the full moon on 30.06.2007, and on the island Samsö southsoutheast of Aarhus in the western part of Denmark where more than 50 individuals have flown on 07.08.2008 (M. W^EDEL-H^EINEN in H^ENSLE 2009a) which has been one day before the increasing half moon on 08.08.2008 between the new moon on 01.08.2008 and the full moon on 16.08.2008.

Mass flights of large quantities of individuals of the Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta in the north-eastern part of Germany have also been noticed near Prenzlau where abundant individuals have flown at the end of August 1960 (K^OCH 1961) which has been around the increasing half moon on 30.08.1960 between the new moon on 22.08.1960 and the full moon on 05.09.1960, near Finow west of Eberswalde northnortheast of Berlin where abundant individuals have flown from the be-ginning of August 1960 onwards (KOCH 1961) which has been around the full moon on 07.08.1960, near Gransee northnorthwest of Oranienburg northnorthwest of Berlin where abundant individuals have flown from mid to end of August 1960 (K^OCH 1961) which has been around and between the decreasing half moon on 15.08.1960 between the full moon on 07.08.1960 and the new moon on 22.08.1960 as well as the increasing half moon on 30.08.1960 between the new moon on 22.08.1960 and the full moon on 05.09.1960, near Magdeburg in the Elbe valley (B^EER in K^OCH, A^L

-BERTI & HANNEMANN 1962) and near Heygendorf in the Unstrut valley east of Artern east of Bad Frankenhausen (B^ECHERER in K^OCH, A^LBERTI & H^ANNEMANN 1962) where abt. 30 individuals each have flown on 10.10.1961 which has been one day after the new moon on 09.10.1961, near Hohen-dodeleben in the Elbe valley west of Magdeburg where more than 15 individuals have flown at the end of September 1961 and the beginning of October 1961 (BLOBNER in KOCH, ALBERTI & HANNE

-MANN 1962) which has been around and between the full moon on 24.09.1961 and the new moon on 09.10.1961, near Wolferstedt southeast of Sangerhausen where numerous individuals have flown on 06.09.1957 – 08.09.1957 (KAMES in KOCH, WARNECKE & WITTSTADT 1958) which has been one to three days before the full moon on 09.09.1957, in Nordhausen where abt. 10 individuals have flown

on 22.10.1961 (THELEMANN in KOCH, ALBERTI & HANNEMANN 1962) which has been two days before the full moon on 24.10.1961, in Halle in the Saale valley where numerous individuals have flown in the period of 06.09.1958 – 14.09.1958 (KAMES in KOCH 1959) which has been around and between the decreasing half moon on 07.09.1958 between the full moon on 29.08.1958 and the new moon on 13.09.1958 as well as the new moon on 13.09.1958, near Bad Blankenburg in the Schwarza valley northwest of Saalfeld where abundant individuals have flown on 10.08.1958 (STEUER in KOCH

1959) which has been five days before the new moon on 15.08.1958, in Gera where abundant indi-viduals have flown on 01.10.1958 (SCHNAPPAUF in KOCH 1959) which has been three days after the full moon on 28.09.1958, in Niederwartha westnorthwest of Cossebaude westnorthwest of Dresden in the Elbe valley where abt. 50 individuals have flown on 17.06.1958 (H^OFMANN in K^OCH 1959) which has been on the new moon on 17.06.1958, in Königsbrück northnortheast of Dresden in the Elbe valley where abt. 35 individuals per hour have flown on 10.10.1958 (T^ECHRITZ in K^OCH 1959) which has been two days before the new moon on 12.10.1958, and near Hoyerswerda south of Cott-bus where more than 100 individuals have flown on 15.09.2001 (HENSLE 2002a) which has been two days before the new moon on 17.09.2001.

Mass flights of large quantities of individuals of the Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta in the northwes-tern part of Germany have also been recorded in the Teufelsmoor north of Bremen where abundant individuals have flown on 11.09.1974 (SCHURIAN 1975) which has been one day after the decreasing half moon on 10.09.1974 between the full moon on 01.09.1974 and the new moon on 16.09.1974, near Syke south of Bremen where abt. 300 individuals have been observed on 30.10.2005 (V.

BISCHOFF in HENSLE 2006a) which has been three days before the new moon on 03.11.2005, near Gelting eastsoutheast of Flensburg where abt. 25 individuals have flown on 01.10.1982 (S^TEINIGER

& EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been two days before the full moon on 03.10.1982; near Bleckede in the Elbe valley eastnortheast of Lüneburg where abt. 40 individuals each have flown on 03.07.2007 and 06.07.2007 (H. MÜLLER-SCHERZ in HENSLE 2008a), abundant individuals have flown on 22.07.2008 (H. MÜLLER-SCHERZ in HENSLE 2009a), and abt. 200 individuals have flown and have sit on flowers in gardens in Alt Garge southeast of Bleckede on 28.07.2007 (H. M^ÜLLER-S^CHERZ in HENSLE 2008a) which has been three days after the full moon on 30.06.2007 as well as one day before the decreasing half moon on 07.07.2007 between the full moon on 30.06.2007 and the new moon on 14.07.2007, three days before the decreasing half moon on 25.07.2008 between the full moon on 18.07.2008 and the new moon on 01.08.2008, and two days before the full moon on 30.07.2007, respectively; near Brackede in the Elbe valley south of Boizenburg northeast of Lüne-burg where more than 10 individuals have flown on 07.09.2002 (HENSLE 2003) which has been on the new moon on 07.09.2002, near Garstedt westnorthwest of Lüneburg where abt. 20 individuals have flown on 29.09.1990 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1992) which has been one day after the increa-sing half moon on 28.09.1990 between the new moon on 19.09.1990 and the full moon on 04.10.1990, in the vicinity of Celle northnortheast of Hannover where up to 60 individuals have flown at the end of July 1968 (BRUNO P. KREMER in HARZ 1969) which has been around the new moon on 25.07.1968, near Jöllenbeck north of Bielefeld where more than 20 individuals have flown on 19.09.1991 (RETZLAFF 1992) which has been three days after the increasing half moon on 16.09.1991 between the new moon on 08.09.1991 and the full moon on 24.09.1991, near August-dorf southeast of Bielefeld where abt. 100 individuals have flown and have sucked on flowers on 01.09.1991 (RETZLAFF 1992) which has been one day before the decreasing half moon on 02.09.1991 between the full moon on 25.08.1991 and the new moon on 08.09.1991; around Schloß Holte southsoutheast of Bielefeld where abt. 20 individuals have flown and abt. 25 individuals have sucked juice on overmature fruits on 13.09.1991 and 18.09.1991, respectively (R^ETZLAFF 1992), which has been three days before and two days after, respectively, the increasing half moon on 16.09.1991 between the new moon on 08.09.1991 and the full moon on 24.09.1991; around Schloß Holte southsoutheast of Bielefeld where abt. 40 individuals have been registered on 28.08.1982 – 29.08.1982 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been one and two days after the increasing

half moon on 27.08.1982 between the new moon on 19.08.1982 and the full moon on 03.09.1982, near Lemgo east of Bielefeld where abt. 30 individuals have flown on 18.10.2000 (HENSLE 2001b) which has been five days after the full moon on 13.10.2000; near Bad Driburg east of Paderborn and Bad Lippspringe northeast of Paderborn where abt. 25 individuals each have flown on 01.09.1991 and 30.08.1991, respectively (R^ETZLAFF 1992), which has been one and three days before the decreasing half moon on 02.09.1991 between the full moon on 25.08.1991 and the new moon on 08.09.1991, respectively; near Staumühle northwest of Bad Lippspringe north to northeast of Paderborn where abt. 60 individuals have flown and have sucked on flowers on 28.08.1991 (RETZ

-LAFF 1992) which has been three days after the full moon on 25.08.1991, in Schalke in the northern part of the city of Gelsenkirchen where 80 individuals have flown on 17.09.1997 (H^ENSLE 2000c) which has been one day after the full moon on 16.09.1997, in Ergste south of Schwerte southsouth-east of Dortmund where 15 individuals have flown on 11.09.1997 (H^ENSLE 2000c) which has been five days before the full moon on 16.09.1997, in Düsseldorf where abt. 50 individuals in total have sucked juice on fallen fruits from the end of September 1971 to the end of October 1971 (KREMER

1972) which has been around and between the increasing half moon on 28.09.1971 between the new moon on 19.09.1971 and the full moon on 04.10.1971 as well as the increasing half moon on 28.10.1971 between the new moon on 19.10.1971 and the full moon on 03.11.1971, in Warburg northwest of Kassel and in Bad Driburg east of Paderborn where abt. 40 individuals each have flown on 16.09.1997 (H^ENSLE 2000c) which has been on the full moon on 16.09.1997, between Bad Driburg and Brakel east of Paderborn where 15 individuals have flown on 13.10.2001 (HENSLE

2002a) which has been three days before the new moon on 16.10.2001, near Alhausen and Reelsen north and northeast of Bad Driburg east of Paderborn where abundant individuals have flown on 08.09.2002 (HENSLE 2003) which has been one day after the new moon on 07.09.2002, near Wille-badessen southeast of Paderborn where 25 individuals have flown on 14.10.2001 (H^ENSLE 2002a) which has been two days before the new moon on 16.10.2001, near Bad Driburg and Willebadessen east and southeast of Paderborn where 40 individuals in total have flown in the period of 14.09.2007 – 23.09.2007 (HENSLE 2008a) which has been around and between the new moon on 11.09.2007 and the full moon on 26.09.2007, near Gödenstorf westsouthwest of Lüneburg where abt. 60 individuals have been observed on 05.09.1982 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been two days after the new moon on 03.09.1982, in Bad Bevensen southsoutheast of Lüneburg where abt. 30 individuals have flown on 10.09.1995 (H^ENSLE 2000a) which has been one day after the full moon on 09.09.1995; between Winsen an der Luhe and Radbruch northwest of Lüneburg where abt. 20 individuals each have flown on 22.10.2000 (H^ENSLE 2001b) and 26.08.2001 (H^ENSLE 2002a) which has been one day after the decreasing half moon on 21.10.2000 between the full moon on 13.10.2000 and the new moon on 27.10.2000, and on the increasing half moon on 26.08.2001 between the new moon on 19.08.2001 and the full moon on 03.09.2001, respectively; in Oedelsheim in the Weser valley northnorthwest of Hannoversch Münden where 10 individuals have flown on 26.08.2002 (H^ENSLE 2003) which has been three days before the decreasing half moon on 29.08.2002 between the full moon on 21.08.2002 and the new moon on 07.07.2002, in Elkeringhau-sen eastnortheast of Winterberg where abundant individuals have flown on 12.09.1995 (HENSLE

2000a) which has been three days after the full moon on 09.09.1995, in the district Flittard at the northern margin of the city of Cologne in the Middle Rhine valley where up to 20 individuals daily have flown on 18.09.1976 – 22.09.1976 (G^IERLING 1977) which has been one to five days before the new moon on 23.09.1976; around Bonn in the Middle Rhine valley where abundant individuals each have flown from 27.08.1958 onwards and from 28.08.1960 onwards (R^OER 1959, 1961) which has been two days before the full moon on 29.08.1958 as well as two days before the increasing half moon on 30.08.1960 between the new moon on 22.08.1960 and the full moon on 05.09.1960, respectively; near Apeldoorn eastsoutheast of Amsterdam in the central part of the Netherlands where abt. 500 individuals and abt. 150 individuals have flown on 06.09.1958 and 08.09.1959, respectively (R^OER 1961), which has been one day before the decreasing half moon on 07.09.1958 between the full moon on 29.08.1958 and the new moon on 13.09.1958 as well as five days after

the new moon on 03.09.1959, respectively; near Virton southwest of Arlon in the eastern part of Belgium where 30 individuals have flown on 15.09.1966 (ACHIM PFEIFFER in HARZ 1967a) which has been one day after the new moon on 14.09.1966, and near Rottershausen northnorthwest of Schweinfurt in the Main valley in the central part of Germany where more than 20 individuals have flown on 10.09.1991 (B^UCHSBAUM 1994) which has been two days after the new moon on 08.09.1991.

Mass flights of large quantities of individuals of the Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta in the south-western part of Germany have been monitored around Denzlingen northnortheast of Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where hundreds or even thousands of individuals have flown on 19.10.1982 and adjacent days (S^TEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been two days after the new moon on 17.10.1982, near Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where numerous individuals have flown on 14.09.1997 (HENSLE 2000c) which has been two days before the full moon on 16.09.1997, near Ihringen westnorthwest of Freiburg and Eichstetten north-northwest of Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where up to abt. 40 individuals daily have flown on 31.10.1999 – 01.11.1999 (H^ENSLE 2001a) which has been on and one day before the decreasing half moon on 01.11.1999 between the full moon on 24.10.1999 and the new moon on 08.11.1999, near Bötzingen northwest of Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where 20 individuals have flown on 22.02.2007 (HENSLE 2008a) which has been five days after the new moon on 17.02.2007; near Sankt Märgen in the southern part of the Black Forest east of Freiburg where numerous individuals each have flown on 22.10.2000 (H^ENSLE 2001b) and 13.09.2007 (J. HURST in HENSLE 2008a) which has been one day after the decreasing half moon on 21.10.2000 between the full moon on 13.10.2000 and the new moon on 27.10.2000, and two days

Mass flights of large quantities of individuals of the Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta in the south-western part of Germany have been monitored around Denzlingen northnortheast of Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where hundreds or even thousands of individuals have flown on 19.10.1982 and adjacent days (S^TEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been two days after the new moon on 17.10.1982, near Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where numerous individuals have flown on 14.09.1997 (HENSLE 2000c) which has been two days before the full moon on 16.09.1997, near Ihringen westnorthwest of Freiburg and Eichstetten north-northwest of Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where up to abt. 40 individuals daily have flown on 31.10.1999 – 01.11.1999 (H^ENSLE 2001a) which has been on and one day before the decreasing half moon on 01.11.1999 between the full moon on 24.10.1999 and the new moon on 08.11.1999, near Bötzingen northwest of Freiburg in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley where 20 individuals have flown on 22.02.2007 (HENSLE 2008a) which has been five days after the new moon on 17.02.2007; near Sankt Märgen in the southern part of the Black Forest east of Freiburg where numerous individuals each have flown on 22.10.2000 (H^ENSLE 2001b) and 13.09.2007 (J. HURST in HENSLE 2008a) which has been one day after the decreasing half moon on 21.10.2000 between the full moon on 13.10.2000 and the new moon on 27.10.2000, and two days