The Peacock Butterfly Inachis io based on literature evaluation

Mass flights of several hundreds or thousands of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io LINNAEUS 1758 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the southwestern part of Germany have been obser-ved near Pforzheim in the Enz valley eastsoutheast of Karlsruhe where abundant individuals have flown on 28.07.1973 (EITSCHBERGER & STEINIGER 1974b) which has been one day before the new moon on 29.07.1973, near Furtwangen in the southern part of the Black Forest eastnortheast of Freiburg where 200 individuals have flown on 04.10.1966 (HEINZ GLEFFE in HARZ 1967a) which has been five days after the full moon on 29.09.1966, and near Schopfheim in the Wiese valley in the southern part of the Black Forest eastnortheast of Lörrach where large amounts of individuals have flown on 09.08.1996 (D. FRITSCH in HENSLE 2000b) which has been two days after the decreasing half moon on 07.08.1996 between the full moon on 30.07.1996 and the new moon on 14.08.1996.

Mass flights of several hundreds or thousands of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in the southeastern part of Germany have been recorded in the Wertach valley around Kaufbeuren where hundreds of individuals have flown and have sit on flowers on 20.04.1996 – 22.04.1996 (SCHUBERT 1997) which has been two to four days after the new moon on 18.04.1996; in the Gen-nachmoor and around the Alpsee in the vicinity of Füssen where abt. 200 – 325 individuals have flown and have sit on flowers daily on 01.08.1995, 10.08.1995 and other days in early August 1995 (S^CHUBERT 1997) which has been around and between the new moon on 27.07.1995 and the full moon on 10.08.1995; near Hopferau northwest of Füssen where abundant individuals have flown on 24.08.1995 (SCHUBERT 1997) which has been two days before the new moon on 26.08.1995, near Berglern in the Isar valley northeast of München where abundant individuals have flown on 30.07.1973 (EITSCHBERGER & STEINIGER 1974b) which has been one day after the new moon on 29.07.1973, near Garching in the Isar valley northnortheast of München where abt. 320 individuals have flown on 10.09.2008 (MARKUS SCHWIBINGER in HENSLE 2009a) which has been five days before

the full moon on 15.09.2008, near Petershausen northnorthwest of München where abt. 200 indivi-duals have flown on 18.09.2008 (MARKUS SCHWIBINGER in HENSLE 2009a) which has been three days after the full moon on 15.09.2008, at the Purtscheller Haus near Berchtesgaden where abt. 900 indi-viduals have flown on 07.08.1973 (EITSCHBERGER & STEINIGER 1974b) which has been one day after the increasing half moon on 06.08.1973 between the new moon on 29.07.1973 and the full moon on 14.08.1973, within and around Frauenau southeast of Zwiesel northeast of Deggendorf where seve-ral hundreds or even thousands of individuals have flown on 09.08.1996 – 11.08.1996 (H^EINZE 1996) which has been three to five days before the new moon on 14.08.1996; and around Egglfing am Inn south of Bad Füssing southwest of Passau where abt. 150 individuals each have flown on 29.07.1979 and 02.08.1979 (R^EICHHOLF 1981) which has been five days after the new moon on 24.07.1979 as well as one day before the increasing half moon on 03.08.1979 between the new moon on 24.07.1979 and the full moon on 08.08.1979, respectively.

Mass flights of several hundreds or thousands of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in the northwestern part of Germany have been registered between Clausthal-Zellerfeld and Altenau in the western part of the Harz where more than 900 individuals have flown on 12.08.1973 (E^ITSCHBER

-GER & STEINIGER 1974b) which has been two days before the full moon on 14.08.1973, in Wolfenbüt-tel south of Braunschweig where abt. 100 individuals have flown on 02.08.2002 (H^ENSLE 2003) which has been one day after the decreasing half moon on 01.08.2002 between the full moon on 24.07.2002 and the new moon on 08.08.2002, around Clausthal-Zellerfeld and Bad Grund south-southwest of Goslar in the northwestern part of the Harz where abt. 600 individuals have been counted in the period of 06.08.1976 – 14.08.1976 (EITSCHBERGER & STEINIGER 1977c) which has been around the full moon on 10.08.1976, in Lage eastsoutheast of Bielefeld where abt. 100 individuals have flown on 29.07.2002 (HENSLE 2003) which has been five days after the full moon on 24.07.2002, between the island Föhr and Dagebüll northwest of Husum at the coast of the North Sea where abundant individuals have flown on 13.08.1969 (EITSCHBERGER 1970a) which has been on the new moon on 13.08.1969, on the Hallig Gröde northwest of Husum at the coast of the North Sea where thousands of individuals have flown and have sucked on flowers on 29.07.1995 (K.

FLEETH in HENSLE 2000a) which has been two days after the new moon on 27.07.1995, on the island Sylt westnorthwest of Flensburg at the coast of the North Sea where abt. 200 individuals have flown and have sucked on flowers in Königshafen on 07.08.1975 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1976a) which has been on the new moon on 07.08.1975, on the island Neuwerk northwest of Cuxhaven at the coast of the North Sea where thousands of individuals have flown and have sucked on flowers on 30.07.1995 (B. ALBERS in HENSLE 2000a) which has been three days after the new moon on 27.07.1995; on the island Helgoland in the North Sea northnorthwest of Bremerhaven where mas-ses of individuals have flown in August 1938 (CASPERS in WARNECKE 1955) which has been around and between the new moon on 27.07.1938, the full moon on 11.08.1938 and the new moon on 25.08.1938; within the city of Hamburg at the coast of the North Sea where thousands of indivi-duals have flown on 31.07.1995 – 06.08.1995 (R. MISFELDT in HENSLE 2000a) which has been around and between the new moon on 27.07.1995 and the full moon on 10.08.1995, near Aarhus at the coast of Baltic Sea in the western part of Denmark where abt. 200 individuals have flown on 04.08.2002 (H^ENSLE 2003) which has been four days before the new moon on 08.08.2002, and near Travemünde northeast of Lübeck at the coast of the Baltic Sea where abundant individuals have flown on 02.08.1969 and adjacent days (KARL CLEVE in EITSCHBERGER 1970a) which has been several days after the full moon on 29.07.1969.

Mass flights of several hundreds or thousands of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in the northeastern part of Germany have been recognized near Warnemünde north of Rostock at the coast of the Baltic Sea where abt. 70 individuals have flown on 22.08.1996 – 23.08.1996 (HENSLE

2000b) which has been on and one day before the increasing half moon on 23.08.1996 between the new moon on 14.08.1996 and the full moon on 28.08.1996, near Warnemünde north of Rostock at

the coast of the Baltic Sea where more than 300 individuals have flown in the last third of August 1996 (RUDNICK 1998) which has been around and between the new moon on 14.08.1996 and the full moon on 28.08.1996, in Boltenhagen northnortheast of Klütz westnorthwest of Wismar at the coast of the Baltic Sea where more than 400 individuals have flown on 26.07.1995 – 27.07.1995 (HENSLE

2000a) which has been on and one day before the new moon on 27.07.1995, at the Buger Hals in the northwestern part of the island Rügen at the coast of the Baltic Sea where more than 120 indivi-duals have flown on 28.07.2002 (H^ENSLE 2003) which has been four days after the full moon on 24.07.2002, near Prora northnorthwest of Binz in the eastern part of the island Rügen at the coast of the Baltic Sea where abt. 100 individuals have flown on 21.07.2007 and abundant individuals have also flown at other localities around Prora around 21.07.2007 (D^IETRICH R^ÖHRBEIN in H^ENSLE 2008a) which has been one day before the increasing half moon on 22.07.2007 between the new moon on 14.07.2007 and the full moon on 30.07.2007, in Raben north of Lutherstadt Wittenberg in the Elbe valley where abt. 100 individuals have flown on 18.07.2005 (HENSLE 2006a) which has been three days before the full moon on 21.07.2005, within and around Altenburg south of Leipzig where thousands of individuals have flown on 17.07.1995 – 19.07.1995 (HENSLE 2000a) which has been one to three days before the decreasing half moon on 20.07.1995 between the full moon on 12.07.1995 and the new moon on 27.07.1995, near Reitzenhain east of Annaberg-Buchholz in the Erzgebirge where millions of individuals have flown on 18.08.1996 – 20.08.1996 (HENSLE 2000b) which has been four to six days after the new moon on 14.08.1996; around Wansdorf and Pausin westnorthwest of Berlin where abt. 70 individuals in total have flown in the period of 31.03.2007 – 23.04.2007 (HENSLE 2008a) which has been around and between the full moon on 02.04.2007, the new moon on 17.04.2007, and the increasing half moon on 24.04.2007 between the new moon on 17.04.2007 and the full moon on 02.05.2007; within and around Berlin and Potsdam where thou-sands of individuals have flown in the period of 18.07.1995 – 31.07.1995 (H^ENSLE 2000a) which has been several days before and after the decreasing half moon on 20.07.1995 between the full moon on 12.07.1995 and the new moon on 27.07.1995 as well as around the new moon on 27.07.1995, near Satzung eastsoutheast of Annaberg-Buchholz where several hundreds of individuals daily have flown on 14.08.1991 – 16.08.1991 (SAEMANN 1992) which has been several days after the new moon on 10.08.1991, near Claußnitz north of Chemnitz where several thousands of individuals have flown on 21.07.1995 (WEISE 1996) which has been one day after the decreasing half moon on 20.07.1995 between the full moon on 12.07.1995 and the new moon on 27.07.1995, and near Rosenhain northeast of Löbau westsouthwest of Görlitz where more than 500 individuals in total have flown on 25.07.1966 and adjacent days (H^EINZ G^LEFFE in H^ARZ 1967a) which has been on and around the increasing half moon on 25.07.1966 between the new moon on 18.07.1966 and the full moon on 01.08.1966.

Significant numbers of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in the southwestern, central and southeastern parts of Germany have also been confirmed in Mosbach in the Neckar valley east of Heidelberg in the southwestern part of Germany where 10 individuals have flown on 17.10.1966 (H^EINZ G^LEFFE in H^ARZ 1967a) which has been three days after the new moon on 14.10.1966, in Kirchheim unter Teck southeast of Stuttgart in the southwestern part of Germany where 20 indivi-duals have been observed on 21.06.2003 (H^ENSLE 2004a) which has been on the decreasing half moon on 21.06.2003 between the full moon on 14.06.2003 and the new moon on 29.06.2003, near Offenburg-Bühl in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley in the southwestern part of Germany where more than 10 individuals have flown on 01.09.2008 (HENSLE 2009a) which has been two days after the new moon on 30.08.2008; near Schloßböckelheim in the Nahe valley westsouthwest of Bad Kreuznach in the southwestern part of Germany where 30 individuals and 25 individuals have flown on 09.04.1993 and 24.04.1994, respectively (S. JOUAUX in BROSZKUS 1995), which has been three days after the full moon on 06.04.1993 and one day before the full moon on 25.04.1994, re-spectively; near Schweinfurt northnortheast of Würzburg in the Main valley in the central part of Germany where more than 10 individuals have flown on 10.05.1970 (GLEFFE 1971) which has been

five days after the new moon on 05.05.1970, near Amöneburg east of Marburg in the Lahn valley in the central part of Germany where abt. 15 individuals have flown on 12.07.1974 (ZUCCHI 1975a) which has been one day before the decreasing half moon on 13.07.1974 between the full moon on 04.07.1974 and the new moon on 19.07.1974, and near Weißenstadt northwest of Wunsiedel in the Fichtelgebirge in the southeastern part of Germany where abt. 50 individuals have flown on 03.08.1986 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1988) which has been two days before the new moon on 05.08.1986.

Significant numbers of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in the western part of Ger-many have also been noticed in Arzbach in the southwestern part of the Westerwald eastnortheast of Koblenz where abt. 35 individuals have been registered on 20.07.1995 (J. R^OSENBAUM in H^ENSLE 2000a) which has been on the decreasing half moon on 20.07.1995 between the full moon on 12.07.1995 and the new moon on 27.07.1995; at an unspecified locality in the vicinity of Koblenz in the Middle Rhine valley in the western part of Germany where abt. 25 individuals each have flown on 22.07.1991 and 28.07.1991 (HANS KWIATKOWSKI in HASSELBACH 1992) which has been four days before and two days after the full moon on 26.07.1991, respectively; near Woppenroth south of Kirchberg in the eastern part of the Hunsrück where 10 individuals have flown on 21.07.1994 (B^ROSZKUS 1995) which has been one day before the full moon on 22.07.1994, in the Urft valley near Nettersheim southsouthwest of Mechernich in the northwestern part of the Eifel where 50 indi-viduals have flown on 21.07.1992 (KINKLER & HÜRTER 1992) which has been two days before the decreasing half moon on 23.07.1992 between the full moon on 14.07.1992 and the new moon on 29.07.1992, in the vicinity of Bürvenich and Berg northwest of Mechernich in the northwestern part of the Eifel where 12 individuals have flown on 04.08.1981 (K^INKLER 1987) which has been four days after the new moon on 31.07.1981, near Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler in the Ahr valley in the northeastern part of the Eifel where abt. 35 individuals have been marked on 06.08.1976 – 11.08.1976 (EITSCHBERGER & STEINIGER 1977c) which has been around the full moon on 10.08.1976, and near Rech in the Ahr valley westsouthwest of Bad-Neuenahr-Ahrweiler in the northeastern part of the Eifel where 12 individuals have flown on 18.04.2008 (H^EINZ S^TETZUHN in B^OSSELMANN 2009) which has been three days before the full moon on 21.04.2008.

Significant numbers of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in the northwestern part of Germany have also been recorded in the Worringer Bruch south of Dormagen northnorthwest of Cologne in the Middle Rhine valley where more than 10 individuals have been captured on 02.07.1992 (W^IPKING, F^ORST, K^UHNA & S^CHMITZ 1996) which has been two days after the new moon on 30.06.1992, near Lichtenhagen northwest of Schermbeck eastnortheast of Wesel where more than 20 individuals have flown on 15.08.1981 (WALFORT 1983) which has been on the full moon on 15.08.1981, near Gelting eastsoutheast of Flensburg at the coast of the Baltic Sea where abt. 25 individuals have flown on 19.07.2007 (D. SCHMIDT in HENSLE 2008a) which has been five days after the new moon on 14.07.2007, on the island Scharhörn northwest of Cuxhaven at the coast of the North Sea where abundant individuals have flown on 20.08.1983 (STEINIGER & EITSCHBERGER 1985) which has been three days before the full moon on 23.08.1983, near Weißenhaus westnorthwest of Oldenburg in Holstein at the coast of the Baltic Sea where 70 individuals have flown on 01.08.2007 (HENSLE 2008a) which has been two days after the full moon on 30.07.2007, near Süsel southwest of Neustadt in Holstein at the coast of the Baltic Sea where 40 individuals have flown on 04.08.2007 (HENSLE 2008a) which has been one day before the decreasing half moon on 05.08.2007 between the full moon on 30.07.2007 and the new moon on 13.08.2007, near Kanalpolder at the Dollart south of Emden at the coast of the North Sea where abt. 20 individuals have flown and have sit on flowers on 15.04.2007 (H. VON GÖNS in HENSLE 2008a) which has been one day after the new moon on 14.07.2007, and in the northern part of the Senne south of Augustdorf southeast of Bielefeld where abt. 40 individuals have flown on 21.08.1965 (HARBICH 1967) which has been five days before the new moon on 26.08.1965.

Significant numbers of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in the northeastern part of Germany have also been registered near Rostock and Warnemünde north of Rostock at the coast of the Baltic Sea where abundant individuals each have flown on 24.07.1994 (RUDNICK 1996a) and 01.06.2008 (E. HOSA in HENSLE 2009a) which has been two days after the full moon on 22.07.1994 and two days before the new moon on 03.06.2008, respectively; near Warnemünde north of Rostock at the coast of the Baltic Sea where 30 individuals have flown in the last third of April 1996 (R^UDNICK 1998) which has been around and between the new moon on 18.04.1996 and the full moon on 03.05.1996; near Rerik west of Rostock at the coast of the Baltic Sea where more than 15 individuals in total have flown on 17.07.2006 and 21.07.2006 (HENSLE 2007a) which has been on the decreasing half moon on 17.07.2006 between the full moon on 11.07.2006 and the new moon on 24.07.2006 as well as three days before the new moon on 24.07.2006, respectively; near Prora northnorthwest of Binz in the eastern part of the island Rügen at the coast of the Baltic Sea where 50 individuals have been counted on 31.07.2005 (DIETRICH RÖHRBEIN in HENSLE 2006a) which has been three days after the decreasing half moon on 28.07.2005 between the full moon on 21.07.2005 and the new moon on 05.08.2005, near Lubmin eastnortheast of Greifswald at the coast of the Bal-tic Sea where 20 individuals have been noBal-ticed on 01.08.2005 (HENSLE 2006a) which has been four days before the new moon on 05.08.2005, near Zingst on the Zingst northwest of Stralsund at the coast of the Baltic Sea where 100 individuals have been registered on 03.08.2005 (HENSLE 2006a) which has been two days before the new moon on 05.08.2005, near Heringsdorf on the island Use-dom eastsoutheast of Wolgast at the coast of the Baltic Sea where 50 individuals have been recor-ded on 04.08.2005 (HENSLE 2006a) which has been one day before the new moon on 05.08.2005, near Frankfurt an der Oder east of Berlin where 50 individuals have been observed on 06.08.2005 (M. KÖPPEN in HENSLE 2006a) which has been one day after the new moon on 05.08.2005, and in the Fläming around Niemegk and Belzig southsouthwest of Potsdam where abt. 50 individuals have flown on 12.09.2006 (HENSLE 2007a) which has been two days before the decreasing half moon on 14.09.2006 between the full moon on 07.09.2006 and the new moon on 22.09.2006.

Significant numbers of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in Austria have also been re-corded near Kalbling southeast of Admont in the Enns valley eastnortheast of Liezen in the central part of Austria where 50 individuals have flown on 02.08.1998 (H^ENSLE 2001f) which has been one day after the increasing half moon on 01.08.1998 between the new moon on 23.07.1998 and the full moon on 08.08.1998; near Gumpoldskirchen northnortheast of Baden southsouthwest of Vienna (CHRISTOPHER RABL in HENSLE 2007a) and near Knittelfeld in the Mur valley southwest of Leoben (HENSLE 2007a) in the eastern part of Austria where abt. 15 individuals and 20 individuals, respec-tively, have flown on 27.03.2006 which has been two days before the new moon on 29.03.2006;

near Gosdorf eastsoutheast of Leibnitz in the southern part of Austria where 10 individuals have flown on 13.03.2008 (H^ENSLE 2009a) which has been one day before the increasing half moon on 14.03.2008 between the new moon on 07.03.2008 and the full moon on 21.03.2008, and in Krane-bitten west of Innsbruck in the Inn valley in the western part of Austria where abundant individuals have flown and have sucked on flowers on 27.07.1977 (B^URMANN & T^ARMANN 1979) which has been three days before the full moon on 30.07.1977.

Significant numbers of individuals of the Peacock Butterfly Inachis io in France and England have also been observed around Les Hautes Huttes and Hohrodberg northnorthwest of Munster in the southern part of the Vosges west of Colmar in the northeastern part of France where more than 20 individuals have flown on 22.07.2000 (H^ENSLE 2001b) which has been three days before the decrea-sing half moon on 25.07.2000 between the full moon on 16.07.2000 and the new moon on 31.07.2000, and near Bexhill eastnortheast of Eastbourne southsoutheast of London in the southeas-tern part of England where numerous individuals have flown on 08.08.1924 (PEILE 1924) which has been one day before the increasing half moon on 09.08.1924 between the new moon on 31.07.1924 and the full moon on 14.08.1924.

5.12 The Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni and the Silver-Washed