• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Adams, J. und J. K. Berg (1980):

Behavior of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in captivity.

Applied Animal Ethology 6, 257-276.

Ajitkumar, G., K. S. Anil, et al. (2009):

Healthcare Management of captive asian Elephants. K. A. University.

Archer, J. (1988):

The behavioural biology of aggression. . CambridgeCambridge University Press.

Bahr, N., R. Palme, et al. (2000):

Comparative aspects of the metabolism and excretion of cortisol in three individual nonhuman primates.

Gen Comp Endocrinol 117, 427-438.

Ball, R. L. und O. Fad (2006):

Serum cortisols in captive asian elephants in different management systems at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay.

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

Barnard, C. J. (2004):

Animal Behaviour: Mechanism, Development, Function and Evolution.

Pearson Education.

Bechert, U. S. und S. Southern (2002):

Monitoring environmental stress in african elephants through molecular analysis of stress activated proteins.

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

Beerda, B., M. B. H. Schilder, et al. (1996):

The Use of Saliva Cortisol, Urinary Cortisol, and Catecholamine Measurements for a Noninvasive Assessment of Stress Responses in Dogs.

Hormones and Behavior 30 (3), 272-279.

Beltermann, R. (2004):

Status of the Asian elephant EEP.

EAZA News 47, 11-13.

Bettinger, T., M. Larry, et al. (1997):

Plasma cortisol concentrations and behavioral traits of two female Asian elephants.

American Zoo and Aquarium Association.

Birmelin, I. (2011):

Salivary cortisol in nursery-reared rhesus monkeys: Reactivity to peer interactions and altered circadian activity.

Developmental Psychobiology 28 (5), 257-267.

Broom, D. M. (1988a):

The scientific assessment of animal welfare.

Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20 (1-2), 5-19.

Broom, D. M. (2006):

Adaptation.

Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 119, 1-6.

Broom, D. M. (2007):

Welfare in relation to feelings, stress and health. Revista electronica de Veterinaria, Veterinaria Organizacion. 8/2007.

Brown, J. L., D. C. Kersey, et al. (1995):

Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods.

Zoo Biol 29 (2), 274-283.

Bundesministeriums für Verbraucherschutz (1996):

Gutachten über Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2006):

Tierschutzgesetz. TierSchG.

Burke, H. M., M. C. Davis, et al. (2005):

Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis.

Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 (9), 846-856.

Cavigelli, S. (1999):

Behavioural patterns associated with faecal cortisol levels in free-ranging female ring-tailed lemurs.

Animal Behaviour 57, 935-944.

Chiyo, P. I. (2011):

Assoziation patterns of African elephants in all-male groups: the role of age and genetic relatedness.

Animal Behaviour 81 (6), 1093-1099.

Christensen, B., M. Oliva, et al. (2003):

Noninvasive monitoring of stress in nonpregnant and pregnant okapi.

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

Clubb, R. und G. Mason (2002):

A review of the welfare of zoo elephants in europe, University of Oxford.

Cooper, K. A., J. D. Harder, et al. (1990):

Serum testosterone and musth in captive male African and Asian elephants.

Zoo Biology 309, 297-306.

Creel, S., N. MarushaCreel, et al. (1996):

Social stress and dominance.

Nature 379, 212.

Cronin, G. M., P. R. Wiepkema, et al. (1984):

The development of stereotypies in tethered sows.

International Congress on applied ethology in farm animals.

Dathe, H. H., B. Kuckelkorn, et al. (1992):

Salivary cortisol assessment for stress detection in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): A pilot study.

Zoo Biology 11 (4), 285-289.

Davenport, M. D., S. Tiefenbacher, et al. (2006):

Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques.

General and Comparative Endocrinology 147, 255-261.

DelGiudice, G. D., L. D. Mech, et al. (1992):

Seasonal patterns of weight, hematology, and serum characteristics of free-ranging female white-tailed deer in Minnesota.

Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 (5), 974-983.

Desmond, T. und G. Laule (1991):

Dittrich, L. (2000):

Zootierhaltung Tiere in menschlicher Obhut - Grundlagen.

Verlag Harri Deutsch.

Dorresteyn, T. (2004):

From the Asian Elephant EEP.

EAZA News 47/2004, 9-10.

Douglas-Hamilton, I., S. Bhalla, et al. (2006):

Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch.

Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 (1), 87-102.

Dugatkin, L. A. (2009):

Principles of Animal Behavior 2.Norton & Company Dunger, D. und S. Wroben (2011):

Ein neues Zuhause für Jungbullen im Zoo Heidelberg.

Elefanten in Zoo und Circus 18/2011, 62-66.

Eisenberg, J. F. (1971):

Reproduction behaviour of the Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus maximus L.).

Behaviour 38, 193-225.

Elenkov, I. J. und G. P. Chrousos (1999):

Stress Hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, Pro/Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Susceptibility to Disease.

Trends Endocrinol Metab 10 (9), 359-368.

Endres, J. (2009):

Haltungssysteme von Elefanten in Europa - ein Vergleich.

Elefanten in Zoo und Circus 15/2009, 52-56.

Evans, K. E. und S. Harris (2008):

Adolescence in male African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and the importance of sociality.

Animal Behaviour 76, 779-787.

Foley, C. A. H., S. Papageorge, et al. (2001):

Noninvasive Stress and Reproductive Measures of Social and Ecological Pressures in Free Ranging African Elephants.

Fulkerson, W. und P. Jamieson (1982):

Pattern of Cortisol Release in Sheep following Administration of Synthetic ACTH or Imposition of Various Stressor Agents.

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 35 (2), 215-222.

Gaab, J., N. Rohleder, et al. (2005):

Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: the role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal.

Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 599-610.

Ganswindt, A., S. Muenscher, et al. (2010):

Endocrine correlates of musth and the impact of ecological and social factors in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana).

Hormones and Behavior 57, 506-514.

Ganswindt, A., R. Palme, et al. (2003):

Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical function in the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and its relation to musth.

General and Comparative Endocrinology 134 (2), 156-166.

Garaï, M. (1997):

The development of social behaviour in translocated juvenile African elephant (Loxodonta africana).

University of Pretoria, Diss.

Garaï, M. (2011):

Erläuterungen zur Neurobiologie und Psyche des Elefanten mit besonderem Bezug auf Stress.

Elefanten in Zoo und Circus 19/2011, 15-20.

Garaï, M. E. und F. Kurt (2006):

Sozialisation und das Wohlbefinden der Elefanten.

Kölner Zoo 2/2006, 85-96.

Gruber, T. M., T. H. Friend, et al. (2000):

Variation in stereotypic behavior related to restraint in circus elephants.

Zoo Biology 19 (3), 209-221.

Grzimek, B. (1972):

Grzimeks Tierleben.

Kindler Verlag.

Hambrecht, S. (2012):

Gruppendynamik bei jungen Asiatischen Elefantenbullen im Zoo Heidelberg - Integration eines Neulings in eine bestehende Herde.

Biozentrum Universität Würzburg, Diss.

Hanks, J. und J. E. A. McIntosh (1973):

Population dynamics of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).

Journal of Zoology 169 (1), 29-38.

Harper, J. M. und S. N. Austad (2001):

Effect of Capture and Season on Fecal Glucocorticoid Levels in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and Red-Backed Voles (Clethrionomys gapperi).

General and Comparative Endocrinology 123 337-344.

Hartung, J. und A. Springorum (2010):

Welfare Implications for farm animals during their life span.

The Impact of Environmental conditions - Animal Welfare, Pollutions, Economics, Cracow/Balice.

Hayward, A. D., K. U. Mar, et al. (2014):

Early reproductive investment, senescence and lifetime reproductive success in female Asian elephants.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27 (4), 772-783.

Heistermann, M. (2010):

Non-invasive monitoring of endocrine status in laboratory primates: methods, guidelines and applications.

Advances in Science & Research 5, 1-9.

Heistermann, M., C. Ademmer, et al. (2004):

Ovarian Cycle and Effect of Social Changes on Adrenal and Ovarian Function in Pygathrix nemaeus.

International Journal of Primatology 25 (3), 689-706.

Heistermann, M., S. Tari, et al. (1993):

Measurement of fecal steroids for monitoring ovarian function in New-World primates, Callitrichidae.

Reprod Fertil 99, 243-251.

Held, S. und M. Spinka (2011):

Animal play and animal welfare.

Animal Behaviour 81, 891-899.

Hoby, S., F. Schwarzenberger, et al. (2006):

Steroid hormone related male biased parasitism in chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra.

Veterinary Parasitology 138, 337-348.

Honeyman, V. L., R. M. Cooper, et al. (1998):

A protected contact approach to anaesthesia and medical management of asian elephants.

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

Immelmann, K. (1982):

Jayantha, D., P. N. Dayawansa, et al. (2009):

Social relationships of wild juvenile Asian Elephants

Elephas maximus in the Udawalawa National Park, Sri Lanka.

JoTT Comunication 1 (4), 211-214.

Kanchanapangka, S., N. Maneewan, et al. (2013):

Stereotypic behaviors in captive elephant.

R. B. Tobias. Behemoth: The History of the Elephant in America. Harper Collins.

Karlson, P. (1980):

Kurzes Lehrbuch der Biochemie für Mediziner und Naturwissenschaftler.

Georg Thieme Verlag.

Kaufmann, G. und J. Martin (2009):

Health as an Indicator of Well-Being in Captive Elephants.

L. F. K. Debra L. Forthman, David Hancocks, Paul F. Waldau. An Elephant in the Room: The Science and Well-Being of Elephants in Captivity Tufts Center for Animals and Public

Policy.

Kaumanns, W. (2000):

Grundlagen der Verhaltenskunde.

L. Dittrich. Zootierhaltung Tiere in menschlicher Obhut - Grundlagen. Harri Deutsch Verlag.

Keeling, L., A. Evans, et al. (2013):

Welfare Quality principles and criteria.

H. Blokhuis, M. Mide, I. Veissier und B. Jones. Improving farm animal welfare. Wageningen Academic Publishers: 91 - 114.

Keese, N. (2011):

Betrachtungen zu Bullengruppen in Europa.

Elefanten in Zoo und Circus 18/2011, 68-71.

Kelling, A. S. (2008):

An examination of salivary cortisol concentrations and behavior in three captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) at Zoo Atlanta.

Georgia Institute of Technology Diss.

Klemt, A. (2001):

Klinisch-chemische Blutwerte asiatischer Elefanten (Elephas maximus) aus zoologischen Gärten Deutschlands.

A. Scheunert und A. Trautmann. Lehrbuch der Veterinärphysiologie Paul Parey Verlag. 6.

Krull, H.-P. (2000):

Beobachtungs- und Protokollmethoden für Verhaltensbeobachtungen, Zooschule Krefeld.

Kuhar, C. W., T. L. Bettinger, et al. (2005):

Salivary cortisol and behaviour in an all-male group of western lowland gorillas.

Animal Welfare 14, 187-193.

Kühnert, N. (2012):

Der Hilferuf der Erde: Ein Planet im dunklen Licht.

epubli.

Kurt, F. (1992):

Das Elefantenbuch: wie Asiens letzte Riesen leben.

Rasch und Röhring.

Kurt, F. (2001):

Elefant in Menschenhand.

Filander Verlag.

Kurt, F. (2004):

Wieviel Platz braucht ein Asiatischer Elefant?

Elefanten in Zoo und Circus 6/2004, 5-7.

Kurt, F. und M. Garaï (2002):

Stereotypies in captive Asian elephants - a Symptom of Social Isolation.

Scientific Progress Reports.

Kurt, F. und M. E. Garaï (2006):

The Asian Elephant in Captivity.

Foundation Books.

Larsson, C. A., B. Gullberg, et al. (2009):

Salivary cortisol differs with age and sex and shows inverse associations with WHR in Swedish women: a cross-sectional study.

BMC Endocr Disord 9, 16.

Lasley, B. und A. Savage (2007):

Advances in the understanding of primate reproductive endocrinology.

C. Campbell, A. Fuentes, M. Panger und S. Bearder. Primates in perspective. Oxford Univ Press.

Laws, N., A. Ganswindt, et al. (2007):

A case study: fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an Asian elephant.

J Appl Anim Welf Sci 10 (4), 349-358.

Lincoln, G. A. und W. D. Rantansooriya (1996):

Testosterone secretion, musth behaviour and social dominance in captice male Asian elephants living near the equator.

Reprod Fertil 108, 107-113.

Linn, S. N. (2011):

Verhalten asiatischer Elefanten (Elephas maximus) in eine Jungbullenherde im Zoo Heidelberg.

Why and how should we use environmental enrichment to tackle stereotypic behaviour?

Animal Behaviour Science 102 (3), 163-188.

Mason, G. und M. Mendl (1993):

Why is there no simple way of measuring animal welfare?

Animal Welfare 2 (4), 301-319.

Mason, G. J. (1991):

Stereotypies: a critical review.

Animal Behaviour 42, 1015 - 1037.

Mason, G. J. und J. S. Veasey (2009):

How should the psychological well-being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated?

Zoo Biology 29 (2), 237-255.

McComb, K., C. Moss, et al. (2001):

Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants.

Science 292 (5516), 491-494.

McKay, G. M. (1973):

Behavior and Ecology of the Aisatic Elephant in Southeastern Ceylon.

Smithsonian Institution Press.

Meeban, T. P. (1991):

The captive management of elephants.

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

Menargues, A., V. Urios, et al. (2008):

Welfare assessment of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) using salivary cortisol measurement.

Animal Welfare 17 (3), 305-312.

Millspaugh, J. J., T. Burke, et al. (2007):

Stress response of working African elephants to transportation and safari adventures.

Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 1257 - 1260.

Milsum, J. (1985):

A model of the eustress system for health/illness.

Behavioral Science 30 (4), 179-186.

Moodle, E. M. und A. S. Chamove (1990):

Brief threatening events beneficial for captive tamarins.

Zoo Biology 9, 275-286.

Morton, D. J., E. Anderson, et al. (1995):

Plasma cortisol as an indicator of stress due to capture and translocation in wildlife species.

Vet Rec 136 (3), 60-63.

Moss, C. J., H. Croze, et al. (2011):

The Amboseli Elephants - A Long-Term Perspective on a Long-Lived Mammal.

Chicago Press.

Muehlenbein, M. P. (2006):

Intestinal parasite infections and fecal steroid levels in wild chimpanzees.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 130 (4), 546-550.

Nowak, R. M. (1999):

Walker´s Mammals of the World. JHU Press. 1: 993-1004.

O'Connell-Rodwell, C. (2010):

How Male Elephants Bond.

Smithsonian magazine.

Oliveira, C. A., E. C. Felippe, et al. (2008):

Serum cortisol and progestin concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

Res Vet Sci 84 (3), 361-363.

Pereira, M. E. und J. Altmann (1985):

Development of social behavior in free-living nonhuman primates.

E. S. Watts. Nonhuman Primate Models for Human Growth and Development. Alan R Liss, New York: 217-309.

Pollmann, U. und B. Tschanz (2006):

Leiden - ein Begriff aus dem Tierschutzrecht.

Amtstierärztlicher Dienst und Lebensmittelkontrolle 4/2006, 234-239.

Poole, J. (1982):

Musth and Male-Male Competition in the African Elephant, University of Cambridge.

Poole, J. H. (1987):

Rutting behaviour in African elephants: The Phenomenon of Musth.

Behaviour 102, 283-316.

Poole, J. H., L. H. Kasman, et al. (1984):

Musth and urinary testosterone concentrations in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).

Reprod Fertil 70 (1), 255-260.

Rasmussen, H. B., A. Ganswindt, et al. (2008):

Endocrine and behavioral changes in male African elephants: linking hormone changes to sexual state and reproductive tactics.

Horm Behav 54 (4), 539-548.

Rasmussen, L. E. L., D. L. Hess, et al. (1990):

Chemical analysis of temporal gland secretions collected from an Asian bull elephant during a four-month musth period.

Chem Ecol 16 (7), 2167-2181.

Rudolph, D. (2004):

Validierung und Vergleich zweier Bestimmungsmethoden von Schilddrüsenhormonen, Kortisol und Insulin der Katze.

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Diss.

Saltz, D. und G. C. White (1991):

Urinary cortisol and urea nitrogen responses to winter stress in mule deer.

Journal of Wildlife Management 55 (1), 1-16.

Schmid, J. (1998a):

Status and Reproductive Capacity of the Asian elephant in Zoos and Circuses in Europe.

International Zoo News 45, 341-351.

Schmid, J. (2006):

Verhalten Asiatischer Elefanten (Elephas maximus) im Zoo und Zirkus - Indikatoren für deren Befindlichkeit.

Ernst-Moritz-Universität Greifswald, Diss.

Schmid, J., M. Heistermann, et al. (2001):

Introduction of foreign female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) into an existing group:

behavioral reactions and changes in cortisol levels Animal Welfare 10, 357 - 372.

Schmidt, W.-D. (2002):

Verhaltenstherapie des Hundes.

Schlütersche Verlag.

Schulte, B. A. (2000):

Social structure and helping behavior in captive elephants.

Zoo Biology 19 (5), 447-459.

Selye, H. (1975):

Stress without Disstress.

Vie médicale au Canada français 4 (8), 964-968.

Slotow, R., G. van Dyk, et al. (2000):

Older bull elephants control young males.

Nature 408, 425-426.

Stead, S. K., D. G. Meltzer, et al. (2000):

The measurement of glucocorticoid concentrations in the serum and faeces of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) after ACTH stimulation.

J S Afr Vet Assoc 71 (3), 192-196.

Stoinski, T., E. Daniel, et al. (2000):

A preliminary study of the behavioral effects of feeding enrichment on African elephants.

Zoo Biology 19, 485-493.

Sukumar, R. (1994):

Elephant days and nights: ten years with the Indian elephant.

Oxford University Press.

Sukumar, R. (2006):

A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus.

International Zoo Yearbook 40 (1), 1-8.

Swaisgood, R. und D. Sheperdson (2006):

Environmental Enrichment as a Strategy for Mitigating Sterotypies in Zoo Animals: a Literature Rewiew and Metaanalysis.

CABI.

Tierärztliche Vereinigung für Tierschutz (2005):

Haltung und Vorführung von Elefanten. Tierschutzrechtliche Überprüfung 2.4.

Tobler, I. (2011):

Herumgeisternde Elefanten. UZH News, Universität Zürich.

Töffels, O. (2008):

Zur Situation von Elefantenbullen in Zoos und Safariparks Europas.

Elefanten in Zoo und Circus 13/2008, 24-41.

Touma, C. und R. Palme (2005):

Measuring Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites in Mammals and Birds: the Importance of Validation.

Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1046, 54-74.

Tsuma, V. T., S. Einarsson, et al. (1996):

Effect of food deprivation during early pregnancy on endocrine changes in primiparous sows.

Animal Reproduction Science 41, 267-278.

Turner, A. I. und A. J. Tilbrook (2006):

Stress, cortisol and reproduction in female pigs.

Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 62, 191-203.

Vahdettin, B. (2009):

Evaluation of Cortisol and Stress in Captive Animals.

Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3 (2), 1022-1031.

Vidya, T. N. C. und R. Sukumar (2005):

Social and reproductive bahaviour in elephants.

Current Science 89 (7), 1200-1207.

Vimalraj, P. G. und J. M. G. (2012):

Non-Invasive Monitoring Of Fecal Cortisol Metabolites Level In Free-Ranging Asiatic Elephants In Response To Stress Due To Environmental Factors.

Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 6 (13), 154.

Vincent, I. C. und A. R. Michell (1992):

Comparison of cortisol concentrations in saliva and plasma of dogs.

Research in Veterinary Science 53 (3), 342-345.

Wasser, S., L. Risler, et al. (1988):

Excreted steroids in primate feces over the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Biol Reprod 39, 862-872.

Wasser, S. K., K. E. Hunt, et al. (2000):

A Generalized Fecal Glucocorticoid Assay for Use in a Diverse Array of Nondomestic Mammalian and Avian Species.

General and Comparative Endocrinology 120 (3), 260-275.

Whittaker, M. und G. Laule (2009):

Protected contact and elephant welfare.

D. L. Forthman, L. F. Kane, D. Hancocks und P. F. Waldau. An Elephant in the Room: The Sciene and Well-Being of Elephants in Captivity. Tufts Center for Animals and Public Policy.

Wiepkema, P. R. (1987):

Behavioural aspects of stress.

P. W. Wiepkema und P. W. M. Van Adrichem. Biology of Stress in Farm Animals: An Integrative Approach. Springer Netherlands: 113-133.

Wiese, R. J. (2000):

Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America.

Zoo Biology 19 (5), 299-309.

Wiese, R. J. und K. Willis (2006):

Population management of zoo elephants.

International Zoo Yearbook 40 (1), 80-87.

Yon, L., S. Kanchanapangka, et al. (2007):

ACTH Stimulation in four Asian bull elephants (Elephas maximus): An investigation of adrogen sources in bull elephants.

General and Comparative Endocrinology 151 (3), 246-251.

Zooschule Hannover Ethogramm des Asiatischen Elefanten (Elephas maximus), Zoo Hannover.