• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

AbdelMalik P, Husted J, Chow EWC, Bassett AS (2003): Childhood Head Injury and Expression of Schizophrenia in Multiply Affected Families. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(3): 231-236

Addington J, Addington D (1999): Neurocognitive and social functioning in schizophre-nia. Schizophr Bull 25(1): 173-182

Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Alliger R, Miller D, Flaum M (1995): Symptoms of schizo-phrenia. Methods, meanings, and mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52(5): 341-51 Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Jr., Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR

(2005): Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus.

Am J Psychiatry 162(3): 441-9

APA: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision.

American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 2000

Baddeley A: Working Memory. Oxford University Press, New York 1986

Barch DM, Smith E (2008): The cognitive neuroscience of working memory: relevance to CNTRICS and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 64(1): 11-7

Becker T, Knapp M, Knudsen HC, Schene A, Tansella M, Thornicroft G, Vazquez-Bar-quero JL (1999): The EPSILON study of schizophrenia in five European coun-tries. Design and methodology for standardising outcome measures and comparing patterns of care and service costs. Br J Psychiatry 175: 514-21

Begemann M, Klaus S, Papiol S, Malzahn D, Krampe H, Ribbe K, Friedrichs H, Rad-yushkin KA, El-Kordi A, Benseler F, et al. (2010): Complexin2 gene polymor-phisms modify cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, im Druck

Bellack AS, Gold JM, Buchanan RW (1999): Cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia:

Problems, prospects, and strategies. Schizophr Bull 25(2): 257-274

Bleuler E: Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien; in: Handbuch der Psychiatrie, Spezieller Teil ; Abt. 4, Hälfte 1; hrsg. v. Aschaffenburg G; Franz Deuticke, Leipzig und Wien 1911,

Bleuler M: Die schizophrenen Geistesstörungen im Lichte langjähriger Kranken- und Familiengeschichte. Thieme, Stuttgart 1972

Bortz J: Statistik für Sozialwissenschaftler, 5. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 1999

Brekke JS, Long JD, Nesbitt N, Sobel E (1997): The impact of service characteristics on functional outcomes from community support programs for persons with schi-zophrenia: A growth curve analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 65(3): 464-475 Brekke JS, Kay DD, Lee KS, Green MF (2005): Biosocial pathways to functional

out-come in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 80(2-3): 213-225

Brothers L (1990): The social brain: a project for integrating primate behavior and neu-rophsysiology in a new domain. Concepts Neurosci 1: 27-61

Buchanan RW, Keefe RS, Umbricht D, Green MF, Laughren T, Marder SR (2010)

"The FDA-NIMH-MATRICS Guidelines for Clinical Trial Design of Cognitive-En-hancing Drugs: What Do We Know 5 Years Later?" Schizophr Bull,

10.1093/schbul/sbq038: 10.1093/schbul/sbq038

Cantor-Graae E, Selten J-P (2005): Schizophrenia and Migration: A Meta-Analysis and Review. Am J Psychiatry 162(1): 12-24

Cardno AG, Marshall EJ, Coid B, Macdonald AM, Ribchester TR, Davies NJ, Venturi P, Jones LA, Lewis SW, Sham PC, et al. (1999): Heritability Estimates for Psy-chotic Disorders: The Maudsley Twin Psychosis Series. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(2): 162-168

Carter CS, Barch DM (2007): Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: the CNTRICS initi-ative. Schizophr Bull 33(5): 1131-7

Caspi A, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitzc J, Kaplan Z, Knobler H, Davidson-Sagi N, Davidson M (2003): Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients as-sessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophr Res 65(2-3):

87-94

Caspi A, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Shmushkevich M, Lubin G, Nahon D, Vishne T, Davidson M (2007): Premorbid behavioral and intellectual functi-oning in schizophrenia patients with poor response to treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 94(1-3): 45-9

Cattell RB (1963): Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment.

Educ Psychol 54: 1-22

Censits DM, Ragland JD, Gur RC, Gur RE (1997): Neuropsychological evidence sup-porting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: A longitudinal study. Schi-zophr Res 24(3): 289-298

Ciompi L, Müller C: Lebensweg und Alter der Schizophrenen: eine katamnestische Langzeitstudie bis ins Senium. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1976

Couture SM, Penn DL, Roberts DL (2006): The Functional Significance of Social Cog-nition in Schizophrenia: A Review. Schizophr Bull 32(suppl_1): S44-63

Cronbach LJ (1951): Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16: 297-334

Crow TJ (1980): Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and the role of dopami-ne. Br J Psychiatry 137: 383-6

Davidson M, Galderisi S, Weiser M, Werbeloff N, Fleischhacker WW, Keefe RS, Boter H, Keet IP, Prelipceanu D, Rybakowski JK, et al. (2009): Cognitive effects of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: a randomized, open-label clinical trial (EUFEST). Am J Psychiatry 166(6): 675-82 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie PuND: S3 Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie und

Psy-chotherapie. Band 1 – Behandlungsleitlinie Schizophrenie. Steinkopff, Darmstadt 2005

Dickerson F, Boronow JJ, Ringel N, Parente F (1996): Neurocognitive deficits and soci-al functioning in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 21(2): 75-83

Dickinson D, Coursey RD (2002): Independence and overlap among neurocognitive cor-relates of community functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 56(1-2): 161-70 Dickinson D, Iannone VN, Wilk CM, Gold JM (2004): General and specific cognitive

deficits in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 55(8): 826-833

Dickinson D, Ramsey ME, Gold JM (2007): Overlooking the Obvious: A Meta-analytic Comparison of Digit Symbol Coding Tasks and Other Cognitive Measures in Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(5): 532-542

Eack SM, Hogarty GE, Cho RY, Prasad KMR, Greenwald DP, Hogarty SS, Keshavan MS (2010): Neuroprotective Effects of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy Against Gray Matter Loss in Early Schizophrenia: Results From a 2-Year Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(7): E1-E9

Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Gscheidle T, Weirich M, Rawlings R, Hyde TM, Bigelow L, Weinberger DR (2001): Relative risk for cognitive impairments in siblings of pati-ents with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 50(2): 98

Ehrenreich H, Hinze-Selch D, Stawicki S, Aust C, Knolle-Veentjer S, Wilms S, Heinz G, Erdag S, Jahn H, Degner D, et al. (2007): Improvement of cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenic patients by recombinant human erythropoietin. Mol Psy-chiatry 12(2): 206-220

Emsley R, Chiliza B, Schoeman R (2008): Predictors of long-term outcome in schizo-phrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 21(2): 173-7

Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Pepple JR, Tsuang MT (1995): Neu-ropsychological Functioning among the Nonpsychotic Relatives of Schizophrenic-Patients - a Diagnostic Efficiency Analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 104(2): 286-304 Field A: Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 2nd edition. Sage, London 2005

Friedman JI, Harvey PD, Coleman T, Moriarty PJ, Bowie C, Parrella M, White L, Ad-ler D, Davis KL (2001): Six-year follow-up study of cognitive and functional sta-tus across the lifespan in schizophrenia: A comparison with Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. Am J Psychiatry 158(9): 1441-1448

Friedman JI, Harvey PD, McGurk SR, White L, Parrella M, Raykov T, Coleman T, Adler DN, Davis KL (2002): Correlates of change in functional status of instituti-onalized geriatric schizophrenic patients: Focus on medical comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 159(8): 1388-1394

Fucetola R, Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, Faraone SV, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT (2000):

Age and neuropsychologic function in schizophrenia: a decline in executive abili-ties beyond that observed in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 48(2): 137-146 Gold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR (1997): Auditory

working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia.

Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(2): 159-165

Gottesman, II, Shields J: Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin Study Vantage Point. A-cademic Press, New York und London 1972

Green MF (1996): What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 153(3): 321-330

Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J (2000): Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the "right stuff"? Schizophr Bull 26(1): 119-136

Green MF, Kern RS, Heaton RK (2004): Longitudinal studies of cognition and functio-nal outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophr Res 72(1):

41-51

Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Kern RS, Baade LE, Fenton WS, Gold JM, Keefe RSE, Mesholam-Gately R, Seidman LJ, Stover E, et al. (2008): Functional Co-Primary Measures for Clinical Trials in Schizophrenia: Results From the MATRICS Psy-chometric and Standardization Study. Am J Psychiatry 165(2): 221-228

Häfner H, Maurer K, Löffler W, Fatkenheuer B, and der Heiden W, Riecherrossler A, Behrens S, Gattaz WF (1994): The Epidemiology Of Early Schizophrenia - Influ-ence Of Age And Gender On Onset And Early Course. Br J Psychiatry 164: 29-38

Häfner H, Löffler W, Maurer K, Hambrecht M, an der Heiden W (1999): Depression, negative symptoms, social stagnation and social decline in the early course of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100(2): 105-118

Harrison PJ (1999): The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 122 ( Pt 4): 593-624

Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR (2005): Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropa-thology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry 10(1): 40-68

Harvey P (2009): Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia. Neuropsy-chol Rev 19(3): 324-335

Harvey PD, Silverman JM, Mohs RC, Parrella M, White L, Powchik P, Davidson M, Davis KL (1999): Cognitive decline in late-life schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of geriatric chronically hospitalized patients. Biol Psychiatry 45(1): 32-40

Heaton RK, Gladsjo JA, Palmer BW, Kuck J, Marcotte TD, Jeste DV (2001): Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(1): 24-32

Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE, Carpenter WT (1984): The Quality of Life Scale - an In-strument for Rating the Schizophrenic Deficit Syndrome. Schizophr Bull 10(3):

388-398

Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK (1998): Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantita-tive review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 12(3): 426-445

Heinrichs RW, Miles AA, Smith D, Zargarian T, Vaz SM, Goldberg JO, Ammari N (2008): Cognitive, clinical, and functional characteristics of verbally superior schi-zophrenia patients. Neuropsychology 22(3): 321-8

Heinrichs RW, Ammari N, Miles A, McDermid Vaz S, Chopov B (2009): Psychopatho-logy and cognition in divergent functional outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 109(1-3): 46-51

Helldin L, Kane JM, Karilampi U, Norlander T, Archer T (2007): Remission in prog-nosis of functional outcome: a new dimension in the treatment of patients with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 93(1-3): 160-8

Helmstaedter C, Lendt M, Lux S: Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest. Beltz Test, Göttingen 2001

Hofer A, Baumgartner S, Bodner T, Edlinger M, Hummer M, Kemmler G, Rettenbacher MA, Fleischhacker WW (2005a): Patient outcomes in schizophrenia II: the impact of cognition. Eur Psychiatry 20(5-6): 395-402

Hofer A, Baumgartner S, Edlinger M, Hummer M, Kemmler G, Rettenbacher MA, Schweigkofler H, Schwitzer J, Fleischhacker WW (2005b): Patient outcomes in schizophrenia I: correlates with sociodemographic variables, psychopathology, and side effects. Eur Psychiatry 20(5-6): 386-94

Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushner M, DeLisi LE (1999): Longitudi-nal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia.

Am J Psychiatry 156(9): 1336-41

Hoff AL, Svetina C, Shields G, Stewart J, DeLisi LE (2005): Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizo-phrenia. Schizophr Res 78(1): 27-34

Horn W: Leistungsprüfsystem LPS, 2., erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage. Hogrefe, Göt-tingen 1983

Hotelling H (1933): Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal compo-nents. J Educ Psychol 24: 417-441, 498-520

Huber G, Gross G, Schüttler R: Schizophrenie: Verlaufs-und sozialpsychiatrische Lang-zeituntersuchungen an den 1945-1959 in Bonn hospitalisierten schizophrenen Kran-ken. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1979

Hughes C, Kumari V, Soni W, Das M, Binneman B, Drozd S, O'Neil S, Mathew V, Sharma T (2003): Longitudinal study of symptoms and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 59(2-3): 137-46

Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, Day R, Bertel-sen A (1992): Schizophrenia - Manifestations, Incidence and Course in Different

Cultures - a World-Health-Organization 10-Country Study. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 20: 1-97

Jablensky A (1997): The 100-year epidemiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 28(2-3): 111-25

Kaiser HF (1958): The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analyis. Psycho-metrika 23: 187-200

Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987): The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13(2): 261-76

Keefe RS, Eesley CE, Poe MP (2005): Defining a cognitive function decrement in schi-zophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 57(6): 688-91

Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Harvey PD, Davis SM, Palmer BW, Gold JM, Meltzer HY, Green MF, Miller DD, Canive JM, et al. (2006a): Baseline Neurocognitive Defi-cits in the CATIE Schizophrenia Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 31(9): 2033-2046 Keefe RS, Perkins DO, Gu H, Zipursky RB, Christensen BK, Lieberman JA (2006b): A longitudinal study of neurocognitive function in individuals at-risk for psychosis.

Schizophr Res 88(1-3): 26-35

Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Davis SM, Harvey PD, Palmer BW, Gold JM, Meltzer HY, Green MF, Capuano G, Stroup TS, et al. (2007): Neurocognitive effects of an-tipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial.

Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(6): 633-47

Kissling W, Höffler J, Seemann U, Müller P, Rüther E, Trenckmann U, Uber A, Graf v.d. Schulenburg J-M, Glaser P, Glaser T, et al. (1999): Die direkten und indirek-ten Kosindirek-ten der Schizophrenie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 67: 29-36

Kraepelin E: Psychiatrie : ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte, 7., vielfach umge-arb. Aufl., II. Band, Klinische Psychiatrie. Barth, Leipzig 1904

Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Toomey R, Tsuang MT (2000): The paradox of normal neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 109(4):

743-52

Kurtz MM, Moberg PJ, Ragland JD, Gur RC, Gur RE (2005): Symptoms versus neuro-cognitive test performance as predictors of psychosocial status in schizophrenia: a 1- and 4-year prospective study. Schizophr Bull 31(1): 167-74

Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Johannessen JO, Friis S, Guldberg C, Haahr U, Horneland M, Melle I, Moe LC, Opjordsmoen S, et al. (2001): Shortened duration of

untrea-ted first episode of psychosis: changes in patient characteristics at treatment. Am J Psychiatry 158(11): 1917-9

Lehrl S: Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B. Spitta Verlag, Balingen 1999 Leucht S, Arbter D, Engel RR, Kissling W, Davis JM (2009): How effective are

se-cond-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials.

Mol Psychiatry 14(4): 429-47

Leung WW, Bowie CR, Harvey PD (2008): Functional implications of neuropsychologi-cal normality and symptom remission in older outpatients diagnosed with schizo-phrenia: A cross-sectional study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14(3): 479-88

Lezak MD: Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, New York 2004 Liddle PF (1987): Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological

dys-function. Psychol Med 17(1): 49-57

Liddle PF, Barnes TR (1990): Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 157: 558-61

Lincoln TM, Lullmann E, Rief W (2007): Correlates and long-term consequences of poor insight in patients with schizophrenia. A systematic review. Schizophr Bull 33(6): 1324-42

Löffler W, Häfner H (1999): Dimensionen der schizophrenen Symptomatik. Der Nerven-arzt 70(5): 416

Malaspina D, Goetz RR, Friedman JH, Kaufmann CA, Faraone SV, Tsuang M, Clonin-ger CR, NurnberClonin-ger JI, Jr., Blehar MC (2001): Traumatic Brain Injury and Schi-zophrenia in Members of SchiSchi-zophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 158(3): 440-446

Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T (2005): Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(9): 975-83

Marshall M, Rathbone J (2006) "Early Intervention for psychosis." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD004718.pub2:

10.1002/14651858.CD004718.pub2

McBride T, Moberg PJ, Arnold SE, Mozley LH, Mahr RN, Gibney M, Kumar A, Gur RE (2002): Neuropsychological functioning in elderly patients with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Schizophr Res 55(3): 217-227

McGurk SR, Meltzer HY (2000): The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 45(3): 175-184

McGurk SR, Mueser KT, DeRosa TJ, Wolfe R (2009): Work, recovery, and comorbidity in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation. Schizophr Bull 35(2): 319-35

Mesholam-Gately RI, Giuliano AJ, Goff KP, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ (2009): Neuro-cognition in First-Episode Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neuropsycholo-gy 23(3): 315-336

Milev P, Ho B-C, Arndt S, Andreasen NC (2005): Predictive Values of Neurocognition and Negative Symptoms on Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal First-Episode Study With 7-Year Follow-Up. Am J Psychiatry 162(3): 495-506 Moore THM, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TRE, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis

G (2007): Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes:

a systematic review. The Lancet 370(9584): 319-328

Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Zinberg J, Johnson JK, O'Brien M, Cannon TD (2007): The course of neurocognition and social functioning in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 33(3): 772-81

Nuechterlein KH, Barch DM, Gold JM, Goldberg TE, Green MF, Heaton RK (2004):

Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 72(1):

29-39

Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, Baade LE, Barch DM, Cohen JD, Essock S, Fenton WS, Frese FJ, III, Gold JM, et al. (2008): The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, Part 1: Test Selection, Reliability, and Validity. Am J Psychi-atry 165(2): 203-213

Palmer BW, Heaton RK, Paulsen JS, Kuck J, Braff D, Harris MJ, Zisook S, Jeste DV (1997): Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal? Neu-ropsychology 11(3): 437-446

Palmer BW, Heaton RK, Gladsjo JA, Evans JD, Patterson TL, Golshan S, Jeste DV (2002): Heterogeneity in functional status among older outpatients with schizo-phrenia: employment history, living situation, and driving. Schizophr Res 55(3):

205-15

Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB (2001): Family history, place and season of birth as risk factors for schizophrenia in Denmark: a replication and reanalysis. Br J Psychiatry 179(1): 46-52

Reichenberg A, Harvey PD (2007): Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia:

Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings. Psychol Bull 133(5):

833-58

Reichenberg A, Caspi A, Harrington H, Houts R, Keefe RS, Murray RM, Poulton R, Moffitt TE (2010): Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study. Am J Psychiatry 167(2): 160-9

Reitan RM, Wolfson D: The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Neu-ropsychology Press, Tucson, Arizona 1985

Rund BR, Melle I, Friis S, Larsen TK, Midboe LJ, Opjordsmoen S, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, McGlashan T (2004): Neurocognitive dysfunction in first-episode psy-chosis: correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and duration of untreated psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 161(3): 466-72

Saykin AJ, Shtasel DL, Gur RE, Kester DB, Mozley LH, Stafiniak P, Gur RC (1994):

Neuropsychological Deficits in Neuroleptic Naive Patients with First-Episode Schi-zophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51(2): 124-131

Seidman LJ, Buka SL, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT (2006): Intellectual decline in schizo-phrenia: evidence from a prospective birth cohort 28 year follow-up study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 28(2): 225-42

Shepherd M, Watt D, Falloon I, Smeeton N (1989): The natural history of schizophre-nia: a five-year follow-up study of outcome and prediction in a representative sample of schizophrenics. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 15: 1-46

Siegel SJ, Irani F, Brensinger CM, Kohler CG, Bilker WB, Ragland JD, Kanes SJ, Gur RC, Gur RE (2006): Prognostic variables at intake and long-term level of function in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 163(3): 433-41

Spearman C (1904): The proof and measurement of association between two things. Am J Psychol 15: 72-101

SPSS Inc.: SPSS for Windows, Version 17. SPSS Inc., Chicago 2008

Stirling J, White C, Lewis S, Hopkins R, Tantam D, Huddy A, Montague L (2003):

Neurocognitive function and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a 10-year fol-low-up of an epidemiological cohort. Schizophr Res 65(2-3): 75-86

Tewes U: HAWIE-R: Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Erwachsene, Revision 1991, 2., korrigierte Auflage. Huber, Bern 1994

Thornicroft G, Tansella M, Becker T, Knapp M, Leese M, Schene A, Vazquez-Barquero JL (2004): The personal impact of schizophrenia in Europe. Schizophr Res 69(2-3): 125-32

van Os J, Rutten BP, Poulton R (2008): Gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia:

review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophr Bull 34(6):

1066-82

Weickert TW, Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Bigelow LB, Egan MF, Weinberger DR (2000):

Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying preserved and compromised intellect. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(9): 907-913

WHO: The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. WHO, Genf 1993

Wilk CM, Gold JM, McMahon RP, Humber K, Iannone VN, Buchanan RW (2005):

No, it is not possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal. Neu-ropsychology 19(6): 778-786

Wittchen H-U, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M: SKID I. Strukturiertes Klini-sches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1997

Woodberry KA, Giuliano AJ, Seidman LJ (2008): Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: a me-ta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry 165(5): 579-87

7. Anhang: Untersuchungsbuch der