1. Cooper AJL, McDonald JM, Gelbard AS, Gledhill RF, Duffy TE. The metabolic fate of 13N-labeled ammonia in rat brain. J Biol Chem 1979;254 (12):4982-92.
2. Cooper AJL, Duffy TE, McDonald JM, Gelbard AS. 13N as a tracer for studying ammonia uptake and metabolism in the brain. In: Root JW, Krohn, KA, Editoren.
Advances in Chemistry. Series 197. Short-lived Radionuclides in Chemistry and Biology. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society; 1981. S. 369-88.
3. Lockwood AH, McDonald JM, Reiman RE, Gelbard AS, Laughlin JS, Duffy TE et al. The dynamics of ammonia metabolism in man: Effects of liver disease and hyperammonemia. J Clin Invest 1979;63:449-60.
4. Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Raybaud C. Factors which affect cerebral uptake and retention of 13NH3. Stroke 1977;8:694-702.
5. Weiner ID, Verlander JW. Renal and hepatic expression of the ammonium transporter proteins, Rh B Glycoprotein and Rh C Glycoprotein. Acta Physiol Scand 2003;179(4):331-8.
6. Rose C. Increased extracellular brain glutamate in acute liver failure: Decreased uptake or increased release? Metab Brain Dis 2002;17(4):251-61.
7. Rose C. Effect of ammonia on astrocytic glutamate uptake/release mechanisms. J Neurochem 2006;97 Suppl. 1:11-5.
8. Norenberg MD, Martinez-Hernandez A. Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain. Brain Res 1979;161(2):303-10.
9. Lockwood AH, Finn RD, Campbell JA, Richman TB. Factors that affect the uptake of ammonia by the bra The blood-brain ph Gradient. Brain Res 1980;181:259-66.
10. Lockwood AH, Bolomey L, Napoleon F. Blood-brain barrier to ammonia in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984;4:516-22.
11. Keiding S, Sørensen M, Bender D, Lajord Munk O, Ott P, Vilstrup H. Brain metabolism of 13N-ammonia during acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis measured by positron emission tomography [Erratum in Hepatology 2006;44(4):1056]. Hepatology 2006;43:42-50.
12. Lockwood AH, Yap EWH, Wong WH. Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:337-41.
13. Sherlock S, Summerskill WH, White LP, Phear EA. Portal-systemic encephalopathy; neurological complications of liver disease. Lancet 1954;267:454-7.
14. Ahl B, Weissenborn K, van den Hoff J, Fischer-Wasels D, Köstler H, Hecker, H et al.: Regional differences in cerebral blood flow and cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;40:73-9.
15. Weissenborn K, Ahl B, Fischer-Wasels D, van den Hoff J, Hecker H, Burchert W et al. Correlations between MRS alterations and cerebral ammonia and glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy. GUT 2007,56(12):1736-42.
16. Butterworth RF, Girard G, Giguere JF. Regional differences in the capacity for ammonia removal by brain following portocaval anastomosis. J Neurochem 1988;51(2):486-90.
17. Desjardins P, Rao RKV, Michalak A, Rose C, Butterworth RF. Effect of portocaval anastomosis on glutamine synthetase protein and gene expression in brain, liver and skeletal muscle. Metab Brain Dis 1999;14(4):273-80.
18. Girard G, Giguère JF, Butterworth RF. Region-selective reductions in activities of glutamine synthetase in rat brain following portocaval anastomosis. Metab Brain Dis 1993;8(4):207-15.
19. Knittel T, Saile B, Ramadori G. Fibrogenese: Pathophysiologie und therapeutische Ansätze. Internist 1998;39:238-46.
20. Arthur MJP. Fibrogenesis, II. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000;279(2):G245-9.
21. Lichtinghagen R, Bahr MJ. Noninvasive diagnosis of fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2004;4:715-26.
22. Lichtinghagen R, Huegel O, Seifert T, Haberkorn CI, Michels D, Flemming P et al.
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and –9 and their inhibitors in peripheral blood cells of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chem 2000;46(2):183-92.
23. Lichtinghagen R, Michels D, Haberkorn CI, Arndt B, Bahr M, Flemming P et al.
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 are closely related to the fibroproliferative process in the liver during chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2001;34:239-47.
24. Boeker KHW, Haberkron CI, Michels D, Fleming P, Manns MP, Lichtinghagen R.
Diagnostic potential of circulating TIMP-1 and MMP-2 as markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chim Acta 2002;316:71-81.
25. Nguyen JH, Yamamoto S, Steers J, Sevlever D, Lin W, Shimojima N et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to brain extravasation and edema in fulminant hepatic failure mice. J Hepatol 2006;44:1105-14.
26. Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Callea F, De Groote J, Gudat F et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1995;22:696-9.
27. Lockwood AH. Positron emission tomography in the study of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2002;17(4):431-5.
28. Krause BJ. Grundlagen der funktionellen Bildgebung des Gehirns mit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie. Nervenheilkunde 2005;24(2):73-80.
29. Meinecke C. Untersuchung der striatalen Dopamin D2-Rezeptorbindungsfähigkeit und des zerebralen Glukosemetabolismus bei Chorea Huntington. [Dissertation].
Hannover, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover; 2003.
30. Matzke KH, Meyer GJ, Hundeshagen H. An advanced system for the administration of 15-O water. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1993;32:459-60.
31. Matzke KH, Meyer GJ, van den Hoff J, Hundeshagen H. On-line Aktivitätsmeßsystem zur kontinuierlichen Erfassung arterieller Blutkurven für die PET. Nuklearmedizin 1997;36:A55.
32. Córdoba J, Sanpedro F, Alonso J, Rovira A. 1H magnetic resonance in the study of hepatic encephalopathy in humans. Metab Brain Dis 2002;17(4):415-29.
33. Lockwood AH, Weissenborn K, Butterworth RF. An image of the brain in patients with liver disease. Curr Opin Neurol 1997;10:525-33.
34. Taylor-Robinson SD, Sargentonie J, Oatridge A, Bryant DJ, Hajnal JV, Marcus CD et al. MR imaging and spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: Correlation of T1-weighted contrast measurements with abnormalities in proton and phosphorus-31 MR spectra. Metab Brain Dis 1996;11(3):249-68.
35. Provencher SW. Automated estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized proton MRS. In: Macher JP, Crocq MA, Nedelec JF, Editoren. New prospects in psychiatry. The bio-clinical interface. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext;
1995. S. 405-13.
36. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N et al. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 2002;15:273-89.
37. Norenberg MD, Rama Rao KV, Jayakumar AR. Mechanisms of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Metab Brain Dis 2005;20(4):303-18.
38. Rosenspire KC, Schwaiger M, Mangner TJ, Hutchins GD, Sutorik A, Kuhl DE.
Metabolic fate of [13N]ammonia in human and canine blood. J Nucl Med 1990;31(2):163-7.
39. van den Hoff J, Burchert W, Börner AR, Fricke H, Kühnel G, Meyer GJ et al. [1-(11)C]Acetate as a quantitative perfusion tracer in myocardial PET. J Nucl Med 2001;42(8):1174-82.
40. Renkin EM. Transport of potassium-42 from blood to tissue in solated mammalian skeletal muscles. Am J Physiol 1959;197:1205-10.
41. Crone C. The permeability of capillaries in various organs as determined by the use of the “indicator diffusion” method. Acta Physiol Scand 1963;58:292-305.
42. Lockwood AH. Functional evaluation of the blood-brain barrier using positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 1984;15 Suppl:103-6.
43. Köstler H. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in portal-systemic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1998;13(4):291-301.
44. Iversen P, Sørensen M, Bal LK, Waagepetersen HS, Vafaee MS, Borghammer P, Mouridsen et al. Low cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow in patients with cirrhosis and an acute episode of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2009;136:863-71.
45. Walsh K.M, Timms P, Campbell S, MacSween RN, Morris AJ. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase1- and -2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) as non-invasive markers of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C: comparison using ROC analysis. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44:624-30.
46. Taylor-Robinson SD, Sargentoni J, Marcus CD, Morgan MY, Bryant DJ. Regional variations in cerebral proton spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1994;9(4):347-59.
47. Balata S, Olde Damink SWM, Ferguson K, Marshall I, Hayes, Peter C et al.
Induced hyperammonemia alters neuropsychology, brain MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003;37:931-9.
48. Laubenberger J, Häussinger D, Bayer S, Gufler H, Hennig J, Langer M. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1997;112(5):1610-6.
49. Kreis R, Ross BD, Farrow NA, Ackermann Z. Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with H-1 MR spectroscopy. Kommentar Radiology 1992;182(1):19-27.
50. Phelps ME, Hoffmann EJ, Coleman RE, Welch MJ, Raichle ME, Weiss ES et al.
Tomographic images of blood pool and perfusion in brain and heart. J Nucl Med 1976;17:603-12.
51. Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Selin C, Kuhl DE. Cerebral extraction of N-13 ammonia: Its dependence on cerebral blood flow and capillary permeability-surface area product. Stroke 1981;12:607-19.
52. Buijs PC, Krabbe-Hartkamp MJ, Bakker CJ, de Lange EE, Ramos LMP, Breteler MoM et al. Effect of age on cerebral blood flow with ungated two-dimensional phase-contrast MR angiography in 250 adults. Radiology 1998;209:667-74.
53. Rovira A, Córdoba J, Raguer N, Alonso J. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of brain edema in patients with liver disease; resolution after transplantation. Curr Opin Neurol 2002;15:731-7.
54. Giewekemeyer K, Berding G, Ahl B, Ennen JC, Weissenborn K. Bradykinesia in cirrhotic patients with early hepatic encephalopathy is related to a decreased glucose uptake of frontomesial cortical areas relevant for movement initiation. J Hepatol 2007;46(6):1034-9.
55. Lockwood AH, Yap EW, Rhoades H.M, Wong W.H. Altered cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in patients with liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991;11(2):331-6.
56. Lockwood AH. Controversies in ammonia metabolism: implications for hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2007;22(3-4):285-9.