1. von Mutius E. The rising trends in asthma and allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;
28 Suppl 5:45-49
2. Varner AE. The increase in allergic respiratory disease: survival of the fittest? Chest 2002;121:1308-16
3. Lambrecht BN. Allergen uptake and presentation by dendritic cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;1:51-59
4. MosmannTR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteinss. J Immunol 1986;136:2348-57
5. Hamid QA, Minshall EA. Molecular pathology of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:20-36
6. Yssel H, Lecart S, Pene J. Regulatory T cells and allergic asthma. Microbes Infect 2001;3:899-904
7. Laitinen A, Laitinen LA. Pathology of asthma. Allergy Proc 1994;15:323-28
8. Venge P, Dahl R, Fredens K, Peterson CG. Epithelial injury by human eosinophils. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:54-57
9. Uchida DA, Ackerman SJ, Coyle AJ, Larsen GL, Weller PF, Freed J, et al. The effect of human eosinophil granule major basic protein on airway responsiveness in the rat in vivo. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:982-88
10. Greenfeder S, Umland SP, Cuss FM, Chapman RW, Egan RW. Th2 cytokines and asthma. The role of interleukin-5 in allergic eosinophilic disease. Respir Res 2001;2:71-79
11. Jeffrey PK. Remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:28-38
12. Chiappara G, Gagliardo R, Siena A, Bonsignore MR, Bousquet J, Bonsignore G, et al.
Airway remodelling in the pathogenesis of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;1:85-93
13. Krug N, Erpenbeck VJ, Balke K, Petschallies J, Tschernig T, Hohlfeld JM, Fabel H.
Cytokine profile of bronchoalveolar lavage-derived CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T cells in people with asthma after segmental allergen challenge. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001;25:125-31.
14. Wong CK, Ho CY, Ko FW, Chan CH, Ho AS, Hui DS, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-12) and Th cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) in patients with allergic asthma. Clin Exp Immunol 2001;125:177-83
15. Huang TJ, MacAry PA, Eynott P, Moussavi A, Daniel KC, Askenase PW, et al.
Allergen-specific Th1 cells counteract efferent Th2 cell-dependent bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation partly via IFN-gamma. J Immunol 2001;166:207-17
16. Ford JG, Rennick D, Donaldson DD, Venkayya R, McArthur C, Hansell E, et al. IL-13 and IFN-gamma: interactions in lung inflammation. J Immunol 2001;167:1769-77 17. Suzuki M, Maghni K, Molet S, Shimbara A, Hamid QA, Martin JG. IFN-gamma
secretion by CD8 T cells inhibits allergen-induced airway eosinophila but not late airway responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:803-09
18. Yoshida M, Leight R, Matsumoto K, Wattie J, Ellis R, O´Byrne PM, et al. Effect of Interferon-gamma on Allergic Airway Responses in Interferon-gamma-deficient Mice.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:451-56
19. Simon HU, Yousefi S, Schranz C, Schapowal A, Bachert C, Blaser K. Direct demonstration of delayed eosinophil apoptosis as a mechanism causing tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol 1997;158:3902-08
20. Renauld JC. New insights into the role of cytokines in asthma. J Clin Pathol 2001;54:577-89
21. Mauser PJ, Pitman A, Witt A, Fernandez X, Zurcher J, Kung TT, et al. Inhibitory effect of the TRFK-5 anti-IL-5 antibody in a guinea pig model of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1623-27
22. Leckie MJ, ten Brinke A, Khan J, Diamant Z, O´Connor BJ, Walls CM, et al. Effects of an interleukin-5 blocking monoclonal antibody on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response. Lancet 2000;356:2144-48
23. O´Byrne PM, Inman MD, Parameswaran K. The trials and tribulations of IL-5, eosinophils, and allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:503-08
24. Zangrilli JG, Shaver JR, Cirelli RA, Cho SK, Garlisi CG, Falcone A, et al. sVCAM-1 levels after segmental antigen challenge correlate with eosinophil influx, IL-4 and IL-5 production, and the late phase response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1346-53 25. Robinson DS, Ying S, Bentley AM, Meng Q, North J, Durham SR, et al. Relationships
among numbers of bronchoalveolar lavage cells expressing messenger ribonucleic acid
for cytokines, asthma symptoms, and airway methacholine responsiveness in asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;92:397-403
26. Motojima S, Akutsu I, Fukuda T, Makino S, Takatsu K. Clinical significance of measuring levels of sputum and serum ECP and serum IL-5 in bronchial asthma.
Allergy 1993;48:98-106
27. Zangrilli JG, Shaver JR, Cirelli RA, Cho SK, Garlisi CG, Falcone A, et al. sVCAM-1 levels after segmental antigen challenge correlate with eosinophil influx, IL-4 and IL-5 production, and the late phase response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1346-53 28. Rolfe FG, Hughes JM, Armour CL, Sewell WA. Inhibition of interleukin-5 gene
expression by dexamethasone. lmmunol 1992;77:494-99
29. Ohnishi T, Sur S, Collins DS, Fish J, Gleich GJ, Peters SP. Eosinophil survival activity identified as interleukin-5 is associated with eosinophil recruitment and degranulation and lung injury twenty-four hours after segmental antigen lung challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;92:607-15
30. Wallen N, Kita H, Weiler D, Gleich GJ. Glucocorticoids inhibit cytokine-mediated eosinophil survival. J lmmunol 1991;147:3490-95
31. Soussi-Gounni A, Kontolemos M, Hamid Q. Role of IL-9 in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:575-82
32. Modi WS, Pollock DD, Mock BA, Banner C, Renauld JC, Van Snick J. Regional localization of the human glutaminase (GLS) and interleukin 9 (IL9) genes by in situ hybridization. Cyto Cell Genet 1991;57:114-16
33. Nicolaides NC, Holroyd KJ, Ewart SL, et al. Interleukin 9 : a candidate gene for asthma. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1997;94:13175-80
34. Van Leuween BH, Martinson ME, Webb GC, Young IG. Molecular organization of the cytokine gene cluster, involving the human IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF genes, on human chromsome 5. Blood 1989;73:1142-48
35. Renauld JC, Kermouni A, Vink A, Louahed J, Van Snick J. Interleukin-9 and its receptor: involvement in mast cell differentiation and T cell oncogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 1995;57:353-60
36. Soussi-Gounni A, Nutku E, Koussih L, et al. IL-9 expression by human eosinophils:
regulation by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:460-66 37. Perdow-Hickman S, Salgame P. Rescue of human T cells by interleukin-9 (IL-9) from
IL-2 deprivation-induced apoptosis: correlation with alpha subunit expression of the IL-9 receptor. J Interf Cyto Res 2000;20:603-08
38. De Smedt M, Verhasselt B, Kerre T, et al. Signals from the IL-9 receptor are critical for the early stages of human intrathymic T cell development. J Immunol 2000;
164:1761-67
39. Temann U, Geba G, Rankin J, Flavell R. Expression of interleukin-9 in the lungs of transgenic mice causes airway inflammation, mast cell hyperplasia, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Exp Med 1998;188:1307-20
40. Shimbara A, Christodoulopoulis P, Soussi-Gounni A, Olivenstein R, Nakamura Y, Levitt RC, et al. IL-9 and its receptor in allergic and nonallergic lung disease: Increased expression in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:108-15
41. Veldhuizen R, Nag K, Orgeig S, Possmayer F. The role of lipids in pulmonary surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1408:90-108
42. Bachhofen H, Schürch S, Michel RP, Weibel ER. Experimental hydrostatic pulmonary edema in rabbit lungs: morphology. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:989-96
43. Gross NJ, Narine KR. Surfactant subtypes in mice: characterization and quantification.
J Appl Physiol 1989;66:342-49
44. Perez-Gil J, Keough KMW. Interfacial properties of surfactant proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1408:203-17
45. Cochrane CG, Revak SD. Pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B): structure-function relationships. Science 1991;254:566-68
46. Nogee LM, deMello DM, Dehner LP, Colten HR. Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant protein B in congenital alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med 1993;328:406-10
47. Possmayer F. The role of surfactant-associated proteins. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;
142:749-52
48. Ahuja A, Oh N, Chao W, Spragg RG, Smith RM. Inhibition of the human neutrophil respiratory burst by native and synthetic surfactant. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996;
14:496-503
49. Tanaka F, Suga M, Nishikawa H, Muranaka H, Ando M. Effects of pulmonary surfactant on macrophage migration: supression of chemokinesis by surfactant phospholipid and enhancement of chemotaxis by surfactant protein. Respirology 1997;
2:119-26
50. Golioto A, Wright JR. Effects of Surfactant Lipids and Surfactant Protein A on Host Defense Funktions of Rat Alveolar Macrophages. Pediatr Res 2002;51:220-27
51. Wright SM, Hochey PM, Enhorning G, Strong P, Reid KB, Holgate ST, et al. Altered airway surfactant phospholipid composition and reduced lung function in asthma. J Appl Physiol 2000;89:1283-92
52. Kurashima K, Fujimura M, Matsuda T, Kobayashi T. Surface activity of sputum from acute asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1254-59
53. Hohlfeld JM, Ahlf K, Enhorning G, Balke K, Erpenbeck VJ, Petschallies J, et al.
Dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant in asthmatics after segmental allergen challenge.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1803-09
54. Jarjour NN, Enhorning G. Antigen-induced airway inflammation in atopic subjects generates dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;
160:336-41
55. Becher G. Lung surfactant prevents allergic bronchial constriction in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. Biomed Biochim Acta 1985;44:K57-K61
56. Liu M, Wang L, Li E, Enhorning G. Pulmonary surfactant given prophylactically alleviates an asthma attack in guinea-pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 1996;26:270-75
57. Madan T, Kishore U, Singh M, Strong P, Clark H, Hussain EM, et al. Surfactant proteins A and D protect mice against pulmonary hypersensitivity induced by Aspergillus fumigatus antigens and allergens. J Clin Invest 2001;107:467-75
58. Strong P, Reid KB, Clark H. Intranasal delivery of a truncated recombinant human SP-D is effective at downregulating allergic hypersensitivity in mice sensitized to allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;130:19-24
59. Kurashima K, Ogawa H, Ohka T, Fujimura M, Matsuda T, Kobayashi T. A pilot study of surfactant inhalation in the treatment of asthmatic attack. Aerugi (Jpn J Allergol) 1991;40:160-63
60. Oetomo SB, Dorrepaal C, Bos H, Gerritsen J, van der Mark TW, Koeter GH, van Aalderen WMC. Surfactant nebulization does not alter airflow obstruction and bronchial responsiveness to histamine in asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1148-52
61. Babu KS, Woodcock DA, Smith SE, Staniforth JN, Holgate ST, Conway JH. Inhaled synthetic surfactant abolishes the early allergen-induced response in asthma. Eur Respir J 2003;21:1046-49
62. Bernhard W, Mottaghian J, Gebert A, Rau GA, von der Hardt H, Poets CF.
Commercial versus Native Surfactants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1524-33
63. Calhoun WJ, Jarjour NN, Gleich GJ, Stevens CA, Bussee WW. Increased airway inflammation with segmental versus aerosol antigen challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:1465-71.
64. Djukanovic R, Wilson JW, Lai CK, Holgate ST, Howarth PH. The safety aspects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and endobronchial biopsy in asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:772-77
65. Krug N, Teran LM, Redington AE, Gratziou C, Montefort S, Polosa R, et al. Safety aspects of local endobronchial allergen challenge in asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1391-97
66. Sander B, Andersson J, Andersson U. Assessment of cytokines by immunofluorescence and the paraformaldehyde-saponin procedure. Immunol Rev 1991;119:65-93
67. Jung T, Schauer U, Heusser C, Neumann C, Rieger C. Detection of intracellular cytokines by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1993;159:197-207
68. Schuerwegh AJ, Stevens WJ, Bridts CH, De Clerck LS. Evaluation of monensin and brefeldin A for flow cytometric determination of interleukin-1 bet, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in monocytes. Cytometry 2001;46:172-76
69. Nylander S, Kalies I. Brefeldin A, but not monensin, completely blocks CD69 expression on mouse lymphocytes: efficacy of inhibitors of protein secretion in protocols for intracellular staining by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1999;
224:69-76
70. Ferrick DA, Schrenzel MD, Mulvania T, Hsieh B, Ferlin WG, Lepper H. Differential production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in response to Th1- and Th2-stimulating pathogens by gamma delta T cells in vivo. Nature 1995;373:255-57
71. Jung T, Schauer U, Rieger C, Wagner K, Einsle K, Neumann C, et al. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 are rarely coexpressed by human T cells. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:2413-16
72. Suni MA, Picker LJ, Maino VC. Detection of antigen-specific T cell cytokine expression in whole blood by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1998;212:89-98 73. King CL, Stupi RJ, Craighead N, June CH, Thyphronitis G. CD28 activation promotes
Th2 subset differentiation by human CD4+ cells. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:587-95
74. Erpenbeck VJ, Hohlfeld JM, Volkmann B, Hagenberg A, Geldmacher H, Braun A, Krug N. Segmental allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma leads to increased
IL-9 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:1319-27
75. Wright JR. Immunomodulatory functions of surfactant. Physiol Rev 1997;77:931-62 76. Barnes PJ. New concepts in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and
asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:1013-26
77. Aalbers R, Kauffman HF, Vrugt B, Koeter GH, de Monchy JG. Allergen-induced recruitment of inflammatory cells in lavage 3 and 24 h after challenge in allergic asthmatic lungs. Chest 1993;103:1178-84
78. Rossi GA, Crimi E, Lantero S, Gianiorio P, Oddera S, Crimi P, Brusasco V. Late-phase asthmatic reaction to inhaled allergen is associated with early recruitment of eosinophils in the airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:379-83
79. Gauvreau GM, Watson RM, O´Byrne PM. Kinetics of allergen-induced airway eosinophilic cytokine production and airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:640-7
80. Dupuis R, Collins DS, Koh YY, Pollice M, Albertine KH, Fish JE, Peters SP. Effect of antigen dose on the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lung by segmental antigen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;89:850-7
81. Little FF, Cruikshank WW, Center DM. Il-9 stimulates release of chemotactic factors from human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001;25:347-52 82. Louahed J, Zhou Y, Maloy WL, Rani PU, Weiss C, Tomer Y, et al. Interleukin 9
promotes influx and local maturation of eosinophils. Blood 2001;97:1035-42
83. Gounni AS, Gregory B, Nutku E, Aris F, Latifa K, Minshall E, et al. Interleukin-9 enhances interleukin-5 receptor expression, differentiation, and survival of human eosinophils. Blood 2000;96:2163-71
84. Gratziou C, Carrol M, Walls A, Howarth PH, Holgate ST. Early changes in T lymphozytes recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage after local allergen challenge of asthmatic airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1259-64
85. Lee SY, Kim SJ, Kwon SS, Kim YK, Kim KH, Moon HS, et al. Distribution and cytokine production of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with acute asthmatic attacks. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86:659-64
86. Erpenbeck VJ, Hagenberg A, Dulkys Y, Elsner J, Bälder R, Krentel H, et al. Natural porcine surfactant augments airway inflammation after allergen challenge in Patients with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:578-86
87. Erpenbeck VJ, Wiese K, Schael M, Schmiedl A, Tschernig T, Krug N, Hohlfeld J.
ECP-release from eosinophilic granulocytes is modulated by natural surfactant preparations. 100th conference of the ATS, Orlando, May 21-26th, 2004
88. Moya FR, Hoffman DR, Zhao B, Johnston JM. Platelet-activating factor in surfactant preparations. Lancet 1993;341:865-6
89. Liu M, Wang L, Li E, Enhorning G. Pulmonary surfactant will secure free airflow through a narrow tube. J Appl Physiol 1991;71:742-48
90. Baritussio A. Lung surfactant, asthma, and allergens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:550-51
91. van de Graaf EA, Jansen HM, Lutter R, Alberts C, Kobesen J, de Vries IJ, Out TA.
Surfactant protein A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Lab Clin Med 1992;120:252-63 92. Wang JY, Shieh CC, Yu CK, Lei HY. Allergen-induced bronchial inflammation is
associated with decreased levels of surfactant proteins A and D in a murine model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:652-62
93. Signor L, Tigani B, Beckmann N, Falchetto R, Stoeckli M. Two-dimensional electrophoresis protein profiling and identification in rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following allergen and endotoxin challenge. Proteomics 2004;4:2101-10
94. Shepherd VL, Lopez JP. The role of surfactant-associated protein A in pulmonary host defense. Immunol Res 2001;23:111-20
95. Hickman-Davis JM, O´Reilly P, Davis IC, Peti-Peterdi J, Davis G, Young KR, et al.
Killing of Klebsiella pneumoniae by human alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002;282:L944-56
96. Schagat TL, Wofford JA, Wright JR. Surfactant protein A enhances alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. J Immunol 2001;166:2727-33
97. Wright JR, Youmans DC. Pulmonary surfactant protein A stimulates chemotaxis of alveolar macrophage. Am J Physiol 1993;264:L228-44
98. LeVine AM, Bruno MD, Huelsman KM, Ross GF, Whitsett JA, Korfhagen TR.
Surfactant protein A - deficient mice are susceptible to group B streptococcal infection.
J Immunol 1997;158:4336-40
99. Malhotra R, Haurum J, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Sims RB. Pollen grains bind to lung alveolar type II cells (A549) via lung surfactant protein A (SP-A). Biosci Rep 1993;
13:79-90
100. Wang JY, Kishore U, Lim BL, Strong P, Reid KBM. Interaction of human lung surfactant proteins A and D with mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergens.
Clin Exp Immunol 1996;106:367-73
101. Wang JY, Sieh CC, You PF, Lei HY, Reid KBM. Inhibitory effect of pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D on allergen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and histamine release in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:510-18
102. Dobbs LG, Wright JR, Hawgood S, Gonzalez R, Venstrom K, Nellenbogen J.
Pulmonary surfactant and its components inhibit secretion of phosphatidylcholine from cultured rat alveolar type II cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:1010-14
103. Wright JR, Wager RE, Hawgood S, Dobbs LG, Clements JA. Surfactant apoprotein Mr = 26.000-36.000 enhances uptake of liposomes by type II cells. J Biol Chem 1987;262:2888-94
104. Venkitaraman AR, Hall SB, Whitsett JA, Notter RH. Enhancement of biophysical activity of lung surfactant extracts and phospholipid-apoprotein mixtures by surfactant protein A. Chem Phys Lipids 1990;56:185-94
105. Ofek I, Mesika A, Kalina M, Keisari Y, Podschun R, Sahly H, et al. Surfactant protein D enhances phagocytosis and killing of unencapsulated phase variants of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2001;69:24-33
106. Clark H, Palaniyar N, Strong P, Edmundson J, Hawgood S, Reid KB. Surfactant protein d reduces alveolar macrophage apoptosis in vivo. J Immunol 2002;169:2892-99