1. This chapter was originally presented as a paper at the International Studies Association West conference in San Francisco, CA, September 28-29, 2007.
2. Henry Kissinger as quoted in Jutta Weldes, Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999, p. 4.
3. Robert J. Art, A Grand Strategy for America, Ithaca, NY, and London, UK: Cornell University Press, 2003, p. 45.
4. The Commission on America’s National Interests, America’s National Interests, Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, July 2000, p. 15.
5. Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, CO: Lynne Ri-enner Publishers, 1998, pp. 5-6.
6. Donald E. Neuchterlein, United States National Interests in a Changing World, Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1973, pp. 6-7.
7. Robert Osgood, Ideals and Self-Interest in America’s Foreign Relations, Chicago, IL, 1953, p. 4, as quoted in Nuech-terlein, 1973, p. 5., and Terry L. Deibel, Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 134.
8. See, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 4th Ed., New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967, p. 8, as described in Scott Burchill et al., Theories of International Relations, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave, 2001, p. 81.
9. See, for example, Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996, pp. 5-6.
10. Morgenthau, pp. 5-6; and Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979, p. 134.
11. Finnemore, p. 3.
12. Examples include Morgenthau, The Impasse of American Foreign Policy, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 191, as quoted in Peter H. Liotta, “Still Worth Dying For: National Interests and the Nature of Strategy,” Naval War College Review, Spring 2003, available from www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2003/Spring/rd1-sp3.htm; Nuechterlein, America Recommitted: United States National Interests in a Restructured World, Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1991, p. 18-29; and The White House, A National Security Strategy for a Global Age, Washington, DC: U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, December 2000, p. 4.
13. G. R. Berridge and Alan James, A Dictionary of Diplomacy, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2nd Ed., 2003, p. 181.
14. Robert D. Blackwill, “A Taxonomy for Defining U.S. National Security Interests in the 1990s and Beyond,” in Werner Weidenfeld and Josef Janning, eds., Europe in Global Change: Strategies and Options for Europe, Gutersloh, Ger-many: Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers, 1993, p. 103.
15. Neuchterlein, 1973, pp. 6-7.
16. Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan, International Relations: The Key Concepts, London, UK: Routledge, 2002, p. 203.
17. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 2nd Ed., New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1954, p. 5, as quoted in Jack Donnelly, Realism and International Relations, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, p. 45.
18. John M. Collins, Grand Strategy: Principles and Practices, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1973, p. 1.
19. Philip Zelikow, “Foreign Policy Engineering: From Theory to Practice and Back Again,” International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4, Spring 1994, p. 162.
20. Deibel, pp. 129-133.
21. Michael G. Roskin, National Interest: From Abstraction to Strategy, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S.
Army War College, May 20, 1994, p. 17.
22. Commission on America’s National Interests, pp. 14-15.
23. Morgenthau, 1967, p. 8.
24. Ibid.
25. Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, London, UK: Penguin Books, 1998, p. 345.
26. Neuchterlein, 1973, pp. 7-8.
27. The White House, A National Security Strategy for a Global Age, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 2000, p. 1. Also see all six other Clinton era National Security Strategies (NSS) drafted between July 1994 and December 1999.
28. Neuchterlein, 1973, p. 8.
29. The White House, NSS, December 2000, pp. 1, 13 30. Ibid., p. 8.
31. The White House, NSS, December 1999, pp. iii, 1.
32. Ibid., p. iii.
33. Neuchterlein, 1973, p. 8.
34. The White House, NSS, 1999, p. 2.
35. Blackwill, p. 101.
36. Iain McLean, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 333.
37. Evans and Newnham, pp. 18-19.
38. McLean, p. 333.
39. Griffiths and O’Callaghan, p. 204.
40. Hans J. Morgethau, “Another Great Debate: The National Interest of the United States,” American Political Sci-ence Review, Vol. 46, No. 4, 1952, p. 972, as quoted in Jutta Weldes, Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999, p. 5.
41. James F. Miskel, “National Interests: Grand Purposes or Catchphrases,” Naval War College Review, Autumn 2002, p. 97.
42. Evans and Newnham, pp. 231-233; Griffiths and O’Callaghan, pp. 145-148.
43. Commission on America’s National Interests, p. 18.
44. Joseph Nye, “The New National Interest,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 1999, pp. 23-24, as quoted in P. H.
Liotta, “To Die For: National Interests and Strategic Uncertainties,” Parameters, Summer 2000, p. 47.
45. Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999, p. 1072, as quoted in Jeffrey Record,
“A Note on Interests, Values, and the Use of Force,” Parameters, Spring 2001, p. 17.
46. Commission on America’s National Interests, p. 2.
47. Art, p. 45.
48. Neuchterlein, 1973, pp. 9-10.
49. Deibel, p. 141.
50. Sam C. Sarkesian, John Allen Williams, and Stephen J. Cimbala, U.S. National Security: Policymakers, Processes and Politics, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002, p. 6.
51 Morgenthau uses two; Sarkesian, Williams, and Cimbala; Art; and, Blackwill use three; while The Commis-sion on America’s National Interests and Neuchterlein use four. Both the October 1998 and December 1999 National Security Strategies also used three.
52. Neuchterlein, 1973, p. 11.
53. Ibid., p. 15.
54. Neuchterlein, 1991, p. 18.
55. Art, p. 45.
56. Commission on America’s National Interests, p. 5.
57. Neuchterlein, 1991, p. 19.
58. Art, p. 45.
59. Commission on America’s National Interests, p. 6.
60. Ibid.
61. Neuchterlein, 1973, pp. 20-21.
62. Art, p. 46.
63. Neuchterlein, 1973, p. 22.
64. Commission on America’s National Interests, p. 7.
65. Neuchterlein, 1973, pp. 26-27.
66. Commission on America’s National Interests, p. 8.
67. Neuchterlein, 1973, p. 26.
68. Commission on America’s National Interests, p. 8.
69. Palmerston to Clarendon, July 20, 1856, quoted in Harold Temperley and Lillian M. Penson, Foundations of Brit-ish Foreign Policy From Pitt to Salisbury, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1938, p. 88, as quoted in Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994, p. 95.
70. Peter Feaver (Senior Advisor, Strategic Planning and Institutional Reform, National Security Council Staff, 2005-07), in discussion with the author, November 9, 2011, Washington, DC.
71. P. H. Liotta and James F. Miskel, “Still Worth Fighting Over? A Joint Response,” Naval War College Review, Winter 2004, p. 104.
72. Michael Pezullo (former Australia Deputy Secretary of Defence and Head of the Defence White Paper 2009 Drafting Team), in discussion with the author, September 28, 2011, Canberra, Australia.
73. Testimony of S. Frederic Starr before the House of Representatives Committee on International Relations,
“Hearing on U.S. Interests in the Central Asian Republics,” February 12, 1998, available from commdocs.house.gov/com-mittees/intlrel/hfa48119.000/hfa48119_0f.htm.
74. Michael G. Roskin, National Interest: From Abstraction to Strategy, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S.
Army War College, May 20, 1994, p. 17.
75. Lord Palmerston, as quoted in Anthony Jay, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Political Quotations, Oxford, UK: Ox-ford University Press, 1996, p. 284.
CHAPTER 3
THE NATIONAL SECURITY COMMUNITY, REVISITED