Empfehlung für künftige Forschung

1. Während die Benzodiazepine sehr gut untersucht sind, bleiben dennoch Fragen zu spezifischen Vorteilen oder Nachteilen verschiedener Benzodiazepine bei spezifischen PatientInnengruppen offen.

2. Gerade bei PatientInnen mit schweren somatischen Komorbiditäten oder anderen Gruppen wie ältere PatientInnen oder auch Kindern und Jugendlichen kann die vermeintlich beste Therapie aktuell oft nur aus klinischen Gesichtspunkten, nicht aber aus kontrollierten Studien abgeleitet werden. Das fehlende „wirtschaftliche“ Interesse an der Weiterentwicklung der pharmakologischen Akut-behandlung macht die „neutrale“ öffentliche geförderte Forschung besonders wichtig.

3. Ansätze wie Antiepileptika oder andere Substanzen mit geringem oder fehlendem Suchtpotenzial und mit besonders gutem Sicherheitsprofil bei somatischen Komorbiditäten sollten in Bezug auf Risikogruppen und Konzepte in der teilstationären und ambulanten Entzugsbehandlung weiterverfolgt werden.

4. Zudem fehlen weiterhin ausreichend wirksame pharmakologische und psychosoziale Strategien, um Rückfälle gerade in der Postakutphase durch hohen Suchtdruck nach Ausschleichen der Pharmakotherapie zur Entzugsbehandlung zu verhindern.

3.4.9 Literaturverzeichnis

Addolorato, G., Leggio, L., Abenavoli, L., Agabio, R., Caputo, F., Capristo, E., ... & Gasbarrini, G. (2006). Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a comparative study vs diazepam. The American journal of medicine, 119(3), 276.e13-276.e18

Amato, L., Minozzi, S., & Davoli, M. (2011). Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (6), 1-26.

Amato, L., Minozzi, S., Vecchi, S., & Davoli, M. (2010). Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3).

Anton, R. F., Myrick, H., Baros, A. M., Latham, P. K., Randall, P. K., Wright, T. M., ... & Malcolm, R. (2009).

Efficacy of a combination of flumazenil and gabapentin in the treatment of alcohol dependence: relationship to alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 29(4), 334-342.

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e.V. (AWMF). (2001). S2-Leitlinie Akutbehandlung Alkoholbezogener Störungen (AWMF-Register-Nr. 076-001).

Becker, H. C. (1998). Kindling in alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol health and research world, 22(1), 25-33.

Bird, R. D., & Makela, E. H. (1994). Alcohol withdrawal: what is the benzodiazepine of choice?. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 28(1), 67-71.

Bonnet, U., Banger, M., Leweke, F. M., Specka, M., Müller, B. W., Hashemi, T., ... & Gastpar, M. (2003).

Treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal with gabapentin: results from a controlled two-center trial. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 23(5), 514-519.

Bonnet, U., Hamzavi-Abedi, R., Specka, M., Wiltfang, J., Lieb, B., & Scherbaum, N. (2010). An open trial of gabapentin in acute alcohol withdrawal using an oral loading protocol. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 45(2), 143-145.

Bonnet, U., Schäfer, M., Richter, C., Milkereit, J., Wiltfang, J., Scherbaum, N., & Lieb, B. (2009a).

Anticonvulsants in the treatment of alcoholism, Fortschritte der Neurologie-psychiatrie, 77(4), 192-202.

S3 LL Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen

Seite | 113 Bonnet, U., Specka, M., Abedi, R. H., Wiltfang, J., & Scherbaum, N. (2009b). Severe protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome: prevalence and pharmacological treatment at an inpatient detoxification unit–a naturalistic study. Pharmacopsychiatry, 42(2), 76-78.

Bradley, K. A., Rubinsky, A. D., Sun, H., Bryson, C. L., Bishop, M. J., Blough, D. K., ... & Hughes, G. (2011). Alcohol screening and risk of postoperative complications in male VA patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery.

Journal of general internal medicine, 26(2), 162-169.

Buckingham, T. A., Kennedy, H. L., Goenjian, A. K., Vasilomanolakis, E. C., Shriver, K. K., Sprague, M. K., &

Lyyski, D. (1985). Cardiac arrhythmias in a population admitted to an acute alcoholic detoxification center.

American heart journal, 110(5), 961-965.

Chang, P. H., & Steinberg, M. B. (2001). Alcohol withdrawal. Medical Clinics of North America, 85(5), 1191-1212.

Craft, P. P., Foil, M. B., Cunningham, P. R., Patselas, P. C., Long-Snyder, B. M., & Collier, M. S. (1994).

Intravenous ethanol for alcohol detoxification in trauma patients. Southern medical journal, 87(1), 47-54.

Croissant, B., Loeber, S., Diehl, A., Nakovics, H., Wagner, F., Kiefer, F., & Mann, K. (2009). Oxcarbazepine in combination with Tiaprid in inpatient alcohol-withdrawal–a RCT.

Day, E., Bentham, P., Callaghan, R., Kuruvilla, T., & George, S. (2004). Thiamine for Wernicke‐Korsakoff Syndrome in people at risk from alcohol abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).

DeBellis, R., Smith, B. S., Choi, S., & Malloy, M. (2005). Management of delirium tremens. Journal of intensive care medicine, 20(3), 164-173.

D'Onofrio, G., Rathlev, N. K., Ulrich, A. S., Fish, S. S., & Freedland, E. S. (1999). Lorazepam for the prevention of recurrent seizures related to alcohol. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(12), 915-919.

Duka, T., Gentry, J., Malcolm, R., Ripley, T. L., Borlikova, G., Stephens, D. N., ... & Crews, F. T. (2004).

Consequences of multiple withdrawals from alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(2), 233-246.

Duka, T., Townshend, J. M., Collier, K., & Stephens, D. N. (2003). Impairment in cognitive functions after multiple detoxifications in alcoholic inpatients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(10), 1563-1572.

Egholm, J. W., Pedersen, B., Møller, A. M., Adami, J., Juhl, C. B., & Tønnesen, H. (2018). Perioperative alcohol cessation intervention for postoperative complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11).

Fassoulaki, A., Farinotti, R., Servin, F., & Desmonts, J. M. (1993). Chronic alcoholism increases the induction dose of propofol in humans. Anesthesia and analgesia, 77(3), 553-556.

Ferreira, J. A., Wieruszewski, P. M., Cunningham, D. W., Davidson, K. E., & Weisberg, S. F. (2017). Approach to the complicated alcohol withdrawal patient. Journal of intensive care medicine, 32(1), 3-14.

Förg, A., Hein, J., Volkmar, K., Winter, M., Richter, C., Heinz, A., & Müller, C. A. (2012). Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 47(2), 149-155.

Foy, A., & Kay, J. (1995). The incidence of alcohol-related problems and the risk of alcohol withdrawal in a general hospital population. Drug and Alcohol Review, 14(1), 49-54.

Freynhagen, R., Backonja, M., Schug, S., Lyndon, G., Parsons, B., Watt, S., & Behar, R. (2016). Pregabalin for the treatment of drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms: a comprehensive review. CNS drugs, 30(12), 1191-1200.

Galvin, R., Bråthen, G., Ivashynka, A., Hillbom, M., Tanasescu, R., & Leone, M. A. (2010). EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy. European Journal of Neurology, 17(12), 1408-1418.

Gonzalez, L. P., Veatch, L. M., Ticku, M. K., & Becker, H. C. (2001). Alcohol withdrawal kindling: mechanisms and implications for treatment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 197S-201S.

Gross, G. A. (1982). The use of propranolol as a method to manage acute alcohol detoxification. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 82(3), 206-207.

S3 LL Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen

Seite | 114 Hillbom, M., Pieninkeroinen, I., & Leone, M. (2003). Seizures in alcohol-dependent patients. CNS drugs, 17(14), 1013-1030.

Hodges, B., & Mazur, J. E. (2004). Intravenous ethanol for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 24(11), 1578-1585.

Jorgensen, L. N., Tonnesen, H., Pedersen, S., Lavrsen, M., Tuxoe, J., Gottrup, F., & Thomsen, C. F. (1998).

Reduced amounts of total protein in artificial wounds of alcohol abusers.The British Journal of Surgery-Supplement, 85, 152-153.

Kaoutzanis, C., Kavanagh, C. M., Leichtle, S. W., Welch, K. B., Talsma, A., Vandewarker, J. F., ... & Cleary, R. K.

(2015). Chlorhexidine with isopropyl alcohol versus iodine povacrylex with isopropyl alcohol and alcohol-versus nonalcohol-based skin preparations: the incidence of and readmissions for surgical site infections after colorectal operations. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 58(6), 588-596.

Kehlet, H. (1991). The surgical stress response: should it be prevented?. Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie, 34(6), 565-567.

American Psychiatic Association, Kleber, H. D., Weiss, R. D., Anton, R. F., Rounsaville, B. J., George, T. P., Strain, E. C., ... & O'Brien, C. P. (2006). Treatment of patients with substance use disorders, American Psychiatic Association. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(8 Suppl), 5-82.

Koethe, D., Juelicher, A., Nolden, B. M., Braunwarth, W. D., Klosterkötter, J., Niklewski, G., ... & Markus Leweke, F. (2007). Oxcarbazepine—Efficacy and Tolerability During Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Multicenter Pilot Study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(7), 1188-1194.

Koskinen, P. (1991). A 4‐year prospective follow‐up study of the role of alcohol in recurrences of atrial fibrillation. Journal of internal medicine,230(5), 423-426.

Kraemer, K. L., Mayo‐Smith, M. F., & Calkins, D. R. (2003). Independent clinical correlates of severe alcohol withdrawal. Substance Abuse, 24(4), 197-209.

Krupitsky, E. M., Rudenko, A. A., Burakov, A. M., Slavina, T. Y., Grinenko, A. A., Pittman, B., ... & Krystal, J. H.

(2007). Antiglutamatergic strategies for ethanol detoxification: comparison with placebo and diazepam.

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(4), 604-611.

Leone, M. A., Vigna‐Taglianti, F., Avanzi, G., Brambilla, R., & Faggiano, F. (2010). Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (2).

Lerner, W. D., & Fallon, H. J. (1985). The alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The new England Journal of Medicine, 951-952.

Lieber, C. S. (1995). Medical disorders of alcoholism. New England Journal of Medicine, 333(16), 1058-1065.

Liu, J., & Wang, L. N. (2019). Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (11).

Lucht, M., Kuehn, K. U., Armbruster, J., Abraham, G., Gaensicke, M., Barnow, S., ... & Freyberger, H. J. (2003).

Alcohol withdrawal treatment in intoxicated vs non-intoxicated patients: a controlled open-label study with tiapride/carbamazepine, clomethiazole and diazepam. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 38(2), 168-175.

Malcolm, R., Myrick, H., Brady, K. T., & Ballenger, J. C. (2001). Update on anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. The American journal on addictions, 10, 16-23.

Malcolm, R., Myrick, L. H., Veatch, L. M., Boyle, E., & Randall, P. K. (2007). Reported sleep, sleepiness, and repeated alcohol withdrawals: a randomized, double blind, controlled comparison of lorazepam vs gabapentin. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(1), 24-32.

Maldonado, A. Q., Tichy, E. M., Rogers, C. C., Campara, M., Ensor, C., Doligalski, C. T., ... & Trofe-Clark, J.

(2015). Assessing pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic risks in candidates for kidney transplantation.

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 72(10), 781-793.

Management of Substance Use Disorders Working Group. (2009). VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of substance use disorders (SUD). Washington, DC: Department of Defense, Department of

S3 LL Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen

Seite | 115 Veterans Affairs.

Mariani, J. J., Rosenthal, R. N., Tross, S., Singh, P., & Anand, O. P. (2006). A randomized, open‐label, controlled trial of gabapentin and phenobarbital in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. The American journal on addictions, 15(1), 76-84.

Martinotti, G., Di Nicola, M., Frustaci, A., Romanelli, R., Tedeschi, D., Guglielmo, R., ... & Di Giannantonio, M.

(2010a). Pregabalin, tiapride and lorazepam in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a multi‐centre, randomized, single‐blind comparison trial. Addiction, 105(2), 288-299.

Martinotti, G., Di Nicola, M., Tedeschi, D., Andreoli, S., Reina, D., Pomponi, M., ... & Di Giannantonio, M.

(2010b). Pregabalin versus naltrexone in alcohol dependence: a randomised, double-blind, comparison trial.

Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(9), 1367-1374.

Mason, B. J., Light, J. M., Williams, L. D., & Drobes, D. J. (2009). Proof‐of‐concept human laboratory study for protracted abstinence in alcohol dependence: effects of gabapentin. Addiction Biology, 14(1), 73-83.

Mayo-Smith, M. F. (1997). Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal: a meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. Jama, 278(2), 144-151.

McGuire, L. C., Cruickshank, A. M., & Munro, P. T. (2006). Alcoholic ketoacidosis. Emergency Medicine Journal, 23(6), 417-420.

Minozzi, S., Amato, L., Vecchi, S., & Davoli, M. (2010). Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3).

Moore, R. D., Bone, L. R., Geller, G., Mamon, J. A., Stokes, E. J., & Levine, D. M. (1989). Prevalence, detection, and treatment of alcoholism in hospitalized patients. Jama, 261(3), 403-407.

Moulin, S. R. A., Mill, J. G., Rosa, W. C. M., Hermisdorf, S. R., & da Cruz Caldeira, L. (2015). QT interval prolongation associated with low magnesium in chronic alcoholics. Drug and alcohol dependence, 155, 195-201.

Müller, C. A., Schäfer, M., Banas, R., Heimann, H. M., Volkmar, K., Förg, A., ... & Hein, J. (2011). A combination of levetiracetam and tiapride for outpatient alcohol detoxification: a case series. Journal of addiction medicine, 5(2), 153-156.

Müller, C. A., Schäfer, M., Schneider, S., Heimann, H. M., Hinzpeter, A., Volkmar, K., ... & Hein, J. (2010).

Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for outpatient alcohol detoxification. Pharmacopsychiatry, 43(05), 184-189.

Myrick, H., Anton, R., Voronin, K., Wang, W., & Henderson, S. (2007). A double‐blind evaluation of gabapentin on alcohol effects and drinking in a clinical laboratory paradigm. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(2), 221-227.

Myrick, H., Malcolm, R., Randall, P. K., Boyle, E., Anton, R. F., Becker, H. C., & Randall, C. L. (2009). A double‐

blind trial of gabapentin versus lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(9), 1582-1588.

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2010). Alcohol Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Alcohol-related Physical Complications.

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2011). Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence.

Ntais, C., Pakos, E., Kyzas, P., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2005). Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3).

Osiezagha, K., Ali, S., Freeman, C., Barker, N. C., Jabeen, S., Maitra, S., ... & Bailey, R. K. (2013). Thiamine deficiency and delirium. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(4), 26.

Polycarpou, A., Papanikolau, P., Ioannidis, J. P., & Ioannidis, D. C. (2005). Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3).

Rantala, A., Lehtonen, O. P., & Niinikoski, J. (1997). Alcohol abuse: a risk factor for surgical wound infections?.

American journal of infection control, 25(5), 381-386.

S3 LL Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen

Seite | 116 Richter, C., Effenberger, S., Bschor, T., Bonnet, U., Haasen, C., Preuss, U. W., ... & Schaefer, M. (2012). Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for the prevention of alcohol relapse in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients: a randomized trial. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 32(4), 558-562.

Richter, C., Hinzpeter, A., Schmidt, F., Kienast, T., Preuss, U. W., Plenge, T., ... & Schaefer, M. (2010).

Levetiracetam for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 30(6), 720-725.

Robinson, B. J., Robinson, G. M., Maling, T. J. B., & Johnson, R. H. (1989). Is clonidine useful in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal?. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13(1), 95-98.

Rubio, G., López-Muñoz, F., Ponce, G., Pascual, J. M., Martínez-Gras, I., Ferre, F., ... & Alamo, C. (2010).

Zonisamide versus diazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Pharmacopsychiatry, 43(07), 257-262.

Samokhvalov, A. V., Irving, H. M., & Rehm, J. (2010). Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation:

a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 17(6), 706-712.

Sarff, M., & Gold, J. A. (2010). Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the intensive care unit. Critical care medicine, 38(9), S494-S501.

Schik, G., Wedegaertner, F. R., Liersch, J., Hoy, L., Emrich, H. M., & Schneider, U. (2005). Oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Addiction Biology, 10(3), 283-288.

Schuckit, M. A., Tipp, J. E., Reich, T., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Bucholz, K. K. (1995). The histories of withdrawal convulsions and delirium tremens in 1648 alcohol dependent subjects. Addiction, 90(10), 1335-1347.

Sechi, G., & Serra, A. (2007). Wernicke's encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. The Lancet Neurology, 6(5), 442-455.

Shaw, G. K. (1995). Detoxification: the use of benzodiazepines. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 30(6), 765-770.

Shourie, S., Conigrave, K. M., Proude, E. M., Ward, J. E., Wutzke, S. E., & Haber, P. S. (2006). The effectiveness of a tailored intervention for excessive alcohol consumption prior to elective surgery. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41(6), 643-649.

Smith, E. J., Lui, S., & Terplan, M. (2009). Pharmacologic interventions for pregnant women enrolled in alcohol treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3).

Soyka, M. (1995). Die Alkoholkrankheit: Diagnose und Therapie; mit 40 Tabellen. Chapman and Hall.

Soyka, M., Morhart-Klute, V., & Horak, M. (2002). A combination of carbamazepine/tiapride in outpatient alcohol detoxification. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 252(5), 197-200.

Soyka, M., Schmidt, F., & Schmidt, P. (2006). Efficacy and safety of outpatient alcohol detoxification with a combination of tiapride/carbamazepine: additional evidence. Pharmacopsychiatry, 39(01), 30-34.

Spies, C., Tønnesen, H., Andreasson, S., Helander, A., & Conigrave, K. (2001). Perioperative morbidity and mortality in chronic alcoholic patients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 164S-170S.

St Haxholdt, O., Krintel, J. J., & Johansson, G. (1984). Pre‐operative alcohol infusion: The need for analgesic supplementation in chronic alcoholics. Anaesthesia, 39(3), 240-245.

Sullivan, J. T., Sykora, K., Schneiderman, J., Naranjo, C. A., & Sellers, E. M. (1989). Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA‐Ar). British journal of addiction, 84(11), 1353-1357.

Tammisto, T., & Tigerstedt, I. (1977). The Need for Fentanyl Supplementation of N2O‐O2 Relaxant Anaesthesia in Chronic Alcoholics. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 21(3), 216-221.

Thomson, A. D., Guerrini, I., & Marshall, E. J. (2012). The evolution and treatment of Korsakoff's syndrome.

Neuropsychology review, 22(2), 81-92.

Tønnesen, H., & Kehlet, H. (1999). Preoperative alcoholism and postoperative morbidity. British Journal of Surgery, 86(7), 869-874.

Tønneson, H., Petersen, K. R., Nielsen, H. J., Kehlet, H., Højgaard, L., Stokholm, K. H., & Knigge, U. (1992).

S3 LL Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen

Seite | 117 Postoperative morbidity among symptom-free alcohol misusers. The Lancet, 340(8815), 334-337.

Tønnesen, H., Schütten, B. T., & Jørgensen, B. B. (1987). Influence of alcohol on morbidity after colonic surgery. Diseases of the colon & rectum, 30(7), 549-551.

Victor, M., & Adams, R. D. (1953). The effect of alcohol on the nervous system. Research publications-Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, 32, 526.

Wilkins, A. J., Jenkins, W. J., & Steiner, J. A. (1983). Efficacy of clonidine in treatment of alcohol withdrawal state. Psychopharmacology, 81(1), 78-80.

Williams, D., & McBride, A. J. (1998). The drug treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: a systematic review. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 33(2), 103-115.

Zilm, D. H., Sellers, E. M., Macleod, S. M., & Degani, N. (1975). Propranolol effect on tremor in alcoholic withdrawal. Annals of internal medicine, 83(2), 234-235.

S3 LL Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen

Seite | 118

Im Dokument S3-Leitlinie „Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen“ (Seite 112-118)