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The model i s c o m p l e x enough t o a l l o w the i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f an i n t e r e s t i n g h y p o t h e s i s p r e s e n t e d by K r i z ( 1 9 8 3

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A MULTINEPHRON MODEL OF THE RENAL CONCENTRATING MECHANI SM

P e t e r L o r y

M a t h e m a t i s c h e s I n s t i t u t , T e c h n i s c h e U n i v e r s i t ä t P o s t f a c h 2 0 2 4 2 0 , D - 8 0 0 0 München 2 , W e s t - G e r m a n y

A b s t r a c t . The r e n a l i n n e r m e d u l l a has a v e r y p a r t i c u l a r s h a p e , w h i c h has n e v e r been a d e q u a t e l y a p p r e c i a t e d i n m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l s ( K r i z , 1 9 8 3 ) . I t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r t h e i n n e r m e d u l l a t o t a p e r f r o m a b r o a d b a s i s t o t h e p a p i l l a . T h e s e f e a t u r e s w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a new m u l t i n e p h r o n model o f the r e n a l c o u n t e r c u r r e n t S y s t e m . The model i s c o m p l e x enough t o a l l o w

the i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f an i n t e r e s t i n g h y p o t h e s i s p r e s e n t e d by K r i z ( 1 9 8 3 ) , t o o . The s i m u l a t i o n s d e m o n s t r a t e , t h a t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s i s c a p a b l e t o e x - p l a i n the S h a r p r i s e o f t h e N a C l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e i n n e r m e d u l l a w h i c h i s o b s e r v e d i n m e a s u r e m e n t s .

K e y w o r d s . R e n a l c o u n t e r c u r r e n t S y s t e m ; l o o p s o f H e n l e ; b o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b lern; d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s .

INTR0DUCTI0N

The p r e s e n t m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f t h e r e n a l c o n c e n t r a t i n g m e c h a n i s m i s a s u c c e s s o r o f t h e k i d n e y models o f S t e p h e n s o n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 4 ) , M e j i a and S t e p h e n s o n ( 1 9 7 9 ) , Moore and M a r s h ( 1 9 8 0 ) , L o r y e t a l . ( 1 9 8 3 ) , a n d H o r s t e r e t a l . ( 1 9 8 4 ) . I t i s p r e s e n t e d i n d e t a i l i n L o r y ( 1 9 8 5 ) . S o , o n l y i t s m a i n f e a t u r e s w i l l be d e s c r i b e d h e r e .

THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL

The p r e s e n t model d i f f e r s f r o m i t s a b o v e m e n t i o n e d p r e d e c e s s o r s i n a c o n s e q u e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e m e d u l l a r y a r c h i t e c t u r e . E x p e r i m e n t a l m o r p h o l o g i c a 1 r e s u l t s o f B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 8 ) and K r i z ( 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 8 3 ) s h o w : Two t h i r d s o f t h e l o o p s o f H e n l e t u r n a t o r j u s t b e f o r e t h e o u t e r - i n n e r m e d u l l a r y j u n c t i o n ( " s h o r t " l o o p s ) . The o t h e r t h i r d o f t h e l o o p s r e a c h e s t h e i n n e r m e d u l l a ( " l o n g " l o o p s ) . T h e i r number d e c r e a s e s e x p o n e n t i a l l y i n t h i s z o n e .

In o r d e r t o model t h e m e d u l l a r y a r c h i t e c - t u r e o f t h e t u b u l ä r S y s t e m c o n s i s t e n t l y w i t h t h e s e r e s u l t s , t h e i n n e r m e d u l l a i s s u b d i v i d e d i n t o 8 e q u a l p a r t s :

b , = 4 . 5 ( o u t e r - i n n e r m e d u l l a r y j u n c t i o n ) , b i « 5 . 2 5t. . . , bQ« 9 . 7 5 , bo= 1 0 . 5 ( p a p i l l a r y

t i p ) . 8 9

The number o f l o o p s o f l e n g t h b . i s g i v e n by n . : n . = 1 0 2 4 , n - = 2 5 6 , n , * 1 2 8 , r . . , nQ* 4 ,

ii 9=4^ 1 2 3 8

S o , a l t o g e t h e r 1536 l o o p s a r e p r e s e n t i n the m o d e l . T h i s number i s c h o s e n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f a c t t h a t 1536 l o o p s e v e n t u a l l y merge i n t o one c o l l e c t i n g d u c t .

The model i s d e s i g n e d f o r a p p l i c a t i o n i n c u r r e n t p h y s i o l o g i c a 1 r e s e a r c h . I t h a s been u s e d f o r t e s t i n g a r e c e n t h y p o t h e s i s o f K r i z ( 1 9 8 3 ) . B a s e d on m o r p h o l o g i c a 1 o b s e r v a t i o n s and a s s u m i n g s a l t s e c r e t i o n i n t o t h e d e s c e n d i n g l i m b s o f H e n l e ' s l o o p s , K r i z has h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h i s a c t i v e t r a n s m u r a l NaCl t r a n s p o r t m i g h t e n h a n c e t h e N a C l c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t t h e p a p i l l a r y t i p . In o r d e r t o model t h i s h y p o t h e s i s

c o n s i s t e n t l y w i t h K r i z ' s a s s u m p t i o n s , a c - t i v e t r a n s p o r t o f N a C l i n t o c e r t a i n p o r - t i o n s o f t h e l o n g d e s c e n d i n g l i m b s o f H e n l e ' s l o o p s i s . i n c l u d e d i n t h e m o d e l . T h e s e p o r t i o n s a r e ( 1 . 5 , 4 . 5 ] f o r j = 2 , 3 , 4 and U . 5 , b j _3) f o r j=5 9 . The m a t h e m a t i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e k i d - ney model i s b a s e d on t h e 1aws o f n o n - e q u i l i b r i u m t h e r m o d y n a m i e s and r e s u l t s i n a two p o i n t b o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b l e m f o r a S y s t e m o f 67 s i m u l t a n e o u s o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . I t s S o l u t i o n on a C o m p u t e r makes g r e a t demands on t h e n u m e r i c a l m e t h o d . A new e s p e c i a l l y a d a p t e d a l g o r i t h m has been d e v e l o p e d by L o r y ( 1 9 8 5 ) . I t c o m b i n e s f e a t u r e s o f f i n i t e e l e m e n t and s h o o t i n g m e t h o d s .

RESULTS

The r e s u l t s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n s a r e sum- m a r i z e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . I t g i v e s t h e c o m p u t e d N a C l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s {mmole/

l i t e r ] i n t h e c e n t r a l c o r e f o r d i f f e r i n g r a t e s o f a c t i v e N a C l t r a n s p o r t (Vm) i n t o t h e d e s c e n d i n g l i m b s o f H e n l e ' s l o o p s . In a l l t h e c a s e s t h e a c t i v e N a C l t r a n s p o r t o u t o f t h e t h i c k a s c e n d i n g l i m b s i s Vm=17.6.

T A B L E . C o m p u t e d N a C l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s Vm 0 . 0 3 . 3 6 . 6 9 . 9 0 . 0 ( c o r t i c o - m e d .

j u n c t i o n ) 4 . 5 ( o u t e r - i n n e r

me d . j c t . )

8 . 2 5 575 598 601 584 1 0 . 5 ( p a p i l l a r y 664 758 805 813

t i p )

Vm H O "6 mmole c m '2 s e c "1] CONCLUSION

The h y p o t h e s i s as a d v a n c e d on a m o r p h o - l o g i c a l b a s i s i n d e e d . l e a d s t o an i n c r e a s e

140 140 140 140 661 6 5 3 632 599

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o f t h e N a C l c o n c e n z r a t i o n i n t h e i n n e r m e d u l l a r y c e n t r a l c o r e , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e p a p i l l a r y t i p . T h i s i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h m e a s u r e m e n t s made by K o e p s e l l e t a l .

( 1 9 7 4 ) u s i n g t h e e l e c t r o n m i c r o p r o b e . REFERENCES

B e c k e r , B . ( 19 7 8 ) , Q u a n t i t a t i v e B e s c h r e i b u n g d e r I n n e n z o n e d e r R a t t e n n i e r e . D i s s e r - t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t ä t Münster, Münster, W e s t - G e r m a n y .

H o r s t e r , M. F . , A . G i l g a n d P . L o r y ( 1 9 8 4 ) . D e t e r m i n a n t s o f a x i a l o s m o t i c g r a d i - e n t s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g c o u n t e r - c u r r e n t S y s t e m . Am. J . P h y s i o l . , 246 ,

F 1 2 4 - F 1 3 2 . "

K o e p s e l l , H . , W. A . P . N i c h o l s o n , W. K r i z and H . J . H ö h l i n g ( 1 9 7 4 ) . M e a s u r e m e n t s o f e x p o n e n t i a l g r a d i e n t s o f s o d i u m a n d c h l o r i n e i n t h e r a t k i d n e y m e d u l l a u s i n g t h e e l e c t r o n m i c r o p r o b e . P f l ü g e r s A r c h . , 3 5 0 , 1 6 7 - 1 8 4 . K r i z , W. ( 1 9 6 7 ) . D e r a r c h i t e k t o n i s c h e u n d

f u n k t i o n e l l e A u f b a u d e r R a t t e n n i e r e . Z . Z e l l f o r s c h . , 8 2 , 4 9 5 - 5 3 5 .

Kriz,~~W. ( 1 9 8 1 ) . S t r u c T u r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e r e n a l m e d u l l a : c o m p a r a t i v e a n d f u n c t i o n a l a s p e c t s . Am. J . P h y s i o l . , 2 4 1 , R 3 - R 1 6 .

K r i z , W. ( 1 9 8 3 ) . S t r u c t u r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e r e n a l m e d u l l a r y c o u n t e r f l o w S y s t e m . F e d e r a t i on P r o c . , 42 , 2 3 7 9 -

2 3 8 5 .

i o r y , P . ( 1 9 8 5 ) . E i n S e m i - K o l l o k a t i o n s v e r - f a h r e n z u r n u m e r i s c h e n Lösung von N i e r e n m o d e l l e n . T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t T U M - M 8 5 0 1 , M a t h e m a t i s c h e s I n s t i t u t , T e c h n i s c h e U n i v e r s i t ä t München, München, W e s t - G e r m a n y .

l o r y , P .f A . G i l g a n d M. H o r s t e r ( 1 9 8 3 ) . R e n a l c o u n t e r c u r r e n t S y s t e m : R o l e o f c o l l e c t i n g d u c t c o n v e r g e n c e a n d p e l - v i c u r e a p r e d i c t e d f r o m a m a t h e m a t i - c a l m o d e l . J . M a t h . B i o l . , 1 6 , 2 8 1 - 304 .

M e j i a , R. and J . L . S t e p h e n s o n ( 1 9 7 9 ) . N u m e r i c a l S o l u t i o n o f m u l t i n e p h r o n k i d n e y e q u a t i o n s . J . C o m p u t . P h y s . , 3 2 , 2 3 5 - 2 4 6 .

M o o r e , L . C . a n d 0 . J . M a r s h ( 1 9 8 0 ) . How d e s c e n d i n g l i m b o f H e n l e ' s l o o p p e r - m e a b i l i t y a f f e c t s h y p e r t o n i c u r i n e f o r m a t i o n . Am. J . P h y s i o l . , 2 39 , F 5 7 - F 7 1 .

S t e p h e n s o n , J . L . , R. P . T e w a r s o n a n d R.

M e j i a ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f m a s s a n d e n e r g y b a l a n c e i n n o n - i d e a l m o d e l s o f t h e r e n a l c o u n t e r f l o w S y s t e m s . P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S e i . U S A , 7 1 , 1 6 1 8 - T 5 7 T :

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