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(1)

An Instance of Colloquial Influence in Tawfiq

al-Hakim: A Problem of Diglossia in Arabic

By Michael B. Schub, Berkeley, Ca.

One of the firmest syntactic rules in Arabic, Classical as well as

dialectical, is that a relative clause to an indefinite head noun appears on

the surface without a relative pronoun (asyndetic hypotaxis = sifa);

and that a relative clause to a definite head noun appears on the surface

with some reflex of the relative pronoun lladi (syndetic hypotaxis =

sila).^ One may assume, following Gesenius,* that this rule was

stringently observed at one time in Hebrew as weU.» The rationale for

this rule is that in both Arabic and Hebrew an indefinite head noun must

take an indefinite adjective, and a definite head noun must take a definite

adjective; the relative clause serves an adjectival function in both

instances.*

This observation is valid for head nouns which are defined by the

specific, but not the generic, definite article. Relative clauses to head

nouns defined by the generic article in Classical Arabic most offen« are

asyndetic hypotactic clauses. A clause of this type is: /kadda'ni lä rä'iya

lahä/ ,,wie Schafe, die keinen Hirten haben."*

Our rule holds firm for Modern Literary Arabic as well. Commenting

upon an expression of Mahmüd Taymür, /aththartharatu nanfi bihä/,

"the chattering with which we repel," Fabhat Ziadeh explains that

whenever the definite article ofthe antecedent implies the generic instead

ofthe specific, "no relative pronoun is used."'

* For Classical Arabic, cf. H. Reckendobf : Arabische Syntax. Heidelberg

1921, p. 413 and p. 426. For Syrian Arabic, of. A. Bloch: Die Hypotaxe im

Damaszenisch-Arabischen. Wiesbaden 1956, § 83a (p. 87) and M. W. Cowell:

A Reference Orammar of Syrian Arabic. Washington 1964, p. 495, e.g.

example #7: /el-'att halli 'ando/ "the cat he had."

2 W. Gesenius u. E. Kautsch: Hebr. Oratnmatik^^. Leipzig 1909, § 155d.

^ Y. Peretz: The Relative Clause. Tel Aviv: Dvir undated, pp. 80—81.

* H. Reckendorf: Die Syntaktischen Verhältnisse des Arabischen. Leiden

1898, Vol. 2, p. 525.

' Reckendorf has ,,oft" in Arab. Syntax, p. 413 in fine, ,, meist" in Syn.

Verhältnisse, p. 524.

° Reckendorf: Arab. Syntax, p. 414 top.

' F. Ziadeh : A Reader in Modern Literary Arabic. Princeton 1964, p. 66 top.

(2)

Colloquial Influence in Tawfiq al-Hakim 271

Bbockelmann is of the opinion that asyndetic hypotaxis is the rule

with relative clauses to substantives defined by the generic article in both

Classical Arabic and in the Arabic dialects.^ The validity of his obser¬

vation insofar as it concerns the Arabic dialects must be re-evaluated in

the light of the following :

In the story Tarid il-Firdaws, Tawfiq al-Hakim writes: /wa'idä hiya

faj'atan taltafitu 'ilä Ibäbi kalqittati llati 'ahassat bigharizatihä hara-

katan/, "She suddenly turned toward the door hke a cat which had

instinctively felt a movement."» The use of the relative pronoun llati

with the genericaUy defined head noun "cat" requires explanation.

It is probable that the infiuence of the author's mother tongue is the

significant factor here. When asked to translate the entire sentence

from English, native Arab informants are unanimous in using a

dialectical reflex of the relative pronoun in rendering the phrase in

question from T. al-Hakim's story. For "like a cat which. .." (note the

indefinite article in Enghsh) all my Egyptian informants responded with

/zayy il'otta iih/. Palestinian informants responded with /miti ilbass iUi/

and a native speaker of Jewish Baghdadi responded with /zayy ilbizzüna

Uaöi/. All these native speakers responded with similar syntactic con¬

structions in other sentences of the same type ; the relative pronoun was

used in each case.

Careful examination of colloquial texts yields the identical result.***

In Syrian Arabic: /byad^rsu 1-wuqüd yalli byasta'^mlu las-sawarix/.

"They study the fuel used for rockets."**

/byalbsu Imläye yalli hiya harräta wfazze/ „Sie ziehen den Umhang an,

der aus einem Rock und einem Oberteil besteht."** For Judeo-Arabic,

properly a representative of a Middle Arabic dialect, either asyndetic or

syndetic hypotaxis may appear in this case. An example of the latter is

/assajara llati ghusünuhä qalila/. "The tree the branches of which are

frail."**

' C. Bbockelmann: Grundriß der Vergleichenden Grammatik der Semiti¬

schen Sprachen. Berlin 1908—13, Vol. 2, § 355b. (p. 553).

' Page 84 of chrestomathy by A. Bloch, soon to appear.

A torturous paiaphrase which avoids the expected construction with

the generic article is to be found in a text of a Mesopotamian dialect:

/hanno :ba yigdar iysaww:la so:ba:t ha:öa s§o :ba:t tigdar issawwi:ma6al

hiwwa mi Gl ilbe:t §o:ba:t/. "He may make for himself a hut, this hut you

can make, for instance, it is like a house, it is a hut." Bruce Ingham: Urban

and Rural Arabic in Khüzistän. In: BSOAS 34 (1973), p. 549 (Arabic) ; p. 552

(English).

" Cowell, op. cit. p. 497. ex. 26.

•2 Block: Hypotaxe, p. 88. § 85a.

1' J. Blau: Grammar oj Judeo-Arabic. Jerusalem 1961, p. 232.

18 ZDMG 125/2

(3)

272 MicHAEii B. Schub, Colloquial Influence in Tawfiq al-Hakim

For Egyptian colloquial Arabic, as well as for the other modern seden¬

tary Arabic dialects, we conclude that syndetic hypotaxis for relative

clauses to generically defined head nouns is the norm. This conclusion is

in opposition to the views held by Bbockelmann on this question.

It is this deeply ingrained syntactical rule for the colloquial that in¬

fluenced the Egyptian writer to employ the relative pronoun in a slot

which could as well have been occupied by zero.

(4)

Zur Funktion des aktiven Partizips im Kairenisch-Arabisciien

Von Manfeed Woidich, Germersheim

0.1. Die Untersuchung der Funktion des aktiven Partizips in den

arabischen Dialekten des syrisch-palästinensischen Raumes durch

Stefan Wild (1964) hat gezeigt, daß die wesentliche Funktion dieser

Verbalform darin besteht, den semantischen Inhalt der Verbalwurzel

als vollzogen imd abgeschlossen darzustellen, gleichzeitig aber auch die

Fortdauer des aus der Verbalhandlung resultierenden Zustands zu be¬

zeichnen. Man nennt dies die resultative Funktion des Partizips. Mit

einem Satz wie ana Särib „ich habe getrunken" wird also ausgesagt, daß

das Subjekt getrunken hat und im Zustand des Getrunken-Habens ist

und daher nicht mehr trinken will oder muß. Deutlicher vielleicht, weil

durch die verschiedene Übersetzung besser wiederzugeben, ist das Bei¬

spiel huivwa läbis burneta „er hat einen Hut aufgesetzt" oder besser „er

hat einen Hut auf, er trägt einen Hut", wobei das Deutsche zufällig ein

Wort für den aus ,, Kleider anziehen, aufsetzen" entstehenden Zustand,

nämlich ,, Kleider tragen" hat, und so der resultierende Zustand in der

Übersetzung eigens ausgedrückt werden kann. Auch in anderen Dialek¬

ten hat das Partizip diese Funktion, so in einem Beduinendialekt der

Cyrenaika*, im Muslimisch-Bagdadischen*, im südirakischen Dialekt von

Kwayrii^, um nur einige zu nennen.

0.2. Geht man die wichtigsten Grammatiken und Lehrbücher des

Kairenischen auf der Suche nach der Beschreibung der Funktion des

Partizips durch, — eine eigene Abhandlung über dieses Thema fehlt, —

so findet man die resultative Funktion mehr oder weniger klar erkannt,

aber man läßt sie nur für einen Teil der Verben gelten. Ausgeschlossen

davon erscheinen die sogenannten Bewegungs- und Zustandsverben,

deren Partizip einen gegenwärtigen oder zukünftigen Sachverhalt be¬

zeichnen soll. Salib (1969) S. 50 schreibt bei der Behandlung des Parti-

1 Siehe T.F.Mitchell: The Active Participle in an Arabic Dialeet of

Cyrenaiea. In: BSOAS 14 (1952), S. 11—33.

* W. M. Ebwin: A Slwrt Reference Orammar of Iraqi Ardbic. Washington

D.C. 1963, S. 337f.

» Denz (1971) S. 83—92 und S. 110—115.

18»

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