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Sy~ztheticMetals. 28 (1989) D11 D18 I311

H I G H - ~ P O L Y A C E T Y L E N E : DC C O N D U C T I V I T Y B E T W E E N 14 m K A N D 300 K

TH. S C H I M M E L , G. D E N N I N G E R , W . R I E S S , J . V O I T a n d M . S C H W O E R E R P h y s i k a l i s c h e s I n s t i t u t a n d BIMF,

U n i v e r s i t ~ t B a y r e u t h , D - 8 5 8 0 B a y r e u t h , W . - G e r m a n y W. S C H O E P E

U n i v e r s i t a t R e g e n s b u r g , W . - G e r m a n y H. N A A R M A N N

B A S F L u d w i g s h a f e n , W . - G e r m a n y

A B S T R A C T

H i g h l y s t r e t c h - o r i e n t e d p o l y a c e t y l e n e (6.5:1) y i e l d s c o n d u c t i - v i t i e s a of t y p i c a l l y 20 000 - i00 000 ~ - i c m - i at r o o m t e m p e - r a t u r e w h e n h i g h l y d o p e d w i t h iodine. B e t w e e n T = 300 K a n d T = 14 mK, ~ d e c r e a s e s m o n o t o n i c a l l y by a b o u t a f a c t o r of 5 for fresh s a m p l e s . A b o v e 400 m K t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e for f r e s h s a m p l e s is f i t t e d b y t h e S H E N G f o r m u l a a n d c a n be i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h i n a p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l m o d e l O n f r e s h s a m p l e s , M O N T G O M E R Y m e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e c o n d u c t i v i t i e s p a r a l l e l (~i) a n d p e r p e n - d i c u l a r (a~) t o t h e s t r e t c h i n g a x i s s h o w a t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e p e n - d e n t a n i s o t r o p y A = ~ i / a ~ of a b o u t 25 i n d i c a t i n g a c o m m o n l i m i t i n g m e c h a n i s m f o r both, ~! a n d ~ . D e l i b e r a t e o x y g e n a g e i n g d r a s t i - c a l l y c h a n g e s a(T) a n d r e s u l t s in a t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of A.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

V e r y r e c e n t l y , t h e s y n t h e s i s of h i g h l y c o n d u c t i n g p o l y a c e t y - l e n e w i t h c o n d u c t i v i t i e s w e l l a b o v e 20 000 Q - i c m -I h a s a r o u s e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t [1-4]. A s t u d y of a(T) b e t w e e n 3 K a n d 300 K of f r e s h s a m p l e s h i g h l y d o p e d w i t h i o d i n e s h o w e d t h a t m o s t of t h e s t a n d a r d m o d e l s a r e n o t a b l e to e x p l a i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e [4]. A g o o d fit to t h e h i g h p r e c i s i o n e x p e r i m e n t a l data, h o w e v e r , is t h e S H E N G f o r m u l a (equ. i). F r e s h s a m p l e s s h o w e d a n a l m o s t t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e p e n d e n t c o n d u c t i v i t y a n i s o t r o p y A = a l / ~ , i n d i c a t i n g a c o m m o n l i m i t i n g m e c h a n i s m for both, a! a n d a ~ [4].

T h e e x p e r i m e n t s p r e s e n t e d b e l o w a r e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s the f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s : d o e s t h e S H E N G f o r m u l a d e s c r i b e ~(T) at 0379-6779/89/$3.50 © Elsevier Sequoia/Printed in The Netherlands

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t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w 3 K? C a n w e e x t r a c t a c o n s i s t e n t set of m i c r o s c o p i c d a t a f r o m t h e fit to t h e S H E N G f o r m u l a ? Is t h e r e a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of a of f r e s h s a m p l e s a n d its r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e v a l u e ? A n d f i n a l l y : w h a t is t h e e f f e c t of a g e i n g on t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y a n i s o t r o p y A?

E X P E R I M E N T A L

(CH)x w a s o b t a i n e d b y t h e p o l y m e r i z a t i o n t e c h n i q u e d e s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e [i]. W e u s e d f i l m s of i - 5 ~ m t h i c k n e s s g r o w n o n p o l y - p r o p y l e n e as s u b s t r a t e a n d a l i g n e d b y 6 . 5 - f o l d m e c h a n i c a l s t r e t - ching. T h e s a m p l e s w e r e d o p e d in a s a t u r a t e d s o l u t i o n of i o d i n e in d r i e d CCl 4. P l a t i n u m c o n t a c t s w e r e m e c h a n i c a l l y p r e s s e d on t h e films, r e s u l t i n g in c o n t a c t r e s i s t a n c e s of t y p i c a l l y 0.5 Q. T h e s e t u p f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t s a b o v e 3 K, d e s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e [4,5], a l l o w e d s w e e p t i m e s as l o n g as 50 h o u r s for o n e s i n g l e t e m p e - r a t u r e s w e e p f r o m 300 K to 3 K. W i t h i n t h i s range, w e o b t a i n e d t y p i c a l l y s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d d a t a p o i n t s . E a c h c u r v e w a s m e a s u r e d as a t e m p e r a t u r e cycle. T h e r e l a t i v e a c c u r a c y of a(T) is a b o u t 0 . 0 1 % ; t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e is l i m i t e d to a b o u t a f a c t o r of 1.5 b y t h e S E M d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e s a m p l e t h i c k n e s s . F o r t h e l o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e f r o m 14 m K - 4.2 K w e u s e d a 3 H e / 4 H e d i l u t i o n c r y o s t a t , a n d t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y w a s m e a s u r e d v i a an 18 Hz ac r e s i s t a n c e b r i d g e m e t h o d . A b o v e 3 K, w e p e r f o r m e d m e a s u r e m e n t s w i t h m o r e t h a n 15 d i f f e r e n t s a m p l e s , all of w h i c h h a d v a l u e s of a ( 3 0 0 K) > 20 000 ~ - i c m - l . W e u s e d both, s t a n d a r d f o u r - p r o b e a n d M O N T G O M E R Y t e c h n i q u e s [6,7], l e a d i n g t o c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s . B e l o w 3 K, w e a p p l i e d t h e s t a n d a r d f o u r - p r o b e t e c h n i q u e . A l l e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d w i t h i n t h e o h m i c regime.

E X P E R I M E N T A L R E S U L T S a) T e m p e r a t u r e D e p e n d e n c e

Fig. la s h o w s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of a I a n d a ~ for a f r e s h s a m p l e as d e t e r m i n e d v i a M O N T G O M E R Y t e c h n i q u e . T h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e s of a t of f r e s h s a m p l e s at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e v a r y f r o m s a m p l e t o s a m p l e b e t w e e n 20 000 - i00 000 ~ - i c m - l . a d e c r e a s e s m o n o t o n i c a l l y w i t h d e c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r of a i b y c o o l i n g f r e s h s a m p l e s f r o m 300 K to 3 K v a r i e s b e t w e e n 2.8 a n d 4, d e p e n d i n g on t h e sample. Fig. 2 s h o w s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of a i of a f r e s h s a m p l e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e f r o m 4 K to 14 mK. T h e c o n d u c t i v i t y is s t i l l d e c r e a s i n g m o n o t o n i c a l l y d o w n to

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DI3 14 m K b y a b o u t a f a c t o r of 1.34 in t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e range. Thus, t h e t o t a l r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r of ~I by c o o l i n g f r o m 300 K to 14 m K v a r i e s f r o m 3.7 to 5.4 for t h e s e h i g h l y c o n d u c t i n g samples. No c o r r e l a t i o n , h o w e v e r , c o u l d be o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l v a l u e s of ~ ( 3 0 0 K) and t h e r e d u c t i o n factor, r e s p e c t i v e l y , for t h e s a m p l e s e x a m i n e d .

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Fig. i: al (T) a n d ~ ( T ) of s t r e t c h - a l i g n e d (6.5:1)

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Fig. 3: ~i(T) for d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s of a g e i n g of t h e s a m e s a m p l e by 1 at 02 ( s t a n d a r d f o u r - p r o b e m e a s u r e m e n t ) , a) f r e s h sample, b) a f t e r 2 h o u r s at 260 K, c) a f t e r a d d i t i o n a l 1 h o u r at 260 K, d) a f t e r a d d i t i o n a l 1 h o u r at 320 K a n d e) a f t e r a d d i t i o n a l 2 h o u r s at 320 K [4].

Fig. 4: T e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y a n i s o t r o p y A = ~ i / ~ for t h e d a t a of Fig. la (fresh sample, c u r v e a) a n d Fig. ib (same s a m p l e a f t e r ageing, c u r v e b).

b) A n i s o t r o p y a n d A g e i n g

D e l i b e r a t e a g e i n g of t h e s a m p l e s w i t h o x y g e n r e s u l t s in a d r a s t i c c h a n g e of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of both, ~i a n d ~ , l e a d i n g to a r e d u c t i o n of t h e c o n d u c t i v i t i e s m a i n l y at low t e m p e - r a t u r e s . Fig. 3 s h o w s l o g ( ~ l ( T ) ) v e r s u s T - 0 - 2 5 b e t w e e n 8 K and 250 K f o r a f r e s h s a m p l e (curve a) and for d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s of a g e i n g of t h e s a m e s a m p l e (curves b-e) [4]. W h i l e t h e r o o m t e m p e - r a t u r e v a l u e of a i is r e d u c e d b y l e s s t h a n a f a c t o r of i0, the c o n d u c t i v i t y at 3 K is d i m i n i s h e d b y m o r e t h a n 5 o r d e r s of m a g - n i t u d e . O n l y s t r o n g l y a g e d s a m p l e s e x h i b i t an a l m o s t c o n s t a n t f a c t o r o f r e d u c t i o n of t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y on f u r t h e r a g e i n g (curves d-e).

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F o r f r e s h s a m p l e s , ~i a n d ~ s h o w a l m o s t t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e : t h e a n i s o t r o p y A(T) h a s v a l u e s of 20 - 26 a n d c h a n g e s b y o n l y a b o u t 2 - i0 % f r o m 300 K to 3 K. Fig. 4a s h o w s A(T) for t h e s a m p l e of Fig. la. A g e i n g t h e s a m p l e of Fig. la for one w e e k at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e b y 100% o x y g e n at a m b i e n t p r e s s u r e l e a d s to a r e d u c t i o n of ~ ( 3 0 0 K) b y a f a c t o r of 6 a n d a c h a n g e in t h e t e m p e - r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e , w h i c h is s h o w n in Fig. lb. W h i l e

~ ( 3 0 0 K ) / ~ ( 3 K) = 2.8 for t h e f r e s h s a m p l e of Fig. la, it a m o u n t s to m o r e t h a n I00 in Fig. lb. D u r i n g t h i s a g e i n g p r o c e s s , the a n i s o t r o p y i n c r e a s e s o n l y s l i g h t l y b y a b o u t 8% at r o o m t e m p e - r a t u r e . Its t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e , h o w e v e r , as c o m p a r e d to the f r e s h sample, c h a n g e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y (Fig. 4 b) s h o w i n g a p r o n o u n c e d i n c r e a s e of a b o u t 60 % t o w a r d s l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h i s i n c r e a s e of t h e a n i s o t r o p y is p e r f e c t l y r e p r o d u c e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t s a m p l e s .

D I S C U S S I O N

D i f f e r e n t f r e s h h i g h - ~ s a m p l e s d i f f e r i n g b y a f a c t o r of 5 in t h e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d u c t i v i t y h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d . E v e n for t h e s a m p l e s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t c o n d u c t i v i t i e s of i00 000 Q - I c m -I, no " m e t a l l i c " t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d ; e v e n t h e s l o p e of t h e s(T) c u r v e s d i d n o t d e c r e a s e w i t h in- c r e a s i n g ~ ( 3 0 0 K). T h i s m a y i n d i c a t e t h a t p h o n o n s c a t t e r i n g does n o t c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y to t h e s a m p l e r e s i s t a n c e at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h i s is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of P I E T R O N E R O [8] a n d of K I E V E L S O N a n d H E E G E R [9], w h o a r g u e d , t h a t p h o n o n s c a t t e r i n g s h o u l d n o t p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e in o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l c a r b o n ~ p o l y m e r s , a n d w h o e s t i m a t e d t h e ideal v a l u e of ~ to be h i g h e r t h a n t h a t of copper. T h i s a l s o e x p l a i n s t h a t for kT s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r t h a n t h e h e i g h t of t h e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s (see b e l o w ) , t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y a s y m p t o t i c a l l y a p p r o a c h e s a c o n s t a n t v a l u e ~o (see Fig. la). Thus, i/~ o c o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d as t h e r e s i s t a n c e d e t e r m i n e d by d e f e c t s c a t t e r i n g .

A g o o d fit of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e for t h e f r e s h s a m p l e is o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e S H E N G f o r m u l a [10,]2].

~(T) = ~o" e x p [ - T I / ( T + To) ] (i)

Equ. 1 fits t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a (Figs. la, 2a) in t h e t e m p e - r a t u r e r a n g e f r o m 0.4 K to 300 K (i.e. for a l m o s t t h r e e o r d e r s of m a g n i t u d e in t h e t e m p e r a t u r e ) . T h e p a r a m e t e r s ~o, T 1 a n d T o are

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g i v e n in T a b l e 1 for t h e d a t a of Fig. i. T h e v a l u e s of T 1 a n d T o d i f f e r f r o m s a m p l e to s a m p l e b y n o t m o r e t h a n a f a c t o r of 1.5, f o r f r e s h s a m p l e s . F o r t h e sample, t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of w h i c h w e p u b l i s h e d r e c e n t l y [4], t h e fit b e t w e e n 3 K a n d 300 K w a s p e r f e c t w i t h i n t h e g r a p h i c a l l i n e w i d t h . F o r t h e s a m p l e of F i g la, w h i c h w a s t h e s a m p l e w i t h t h e m o s t s h a l l o w t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e , t h e a v e r a g e d e v i a t i o n is a b o u t 3%. S e v e r e d e v i a t i o n s a r i s e b e l o w a t e m p e r a t u r e Tloc, w h i c h for t h e f r e s h s a m p l e of Fig. 2 is 400 mK. F o r a g e d s a m p l e s T l o c is m u c h h i g h e r , u p to 50 K.

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T a b l e I: P a r a m e t e r s of equ. 1 a n d 2 (~E = k.Tl).

T h e S H E N G m o d e l h a s b e e n a p p l i e d to d o p e d p o l y a c e t y l e n e b y d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s in t h e p a s t [4,12-16]. It d e s c r i b e s ~(T) a s s u m i n g h i g h l y c o n d u c t i n g r e g i o n s s e p a r a t e d b y p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s of w i d t h w a n d h e i g h t V o. T h e c h a r g e t r a n s f e r is c a u s e d b y t u n n e l i n g , e n h a n c e d b y t h e r m a l v o l t a g e f l u c t u a t i o n s . F o r p a r a - b o l i c b a r r i e r s , S H E N G d e r i v e d equ. i. T h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of the S H E N G m o d e l to p o l y a c e t y l e n e , h o w e v e r , is n o t q u i t e o b v i o u s [17]:

S H E N G i n t r o d u c e d a p a r a m e t e r A in h i s t h e o r y , w h i c h is a m e a s u r e for t h e a m o u n t of i m a g e f o r c e c o r r e c t i o n , a n d w h i c h , for A = 0 . 0 7 g i v e s a p a r a b o l i c b a r r i e r . A is g i v e n b y l = 0 . 7 9 5 - e 2 / ( 1 6 ~ c o W V o ) w h e r e E is t h e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t of t h e b a r r i e r [12]. T h e v a l u e s of w a n d V o r e s u l t i n g f r o m o u r e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a of T o and T 1 (see T a b l e i), h o w e v e r , a r e n o t c o n s i s t e n t w i t h A in S H E N G ' s t h e o r y .

H o w e v e r , in a p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l model, a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the d a t a is p o s s i b l e , i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e S H E N G m o d e l : in t h e l o w t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t of equ. i, t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y a p p r o a c h e s a f i n i t e v a l u e ~(T=0) = ~ o ' e x p ( - T l / T o ) ; in t h e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t T >> To, G(T) b e c o m e s a = a o - e x p ( - T l / T ) b e i n g a t h e r m a l l y a c t i v a t e d c o n d u c t i v i t y w i t h an a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y

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DI7 A E = k T I. Thus, t h e S H E N G f o r m u l a (equ. i) m a y b e r e g a r d e d j u s t as a f o r m u l a w h i c h c o r r e c t l y d e s c r i b e s t h e h i g h a n d l o w t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t s a n d w h i c h , in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l data, i n t e r p o l a t e s b e t w e e n t h e s e limits. T h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a(T=0) as a t u n n e l i n g c o n d u c t i v i t y y i e l d s t h e w i d t h w of t h e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s :

T I / T O = v ~ m V ~ - ~ . w . 2 / h (2)

( r e c t a n g u l a r b a r r i e r s ) . T h e v a l u e s of bE a n d w r e s u l t i n g f r o m the d a t a of Fig. 1 a r e s h o w n in T a b l e I. Thus, r e a s o n a b l e m i c r o s c o p i c p a r a m e t e r s of t h e b a r r i e r s c a n be d e r i v e d .

F o r v e r y low t e m p e r a t u r e s (T<0.4 K), a d i f f e r e n t , m u c h s t e e p e r t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e is o b s e r v e d , w h i c h i n d i c a t e s a c h a n g e in t h e d o m i n a t i n g t r a n s p o r t m e c h a n i s m . C o n t r a r y to o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s on l e s s c o n d u c t i n g p o l y a c e t y l e n e s a m p l e s [18], ~(T) c a n n o t be f i t t e d w i t h ~(T) = a + b - T 0"5 in t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e range, b u t o b e y s a p o w e r law ~(T) = ~ - T s, (~ = 6716 Q - I c m - I K - B , 6 = 0.0247), i.e. l o g ( ~ ( T ) ) ~ l o g ( T ) + c o n s t . , see Fig. 2b.

~(T) of t h e a g e d s a m p l e s c a n o n l y be f i t t e d t o equ. 1 for h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s (e. g. for T > 50 K in Fig. ib). As to be e x p e c t e d , a g e i n g l e a d s to an i n c r e a s e in t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s of w a n d bE. F o r s t r o n g a g e i n g (e.g. Fig. 3, c u r v e s d-e), no s u c h fit is p o s s i b l e .

C O N C L U S I O N S

F o r f r e s h s a m p l e s of h i g h - ~ p o l y a c e t y l e n e w e c o n c l u d e f r o m o u r e x p e r i m e n t s , t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of ~ for 400 m K < T

< 300 K is d e t e r m i n e d b y b a r r i e r s b e t w e e n h i g h l y c o n d u c t i n g r e g i o n s . F o r T < T l o c = 400 mK, t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e b e c o m e s m u c h s t r o n g e r , w h i c h m a y b e d u e to l o c a l i z a t i o n effects, c a u s i n g a n a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t i v i t y . F o r a g e d s a m p l e s , T l o c i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d e g r e e of ageing.

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

W e t h a n k E. S c h l i e b i t z for s a m p l e s y n t h e s i s , J. G m e i n e r for d o p i n g a n d s a m p l e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d E. D o r m a n n for m a n y h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s . T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d b y B A S F / B M F T w i t h i n P r o j e c t E L P 03 C 2 1 4 - I .

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R E F E R E N C E S

i. H. N a a r m a n n a n d N. T h e o p h i l o u , Synth. M e t a l s 22 (1987) i.

2. H. N a a r m a n n , Synth. M e t a l s 17 (1987) 223.

3. N. B a s e s c u , Z.-X. Liu, D. M o s e s , A. J. H e e g e r , H. N a a r m a n n , N. T h e o p h i l o u , N a t u r e 327 (1987) 403.

4. Th. S c h i m m e l , W. RieB, J. G m e i n e r , G. D e n n i n g e r , M. S c h w o e r e r , H. N a a r m a n n a n d N. T h e o p h i l o u , S o l i d S t a t e C o m m u n . 65 (1988) 1311.

5. Th. S c h i m m e l , W. RieB, G. D e n n i n g e r a n d M. S c h w o e r e r , Ber. B u n s e n g e s . Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 901.

6. H. C. M o n t g o m e r y , J o u r n a l of Appl. Phys. 42 (1971) 2971.

7. B. F. Logan, S. O. R i c e a n d R. F. Wick, J o u r n a l of Appl.

Phys. 42 (1971) 2975.

8. L. P i e t r o n e r o , Synth. M e t a l s 8 (1983) 225.

9. S. K i v e l s o n a n d A. J. H e e g e r , Synth. M e t a l s 22 (1988) 371 I0. P. Sheng, E. K. S i c h e l a n d J. I. G i t t l e m a n , Phys. Rev.

Lett. 40 (1978) 1197.

Ii. E. K. S i c h e l , J. I. G i t t l e m a n a n d P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. B.

18 (1987) 5712.

12. P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. B. 21 (1980) 2180.

13. Y.-W. Park, A.J. H e e g e r , M.A. D r u y a n d A.G. M a c D i a r m i d , J. Chem. Phys. 73 (1980) 946.

14. A. P h i l i p p , W. M a y r a n d K. S e e g e r , S o l i d S t a t e C o m m u n . 4!3 (1982) 857.

15. K. E h i n g e r a n d S. Roth, Phil. Mag. B 53 (1986) 301.

16. S. M a s u b u c h i , K. M i z o g u c h i , K. M i z u n o a n d K. Kume, Synth. M e t a l s 22 (1987) 41.

17. J. Voit, t o b e p u b l i s h e d .

18. G. T h u m m e s , U. Zimmer, F. K 6 r n e r a n d J. K 6 t z l e r in:

Proc. of t h e 1 8 t h Int. C o n f e r e n c e o n L o w T e m p e r a t u r e P h y s i c s K y o t o 1987.

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