CLIMATE CHANGE
44/202 1
Submission under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol 2021
National Inventory Report for the German Greenhouse
Gas Inventory 1990 – 2019
CLIMATE CHANGE 44/2021
Submission under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol 2021
National Inventory Report for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 – 2019
German Environment Agency - UNFCCC-Submission
Imprint
Publisher
Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 Fax: +49 340-2103-2285 buergerservice@uba.de
Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt.de
/umweltbundesamt
Report completed in:
April 2021 Edited by:
Section V 1.6 Emission Situation
Dirk Günther (Section Lead), Patrick Gniffke Publication as pdf:
http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen ISSN 1862-4359
Dessau-Roßlau, May 2021
Contact
This report was produced in the framework of work of the National Co-ordination Agency (Single Entity) for the National System of Emissions Inventories (Nationales System Emissionsinventare; NaSE), sited within the Federal Environment Agency (UBA).
Contributions for the chapters on agriculture, and on land use, land-use changes and forestry, were prepared by the Thu nen Institute (TI).
The electronic version of this report, along with the pertinent emissions data in the Common Reporting Format (CRF) (Version 1, based on the CSE database, and with trend tables last revised as of 19.12.2021), is made available, following its completion, on the website of the Federal Environment Agency:
http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/klima-energie/treibhausgas-emissionen
Management of the report as a whole: Michael Strogies, Patrick Gniffke (UBA V 1.6)
For the individual chapters:
Part I: Annual deliveries for the inventories [ip = in part]:
Chapter 1.1 Dirk Gu nther (UBA V 1.6); Thomas Voigt (UBA V 1.1)
Chapters 1.2.1 & 1.2.2 Dirk Gu nther (UBA V 1.6) Chapters 1.3.2, 1.3.3, 1.6 ip Stephan Schiller (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 1.3.3.1.8, 1.6.2 Robert Kludt (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 1.3.2.4, 2, 3.2.1, 3.2.3&5, 3.2.13 Michael Strogies (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 1.4 Dirk Gu nther (UBA V 1.6) and the relevant specialised contact persons (Fachliche Ansprechpartner (FAP))
Chapter 1.5 David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 1.7, 1.8 Kevin Hausmann (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 3.2 Petra Icha Jens Langenfeld (UBA V 1.5), Marion Dreher (UBA V 1.5), Kristina Juhrich (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 3.2.2.2 Sabine Gores (Ö ko-Institut Berlin), Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6), Frank Wetzel (UBA I 2.2)
Chapter 3.2.2.3 Katharina Koppe (UBA I 2.2), Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 3.2.4 Christian Bo ttcher (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 3.2.6 – 3.2.8, 3.2.9.11 Petra Icha, Jens Langenfeld (UBA V 1.5), Rolf Beckers (UBA III 2.1), Kristina Juhrich (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 3.2.9.1 Petra Icha (UBA V 1.5), Sebastian Plickert (UBA III 2.2) Chapters 3.2.9.2 - 3.2.9.3, 3.2.9.5, 3.2.9.7 - 3.2.9.11 Petra Icha (UBA V 1.5)
Chapter 3.2.9.4 Petra Icha (UBA V 1.5), Almut Reichart (UBA III 2.1)
Chapter 3.2.10.1 Sabine Gores (Ö ko-Institut Berlin), Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6), Frank Wetzel (UBA I 2.2)
Chapters 3.2.10.2 - 3.2.10.4 Gunnar Gohlisch (UBA I 2.2), Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 3.2.10.5 Kristina Juhrich (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 3.2.11 + 3.2.13 Christian Liesegang (UBA III 2.1), Detlef Drosihn (UBA V 1.5)
Chapters 3.2.12 + 3.2.14 Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 3.3.1 Christian Bo ttcher (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 3.3.2 Christian Bo ttcher (UBA V.1.6), Christopher Proske (UBA III 2.1), Karen Pannier (UBA III 2.1); Andreas Bertram (UBA V 1.3)
Chapters 4.2.1 - 4.2.2 Maja Bernicke (UBA III 2.2)
Chapter 4.2.3 Sandra Leuthold (UBA III 2.2)
Chapter 4.2.4.1 Til Bolland (UBA III 2.2)
Chapters 4.2.4.2 - 4.2.4.4 Robert Kludt (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 4.3.1 & 4.3.2 Anna Koska (UBA III 2.1)
Chapter 4.3.3 Jens Reichel (UBA V 1.6), Traute Fiedler (UBA III 2.1)
Chapter 4.3.4 Jens Reichel (UBA V 1.6), Traute Fiedler (UBA III 2.1)
Chapters4.3.5 - 4.3.6 Anna Koska (UBA III 2.1)
Chapter 4.3.7 Robert Kludt (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 4.3.8 & 4.3.10 Jens Reichel (UBA V 1.6) , Traute Fiedler (UBA III 2.1)
Chapter 4.3.9 Cornelia Elsner (UBA III 1.4)
Chapter 4.4.1 Sebastian Plickert (UBA III 2.2)
Chapter 4.4.2 Christian Lehmann (UBA III 2.2)
Chapter 4.4.3 Christian Lehmann (UBA III 2.2), Cornelia Elsner (UBA III 1.4), Kerstin Martens (UBA III 1.4)
Chapter 4.4.4 Cornelia Elsner (UBA III 1.4), Kerstin Martens (UBA III 1.4), David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 4.5.1 & 4.5.2 Jens Reichel (UBA V 1.6), Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 4.5.3 Folke Dettling, Conrad Dorer (UBA III 1.4), David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 4.5.4 & 5 Robert Kludt (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 4.5.6 Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 4.6 Cornelia Elsner (UBA III 1.4), Kerstin Martens (UBA III 1.4), David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 4.7 Kerstin Martens (UBA III 1.4), Cornelia Elsner (UBA III 1.4), David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 4.8.1, 4.8.2 & 4.8.4 Cornelia Elsner (UBA III 1.4), Kerstin Martens (UBA III 1.4), David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 4.8.5 Jens Reichel (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 4.9.3 Kerstin Martens (UBA III 1.4), Cornelia Elsner (UBA III 1.4), David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 5 Thu nen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture (TI-AK): Hans-Dieter
Haenel, Claus Ro semann, Roland Fuß; Ulrike Do ring (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 6.1 Johann Heinrich von Thu nen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries (TI): Andreas Gensior, Roland Fuß, Karsten Dunger, Wolfgang Stu mer; Ulrike Do ring (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 6.2 through 6.3 Johann Heinrich von Thu nen Institute (TI): Andreas Gensior, Roland Fuß, Andreas Laggner, Birgit Laggner, Wolfgang Stu mer, Sascha Adam, Karsten Dunger; Ulrike Do ring (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 6.4 Thu nen Institute of Forest Ecosystems (TI-WÖ): Wolfgang Stu mer, Karsten Dunger, Thomas Riedel, Daniel Ziche, Erik Gru neberg, Nicole Wellbrock, Katja Öehmichen, Sascha Adam; Ulrike Do ring (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 6.5 through 6.9 and 6.11 Thu nen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture (TI-AK): Andreas Gensior, Roland Fuß, Andreas Laggner; Ulrike Do ring (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 6.10 Thu nen Institute of Wood Research (TI-HF): Sebastian Ru ter
Chapter 7.2 Wolfgang Butz (UBA III 2.4)
Chapter 7.3 Tim Hermann (UBA III 2.4)
Chapter 7.4.1 Sue-Martina Starke (UBA III 2.4)
Chapter 7.4.2 Robert Kludt (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 7.5.1 Kai Kessler (UBA III 2.5), Stephan Schiller (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 7.5.2 Ulrich Gromke (UBA III 2.1)
Chapter 7.6.1 Wolfgang Butz (UBA III 2.4)
Chapter 9 Michael Strogies (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 10 Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Part II: Supplementary information as required pursuant to Article 7 (1) of the Kyoto Protocol
Chapter 11 Johann Heinrich von Thu nen Institute (TI): Wolfgang Stu mer, Andreas Gensior, Andreas Laggner, Roland Fuß, Sebastian Ru ter, Karsten Dunger, Johanna Steuk; Ulrike Do ring (UBA V 1.6)
Chapters 11.7, 11, 13 Deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle (DEHSt):
Chapter 13 Dirk Gu nther (UBA V 1.6)
Chapter 14 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear
Safety (BMU), Division KI 1.1 Annexes:
Annex 1 David Kuntze (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 2 Marion Dreher (UBA V 1.5),
Annex 2, Chapter 18.8 Kristina Juhrich (UBA V 1.6), Christian Bo ttcher (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 2, 18.9 Jens Reichel (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 3 Authors in keeping with specialised responsibility in Chapters 3-15
Annex 3, Chapter 19.1.1 Marcus Machat (UBA E 1.1), Frank Zander (Institut fu r Energetik und Umwelt: IE gGmbH), Dr. Dieter Merten (IE gGmbH)
Annex 3, Chapter 19.1.3 Michael Kotzulla (V 1.6)
Annex 3, Chapter 19 Johann Heinrich von Thu nen Institute (TI): Hans-Dieter Haenel, Claus Ro semann, Roland Fuß
Annex 4 Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 5 Robert Kludt (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 6 Dirk Gu nther (UBA V 1.6), Authors in keeping with specialised
responsibility
Annex 6, Chapter 22.1.2 Stephan Schiller (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 6, Chapter 22.1.3 Kevin Hausmann (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 6, Chapter 22.4 Michael Kotzulla (UBA V 1.6)
Annex 7 Kevin Hausmann (UBA V 1.6)
Table of Contents
List of Figures 31
List of Tables 35
List of Abbreviations 54
Units and sizes 61
Reading the introductory information tables 62
0 Summary (ES) 63
0.1 Background information on greenhouse-gas inventories and climate change (ES.1) 64 0.1.1 Background information about climate change (ES.1.1) 64 0.1.2 Background information about greenhouse-gas inventories (ES.1.2) 65 0.1.3 Background information relative to supplementary information as required pursuant
to Article 7 (1) of the Kyoto Protocol (ES.1.3) 65
0.2 Combined greenhouse-gas emissions, their removals in sinks, and emissions and
removals from KP-LULUCF activities (ES.2) 66
0.2.1 Greenhouse-gas inventory (ES.2.1) 66
0.2.2 KP-LULUCF activities (ES.2.2) 69
0.3 Combined emissions estimates, and trends for source and sink groups, including KP-
LULUCF activities (ES.3) 69
0.3.1 Greenhouse-gas inventory (ES.3.1) 69
0.3.2 KP-LULUCF activities (ES.3.2) 71
1 Introduction 72
1.1 Background information regarding greenhouse-gas inventories and climate change, and supplementary information as required pursuant to Article 7 (1) of the Kyoto Protocol 72
1.1.1 Background information about climate change 72
1.1.2 Background information about greenhouse-gas inventories 74 1.1.3 Background information relative to supplementary information, as required pursuant
to Article 7 (1) of the Kyoto Protocol (KP NIR 1.1.3.) 75 1.2 Description of institutionalisation of inventory preparation, including the legal and
procedural definitions relative to the planning, preparation and management of the
inventory 75
1.2.1 Overview of the institutional, legal and procedural definitions relative to preparation of greenhouse-gas inventories and of supplementary information as required pursuant
to Article 7 (1) of the Kyoto Protocol 76
1.2.1.1 The National Co-ordinating Committee 77
1.2.1.2 Single National Entity (co-ordination agency) for the National System 78 1.2.1.3 Working Group on Emissions Inventories, in the Federal Environment Agency 79 1.2.1.4 Co-operation by the Single National Entity with other federal institutions and with
non-governmental organisations, in the framework of the National System 79 1.2.1.5 Binding schedule in the framework of the National System 81
1.2.2 Overview of inventory planning 82
1.2.3 Overview of inventory preparation and management, including overview of
supplementary information as required pursuant to Article 7 (1) of the Kyoto Protocol 83
1.3 Inventory preparation 84
1.3.1 Greenhouse-gas and KP-LULUCF inventories 84
1.3.1.1 Preliminary/upstream processes 84
1.3.1.1.1 Improvement of the National System 84
1.3.1.1.2 Implementation of improvements in inventory planning and inventory
preparation 85
1.3.1.1.3 Determination of key categories (pursuant to Tier 1) 85 1.3.1.1.4 Calculation and aggregation of uncertainties relative to emissions 85
1.3.1.1.5 Expanded determination of key categories 86
1.3.2 Data collection, processing and storage, including data for KP-LULUCF inventories 86
1.3.2.1 Definition of bases for calculation 86
1.3.2.2 Data collection 87
1.3.2.3 Data preparation and emissions calculation 87
1.3.2.4 Report preparation 88
1.3.3 Procedures for quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), and detailed review of
greenhouse-gas and KP-LULUCF inventories 91
1.3.3.1 The Quality System for Emissions Inventories 91 1.3.3.1.1 Directive 11/2005 of the Federal Environment Agency 91 1.3.3.1.2 Minimum requirements pertaining to a system for quality control and assurance 91 1.3.3.1.3 Start-up organisation for establishing the Quality System for Emissions
Inventories 92
1.3.3.1.4 The process organisation of the Quality System for Emissions Inventories 94 1.3.3.1.5 Documentation in the Quality System for Emissions Inventories 94
1.3.3.1.6 The QSE handbook 97
1.3.3.1.7 Support for the UNFCCC review 97
1.3.3.1.8 Use of EU ETS monitoring data for improvement of GHG-emissions inventories 97 1.4 Short, general description of the methods and data sources used 99
1.4.1 Greenhouse-gas inventory 99
1.4.1.1 Data sources 99
1.4.1.1.1 Energy 99
1.4.1.1.2 Industrial processes 102
1.4.1.1.3 Agriculture 105
1.4.1.1.4 Land-use changes and forestry 106
1.4.1.1.5 Waste and wastewater 107
1.4.1.2 Methods 108
1.4.2 KP LULUCF activities 108
1.5 Brief description of key categories 108
1.5.1 Greenhouse-gas inventory (with and without LULUCF) 108
1.5.2 Inventory with KP-LULUCF reporting 109
1.6 Information regarding the quality assurance and quality control plan, the inventory plan (including verification) and management of confidential information 118
1.6.1 Quality assurance and quality control procedures 118
1.6.1.1 QC/QA plan 118
1.6.1.2 QC/QA Checklists 118
1.6.1.3 Inventory plan 119
1.6.1.4 Audits 122
1.6.1.5 Workshops on the National System (Peer Review) 124
1.6.1.6 Cross-Country Review on fluorinated gases 125
1.6.2 Activities for verification 125
1.6.2.1 Verification in selected categories 125
1.6.2.2 Procedure for using monitoring data from European emissions trading 125
1.6.3 Handling of confidential information 127
1.7 General estimation of uncertainties 127
1.7.1 Greenhouse-gas inventory 127
1.7.1.1 Procedures for uncertainties determination 128
1.7.1.2 Results of uncertainties assessment 130
1.7.2 KP LULUCF inventory 131
1.8 General checking of completeness 131
1.8.1 Greenhouse-gas inventory 131
1.8.2 KP LULUCF inventory 131
2 Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 131
2.1 Description and interpretation of trends in aggregated greenhouse-gas emissions 134 2.2 Description and interpretation of emission trends, by greenhouse gases 135
2.2.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 135
2.2.2 Nitrous oxide N2O 136
2.2.3 Methane (CH4) 136
2.2.4 F gases 137
2.3 Description and interpretation of emission trends, by greenhouse gases 137 2.4 Description and interpretation of trends in emissions of indirect greenhouse gases and of
SO2 139
2.5 Description and interpretation of emissions trends with regard to the KP-LULUCF
inventory, for aggregated emissions and by activity and greenhouse gas 141
3 Energy (CRF Sector 1) 143
3.1 Overview (CRF Sector 1) 143
3.2 Combustion of fuels (1.A) 143
3.2.1 Verification of the sectoral approach for CRF 1.A 148
3.2.1.1 Comparison with the CO2 Reference Approach 148
3.2.1.2 Verification with other data sets available for Germany 148
3.2.1.2.1 Comparison with the IEA results 151
3.2.1.2.2 Comparison with the data obtained for the individual Länder 152
3.2.1.2.3 Planned improvements 156
3.2.2 International bunker fuels 156
3.2.2.1 Emissions from international transports (1.D.1.a/1.D.1.b) 156
3.2.2.2 Emissions from international aviation (1.D.1.a) 156
3.2.2.2.1 Category description (1.D.1.a) 156
3.2.2.2.2 Methodological issues (1.D.1.a) 157
3.2.2.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.D.1.a) 157 3.2.2.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.D.1.a) 158
3.2.2.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.D.1.a) 158
3.2.2.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.D.1.a) 159
3.2.2.3 Emissions from international water-borne navigation (1.D.1.b) 159
3.2.2.3.1 Category description (1.D.1.b) 159
3.2.2.3.2 Methodological issues (1.D.1.b) 160
3.2.2.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.D.1.b) 161 3.2.2.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.D.1.b) 161
3.2.2.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.D.1.b) 161
3.2.2.3.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.D.1.b) 161
3.2.3 Storage 162
3.2.4 CO2 capture and storage (CCS) (CRF 1.C) 162
3.2.5 Special country-specific aspects 162
3.2.6 Public electricity and heat production (1.A.1.a) 162
3.2.6.1 Category description (1.A.1.a) 162
3.2.6.2 Methodological issues (1.A.1.a) 165
3.2.6.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.1.a) 169
3.2.6.3.1 Methods for determining uncertainties of emission factors 169
3.2.6.3.2 Result for N2O 170
3.2.6.3.3 Result for CH4 170
3.2.6.3.4 Time-series consistency of the emission factors 170
3.2.6.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.1.a) 171
3.2.6.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.1.a) 171
3.2.6.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.1.a) 172
3.2.7 Petroleum refining (1.A.1.b) 172
3.2.7.1 Category description (1.A.1.b) 172
3.2.7.2 Methodological issues (1.A.1.b) 173
3.2.7.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.1.b) 174
3.2.7.3.1 Result for N2O 175
3.2.7.3.2 Result for CH4 175
3.2.7.3.3 Time-series consistency of the emission factors 175
3.2.7.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.1.b) 175
3.2.7.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.1.b) 175
3.2.7.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.1.b) 175
3.2.8 Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries (1.A.1.c) 176
3.2.8.1 Category description (1.A.1.c) 176
3.2.8.2 Methodological issues (1.A.1.c) 178
3.2.8.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.1.c) 179
3.2.8.3.1 Result for N2O 180
3.2.8.3.2 Result for CH4 180
3.2.8.3.3 Time-series consistency of the emission factors 180
3.2.8.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.1.c) 180
3.2.8.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.1.c) 180
3.2.8.6 Planned improvements (category-specific) (1.A.1.c) 180
3.2.9 Manufacturing industries and construction (1. A.2) 180
3.2.9.1 Manufacturing industries and construction – iron and steel (1.A.2.a) 182
3.2.9.1.1 Category description (1.A.2.a) 182
3.2.9.1.2 Methodological issues (1.A.2.a) 184
3.2.9.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.2.a) 185 3.2.9.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.2.a) 185
3.2.9.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.2.a) 185
3.2.9.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.2.a) 185 3.2.9.2 Manufacturing industries and construction – non-ferrous metals (1.A.2.b) 186
3.2.9.2.1 Category description (1.A.2.b) 186
3.2.9.2.2 Methodological issues (1.A.2.b) 186
3.2.9.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.2.b) 186 3.2.9.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.2.b) 186
3.2.9.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.2.b) 187
3.2.9.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.2.b) 187
3.2.9.3 Manufacturing industries and construction – Chemicals (1.A.2.c) 187 3.2.9.4 Manufacturing industries and construction – Pulp, paper and print (1.A.2.d) 188
3.2.9.4.1 Category description (1.A.2.d) 188
3.2.9.4.2 Methodological issues (1.A.2.d) 188
3.2.9.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.2.d) 189 3.2.9.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.2.d) 189
3.2.9.4.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.2.d) 189
3.2.9.4.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.2.d) 189
3.2.9.5 Manufacturing industries and construction – Sugar production (1.A.2.e) 189
3.2.9.5.1 Category description (1.A.2.e) 189
3.2.9.5.2 Methodological issues (1.A.2.e) 190
3.2.9.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.2.e) 190 3.2.9.5.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.2.e) 190
3.2.9.5.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.2.e) 190
3.2.9.5.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.2.e) 190
3.2.9.6 Manufacturing industries and construction – Non-metallic minerals industry (1.A.2.f) 190 3.2.9.6.1 Category description (1.A.2.f, Non-metallic minerals industry) 191 3.2.9.6.2 Methodological issues (1.A.2.f, Non-metallic minerals industry) 192 3.2.9.6.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.2.f, Non-metallic minerals
industry) 192
3.2.9.6.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.2.f, Non-
metallic minerals industry) 193
3.2.9.6.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.2.f, Non-metallic minerals industry) 193 3.2.9.6.6 Planned improvements (category-specific) (1.A.2.f, Non-metallic minerals
industry) 193
3.2.9.7 Manufacturing industries and construction – Other energy production (1.A.2.g,
Other, stationary + mobile) 193
3.2.9.7.1 Category description (1.A.2.g Other, stationary) 193
3.2.9.7.2 Methodological issues (1.A.2.g Other, stationary) 195 3.2.9.7.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.2.g, Other, stationary) 196 3.2.9.7.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.2.g, Other,
stationary) 196
3.2.9.7.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.2.g, Other, stationary) 197 3.2.9.7.6 Planned improvements (category-specific) (1.A.2.g, Other, stationary) 197
3.2.9.8 Construction-sector transports (1.A.2.g vii) 197
3.2.9.8.1 Category description (1.A.2.g vii) 197
3.2.9.8.2 Methodological issues (1.A.2.g vii) 197
3.2.9.8.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.2.g vii) 199 3.2.9.8.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.2.g vii) 199
3.2.9.8.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.2.g vii) 200
3.2.9.8.6 Planned improvements (category-specific) (1.A.2.g vii) 202
3.2.10 Transport (1.A.3) 202
3.2.10.1 Transport – Domestic aviation (1.A.3.a) 202
3.2.10.1.1 Category description (1.A.3.a) 202
3.2.10.1.2 Methodological issues (1.A.3.a) 203
3.2.10.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.3.a) 205 3.2.10.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.3.a) 206
3.2.10.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.3.a) 207
3.2.10.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.3.a) 208
3.2.10.2 Transport – Road transportation (1.A.3.b) 208
3.2.10.2.1 Category description (1.A.3.b) 208
3.2.10.2.2 Methodological issues (1.A.3.b) 209
3.2.10.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.3.b) 213 3.2.10.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.3.b) 213
3.2.10.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.3.b) 214
3.2.10.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.3.b) 215
3.2.10.3 Transport – Railways (1.A.3.c) 215
3.2.10.3.1 Category description (1.A.3.c) 215
3.2.10.3.2 Methodological issues (1.A.3.c) 216
3.2.10.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.3.c) 218 3.2.10.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.3.c) 218
3.2.10.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.3.c) 219
3.2.10.3.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.3.c) 220
3.2.10.4 Transport – Water-borne navigation (1.A.3.d) 220
3.2.10.4.1 Category description (1.A.3.d) 220
3.2.10.4.2 Methodological issues (1.A.3.d) 221
3.2.10.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.3.d) 223 3.2.10.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.3.d) 223
3.2.10.4.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.3.d) 224
3.2.10.4.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.3.d) 226
3.2.10.5 Transport – Other transportation (1.A.3.e) 226
3.2.10.5.1 Category description (1.A.3.e) 226
3.2.10.5.2 Methodological issues (1.A.3.e) 226
3.2.10.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.3.e) 227 3.2.10.5.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.3.e) 227
3.2.10.5.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.3.e) 227
3.2.10.5.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.3.e) 227 3.2.11 Other: Residential, commercial/institutional, agriculture, forestry and fisheries (1.A.4
Stationary) 228
3.2.11.1 Category description (1.A.4 stationary) 228
3.2.11.2 Methodological issues (1.A.4, stationary) 231
3.2.11.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.4, stationary) 233 3.2.11.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.4, stationary) 234 3.2.11.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.4, stationary) 235 3.2.11.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (1.A.4, stationary) 236 3.2.12 Other: Residential, commercial/institutional, agriculture, forestry and fisheries (1.A.4
mobile) 236
3.2.12.1 Category description (1.A.4 mobile) 236
3.2.12.2 Methodological issues (1.A.4 mobile) 236
3.2.12.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.4 mobile) 238 3.2.12.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.4 mobile) 238
3.2.12.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.4 mobile) 239
3.2.12.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.4 mobile) 242
3.2.13 Other sectors (1.A.5.a stationary) 242
3.2.13.1 Category description (1.A.5.a stationary) 243
3.2.13.2 Methodological issues (1.A.5.a, stationary) 243
3.2.13.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.5.a, stationary) 244 3.2.13.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.5.a, stationary) 244 3.2.13.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.5.a, stationary) 244 3.2.13.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (1.A.5.a, stationary) 244
3.2.14 Other (1.A.5.b Mobile) 245
3.2.14.1 Category description (1.A.5.b mobile) 245
3.2.14.2 Methodological issues (1.A.5.b mobile) 245
3.2.14.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.A.5.b mobile) 247 3.2.14.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.A.5.b mobile) 247
3.2.14.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.A.5.b Mobile) 247
3.2.14.6 Category-specific planned improvements (1.A.5.b Mobile) 248
3.2.15 Military 249
3.3 Fugitive emissions from fuels (1.B) 249
3.3.1 Solid fuels – coal mining and handling (1.B.1) 249
3.3.1.1 Underground mining – hard coal 250
3.3.1.2 Open-pit mining – lignite 250
3.3.1.2.1 Category description (open-pit mining – lignite) 250
3.3.1.2.2 Methods (open-pit mining – lignite) 251
3.3.1.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (open-pit mining – lignite) 251 3.3.1.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance/control and verification (open-pit mining –
lignite) 251
3.3.1.3 Decommissioned hard-coal mines 252
3.3.1.4 Solid fuel transformation 252
3.3.1.4.1 Category description (solid fuel transformation) 252
3.3.1.4.2 Methodological aspects (solid fuel transformation) 253 3.3.1.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (solid fuel transformation) 253 3.3.1.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (solid fuel
transformation) 254
3.3.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.B.1 all) 254
3.3.1.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (1.B.1 all) 254 3.3.2 Oil and natural gas and fugitive emissions from energy production (1.B.2) 254
3.3.2.1 Oil (1.B.2.a) 255
3.3.2.1.1 "Oil, Exploration" (1.B.2.a.i) 256
3.3.2.1.1.1 Category description, "Oil, exploration" (1.B.2.a.i) 256 3.3.2.1.1.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Oil, exploration" (1.B.2.a.i) 256 3.3.2.1.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency, category "Oil, exploration" (1.B.2.a.i) 257 3.3.2.1.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification, category "Oil,
exploration" (1.B.2.a.i) 257
3.3.2.1.2 "Oil, production and preprocessing" (1.B.2.a.ii) 257 3.3.2.1.2.1 Category description, "Oil, production and preprocessing" (1.B.2.a.ii) 257 3.3.2.1.2.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Oil, production and preprocessing"
(1.B.2.a.ii) 258
3.3.2.1.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency in the category "Oil, production and
preprocessing" (1.B.2.a.ii) 258
3.3.2.1.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification for the category "Oil,
production and preprocessing" (1.B.2.a.ii) 258
3.3.2.1.3 "Oil, transport" (1.B.2.a.iii) 258
3.3.2.1.3.1 Category description, "Oil, transport" (1.B.2.a.iii) 259 3.3.2.1.3.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Oil, transport" (1.B.2.a.iii) 259 3.3.2.1.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency in the category "Oil, transport" (1.B.2.a.iii) 3.3.2.1.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification for the category "Oil, 260
transport" (1.B.2.a.iii) 260
3.3.2.1.4 "Oil, refining and storage" (1.B.2.a.iv) 260
3.3.2.1.4.1 Category description, "Oil, refining and storage" (1.B.2.a.iv) 260 3.3.2.1.4.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Oil, refining and storage" (1.B.2.a.iv) 262 3.3.2.1.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency in the category "Oil, refining and storage"
(1.B.2.a.iv) 263
3.3.2.1.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification for the category "Oil,
refining and storage" (1.B.2.a.iv) 263
3.3.2.1.5 "Oil, distribution of oil products" (1.B.2.a.v) 264 3.3.2.1.5.1 Category description, "Oil, distribution of oil products" (1.B.2.a.v) 264 3.3.2.1.5.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Oil, distribution of oil products" (1.B.2.a.v) 3.3.2.1.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency in the category "Oil, distribution of oil 265
products" (1.B.2.a.v) 267
3.3.2.1.5.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification for the category "Oil,
distribution of oil products" (1.B.2.a.v) 267
3.3.2.2 Natural gas (1.B.2.b) 267
3.3.2.2.1 "Natural gas, exploration" (1.B.2.b.i) 267
3.3.2.2.1.1 Category description, "Natural gas, exploration" (1.B.2.b.i) 267 3.3.2.2.1.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Natural gas, exploration" (1.B.2.b.i) 267 3.3.2.2.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency of the category "Natural gas, exploration"
(1.B.2.b.i) 267
3.3.2.2.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification, category "Natural gas,
exploration" (1.B.2.b.i) 268
3.3.2.2.2 "Natural gas, production" (1.B.2.b.ii) 268
3.3.2.2.2.1 Category description, "Natural gas, production" (1.B.2.b.ii) 268 3.3.2.2.2.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Natural gas, production" (1.B.2.b.ii) 268 3.3.2.2.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency of the category "Natural gas, production"
(1.B.2.b.ii) 269
3.3.2.2.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification, category "Natural gas,
production" (1.B.2.b.ii) 269
3.3.2.2.3 Natural gas, processing (1.B.2.b.iii) 269
3.3.2.2.3.1 Category description (1.B.2.b.iii) 269
3.3.2.2.3.2 Methodological issues (1.B.2.b.iii) 270 3.3.2.2.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.B.2.b.iii) 271 3.3.2.2.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.B.2.b.iii) 271
3.3.2.2.4 Gas, transmission (1.B.2.b.iv) 271
3.3.2.2.4.1 Category description (1.B.2.b.iv) 271
3.3.2.2.4.2 Methodological issues (1.B.2.b.iv) 273
3.3.2.2.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.B.2.b.iv) 273 3.3.2.2.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.B.2.b.iv) 273
3.3.2.2.5 Natural gas, distribution (1.B.2.b.v) 274
3.3.2.2.5.1 Category description (1.B.2.b.v) 274
3.3.2.2.5.2 Methodological issues (1.B.2.b.v) 275
3.3.2.2.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.B.2.b.v) 276 3.3.2.2.5.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.B.2.b.v) 276
3.3.2.2.6 Natural gas, other leakage (1.B.2.b.vi) 277
3.3.2.2.6.1 Category description (1.B.2.b.vi) 277
3.3.2.2.6.2 Methodological issues (1.B.2.b.v) 278
3.3.2.2.6.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.B.2.b.v) 278 3.3.2.2.6.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.B.2.b.v) 278
3.3.2.3 Venting and flaring (1.B.2.c) 279
3.3.2.3.1.1 Category description, "Venting and flaring" (1.B.2.c) 279 3.3.2.3.1.2 Methodological aspects of the category "Venting and flaring" (1.B.2.c) 281 3.3.2.3.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency for the category "Venting and flaring"
(1.B.2.c) 281
3.3.2.3.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification, category "Venting and
flaring" (1.B.2.c) 281
3.3.2.4 Geothermal energy (1.B.2.d) 282
3.3.2.4.1 Category description (1.B.2.d) 282
3.3.2.4.2 Methodological issues (1.B.2.d) 282
3.3.2.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (1.B.2.d) 283 3.3.2.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (1.B.2.d) 283
3.3.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (1.B.2 all) 283
3.3.2.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (1.B.2 all) 283
4 Industrial processes (CRF Sector 2) 284
4.1 Overview (CRF Sector 2) 284
4.2 Mineral industry (2.A) 284
4.2.1 Mineral industry: Cement production (2.A.1) 285
4.2.1.1 Category description (2.A.1) 285
4.2.1.2 Methodological issues (2.A.1) 286
4.2.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.A.1) 287
4.2.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.A.1) 287
4.2.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.A.1) 288
4.2.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.A.1) 288
4.2.2 Mineral industry: Lime production (2.A.2) 288
4.2.2.1 Category description (2.A.2) 288
4.2.2.2 Methodological issues (2.A.2) 289
4.2.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.A.2) 290
4.2.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.A.2) 290
4.2.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.A.2) 291
4.2.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.A.2) 291
4.2.3 Mineral industry: Glass production (2.A.3) 291
4.2.3.1 Category description (2.A.3 Glass production) 291
4.2.3.2 Methodological issues (2.A.3 Glass production) 292
4.2.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.A.3 Glass production) 294 4.2.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.A.3 Glass production) 295 4.2.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.A.3 Glass production) 295 4.2.3.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.A.3 Glass production) 295 4.2.4 Mineral industry: Other process uses of carbonates (2.A.4) 295
4.2.4.1 Mineral industry: Ceramics (2.A.4.a) 295
4.2.4.1.1 Category description (2.A.4.a Ceramics) 295
4.2.4.1.2 Methodological issues (2.A.4.a Ceramics) 297
4.2.4.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.A.4.a Ceramics) 299 4.2.4.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.A.4.a Ceramics) 299
4.2.4.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.A.4.a Ceramics) 300 4.2.4.1.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.A.4.a Ceramics) 300 4.2.4.2 Non-metallic minerals industry: other soda ash use (2.A.4.b) 300
4.2.4.2.1 Category description (2.A.4.b) 300
4.2.4.2.2 Methodological issues (2.A.4.b) 301
4.2.4.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.A.4.b) 301 4.2.4.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.A.4.b) 302
4.2.4.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.A.4.b) 302
4.2.4.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.A.4.b) 302
4.2.4.3 Production of non-metallurgical magnesium products (2.A.4.c) 302
4.2.4.3.1 Category description (2.A.4.c) 302
4.2.4.3.2 Methodological issues (2.A.4.c) 302
4.2.4.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.A.4.c) 302 4.2.4.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.A.4.c) 303
4.2.4.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.A.4.c) 303
4.2.4.3.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.A.4.c) 303
4.2.4.4 Non-metallic minerals industry: other limestone and dolomite use (2.A.4.d) 303
4.2.4.4.1 Category description (2.A.4.d) 303
4.2.4.4.2 Methodological issues (2.A.4.d) 303
4.2.4.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.A.4.d) 304 4.2.4.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.A.4.d) 304
4.2.4.4.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.A.4.d) 304
4.2.4.4.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.A.4.d) 304
4.3 Chemical industry (2.B) 304
4.3.1 Chemical industry: Ammonia production (2.B.1) 304
4.3.1.1 Category description (2.B.1) 304
4.3.1.2 Methodological issues (2.B.1) 305
4.3.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.1) 306
4.3.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.1) 306
4.3.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.1) 306
4.3.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.1) 306
4.3.2 Chemical industry: Nitric acid production (2.B.2) 307
4.3.2.1 Category description (2.B.2) 307
4.3.2.2 Methodological issues (2.B.2) 307
4.3.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.2) 308
4.3.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.2) 308
4.3.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.2) 308
4.3.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.2) 308
4.3.3 Chemical industry: Adipic acid production (2.B.3) 309
4.3.3.1 Category description (2.B.3) 309
4.3.3.2 Methodological issues (2.B.3) 309
4.3.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.3) 310
4.3.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.3) 310
4.3.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.3) 311
4.3.3.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.B.3) 311
4.3.4 Chemical industry: Caprolactam, glyoxal and glyoxylic acid (2.B.4) 311
4.3.4.1 Category description (2.B.4) 311
4.3.4.2 Methodological issues (2.B.4) 311
4.3.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.4) 312
4.3.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.4) 312
4.3.4.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.4) 312
4.3.4.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.4) 312
4.3.5 Chemical industry: Carbide production (2.B.5) 313
4.3.5.1 Category description (2.B.5) 313
4.3.5.2 Methodological issues (2.B.5) 313
4.3.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.5) 313
4.3.5.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.5) 314
4.3.5.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.5) 314
4.3.5.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.5) 314
4.3.6 Chemical industry: Titanium dioxide production (2.B.6) 314
4.3.7 Chemical industry: Soda-ash production (2.B.7) 314
4.3.7.1 Category description (2.B.7) 314
4.3.7.2 Methodological issues (2.B.7) 315
4.3.7.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.7) 315 4.3.7.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.7) 315
4.3.7.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.7) 315
4.3.7.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.7) 316
4.3.8 Chemical industry: Petrochemical and carbon black production (2.B.8) 316 4.3.8.1 Chemical industry: Petrochemicals (2.B.8 Petrochemicals) 316
4.3.8.1.1 Category description (2.B.8 Petrochemicals) 316
4.3.8.1.2 Methodological issues (2.B.8 Petrochemicals) 316
4.3.8.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.8 Petrochemical industry) 318 4.3.8.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.8
Petrochemical industry) 319
4.3.8.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.8 Petrochemical industry) 319 4.3.8.1.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.B.8 Petrochemical industry) 319 4.3.8.2 Chemical industry: Carbon black production (2.B.8 Carbon black) 320
4.3.8.2.1 Category description (2.B.8 Carbon black) 320
4.3.8.2.2 Methodological issues (2.B.8 Carbon black) 320
4.3.8.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.8 Carbon black) 321 4.3.8.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.8 Carbon
black) 322
4.3.8.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.8 Carbon black) 322 4.3.8.2.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.B.8 Carbon black) 322 4.3.9 Chemical industry: Production of halocarbons and SF6 (2.B.9) 322
4.3.9.1 By-product emissions (2.B.9.a) 322
4.3.9.1.1 Category description (2.B.9.a) 322
4.3.9.1.2 Methodological issues (2.B.9.a) 323
4.3.9.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.9.a) 323 4.3.9.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.9.a) 323
4.3.9.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.9.a) 324
4.3.9.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.9.a) 324
4.3.9.2 Production-related emissions (2.B.9.b) 324
4.3.9.2.1 Category description (2.B.9.b) 324
4.3.9.2.2 Methodological issues (2.B.9.b) 324
4.3.9.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.9.b) 325 4.3.9.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.9.b) 325
4.3.9.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.9.b) 325
4.3.9.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.9.b) 325
4.3.10 Chemical industry – other: Emissions from other production processes (2.B.10) 325
4.3.10.1 Category description (2.B.10) 325
4.3.10.2 Methodological issues (2.B.10) 325
4.3.10.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.B.10) 325 4.3.10.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.B.10) 326
4.3.10.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.B.10) 326
4.3.10.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.B.10) 326
4.4 Metal production (2.C) 326
4.4.1 Metal production: Iron and steel production (2.C.1) 326
4.4.1.1 Category description (2.C.1) 326
4.4.1.2 Methodological issues (2.C.1) 327
4.4.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.C.1) 331
4.4.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.C.1) 332
4.4.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.C.1) 333
4.4.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.C.1) 333
4.4.2 Metal production: Ferroalloys production (2.C.2) 333
4.4.2.1 Category description (2.C.2) 333
4.4.2.2 Methodological issues (2.C.2) 333
4.4.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.C.2) 333
4.4.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.C.2) 334
4.4.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.C.2) 334
4.4.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.C.2) 334
4.4.3 Metal production: Aluminium production (2.C.3) 334
4.4.3.1 Category description (2.C.3) 334
4.4.3.2 Methodological issues (2.C.3) 335
4.4.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.C.3) 337
4.4.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.C.3) 338
4.4.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.C.3) 338
4.4.3.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.C.3) 338
4.4.4 Metal production: Magnesium production (2.C.4) 338
4.4.4.1 Category description (2.C.4) 338
4.4.4.2 Methodological issues (2.C.4) 338
4.4.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.C.4) 339
4.4.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.C.4) 339
4.4.4.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.C.4) 340
4.4.4.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.C.4) 340
4.4.5 Metal production: Lead (2.C.5) 340
4.4.5.1 Category description (2.C.5) 340
4.4.5.2 Methodological issues (2.C.5) 340
4.4.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.C.5) 340
4.4.5.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.C.5) 340
4.4.5.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.C.5) 340
4.4.5.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.C.5) 341
4.4.6 Metal production: Zinc (2.C.6) 341
4.4.6.1 Category description (2.C.6) 341
4.4.6.2 Methodological issues (2.C.6) 341
4.4.6.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.C.6) 341
4.4.6.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.C.6) 341
4.4.6.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.C.6) 341
4.4.6.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.C.6) 342
4.4.7 Metal production: Other (2.C.7) 342
4.4.7.1 Category description (2.C.7) 342
4.4.7.2 Methodological issues (2.C.7) 342
4.4.7.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.C.7) 342
4.4.7.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.C.7) 342
4.4.7.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.C.7) 342
4.4.7.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.C.7) 342
4.5 Use of non-energy-related products from fuels and solvents (2.D) 343
4.5.1 Lubricant use (2.D.1) 343
4.5.1.1 Category description (2.D.1) 343
4.5.1.2 Methodological issues (2.D.1) 343
4.5.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.D.1) 347
4.5.1.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.D.1) 347
4.5.1.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.D.1) 348
4.5.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.D.1) 348
4.5.2 Paraffin wax use (2.D.2) 348
4.5.2.1 Category description (2.D.2) 348
4.5.2.2 Methodological issues (2.D.2) 349
4.5.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.D.2) 349
4.5.2.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.D.2) 350
4.5.2.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.D.2) 350
4.5.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.D.2) 350
4.5.3 Other: Solvents – NMVOC (2.D.3 Solvents) 350
4.5.3.1 Category description (2.D.3 Solvents) 350
4.5.3.2 Methodological issues (2.D.3 Solvents) 353
4.5.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.D.3 Solvents) 356 4.5.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.D.3 Solvents) 356
4.5.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.D.3 Solvents) 356
4.5.3.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.D.3 Solvents) 356
4.5.4 Other: Bitumen for roofing (2.D.3 Bitumen) 357
4.5.4.1 Category description (2.D.3 Bitumen) 357
4.5.4.2 Methodological issues (2.D.3 Bitumen) 357
4.5.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.D.3 Bitumen) 358 4.5.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.D.3 Bitumen) 358
4.5.4.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.D.3 Bitumen) 358
4.5.4.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.D.3 Bitumen) 358
4.5.5 Other: Road paving with asphalt (2.D.3 Asphalt) 359
4.5.5.1 Category description (2.D.3 Asphalt) 359
4.5.5.2 Methodological aspects (2.D.3 Asphalt) 359
4.5.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.D.3 Asphalt) 359
4.5.5.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.D.3 Asphalt) 360
4.5.5.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.D.3 Asphalt) 360
4.5.5.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.D.3 Asphalt) 360 4.5.6 CO2 emissions from use of AdBlue® in road transports and off-road vehicles (2.D.3
Other: AdBlue) 360
4.5.6.1 Category description (2.D.3 Other: AdBlue) 360
4.5.6.2 Methodological issues (2.D.3 Other: AdBlue) 360
4.5.6.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.D.3 Other: AdBlue®) 361 4.5.6.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.D.3 Other: AdBlue®) 361 4.5.6.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.D.3 Other: AdBlue®) 361 4.5.6.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.D.3 Other: AdBlue®) 362
4.6 Electronics industry (2.E) 362
4.6.1 Semiconductor and circuit-board production (2.E.1) 362
4.6.1.1 Category description (2.E.1) 362
4.6.1.2 Methodological issues (2.E.1) 363
4.6.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.E.1) 363
4.6.1.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.E.1) 363
4.6.1.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.E.1) 364
4.6.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.E.1) 364
4.6.2 TFT (2.E.2) 364
4.6.3 Photovoltaics (2.E.3) 364
4.6.3.1 Category description (2.E.3) 364
4.6.3.2 Methodological issues (2.E.3) 364
4.6.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.E.3) 365
4.6.3.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.E.3) 365
4.6.3.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.E.3) 365
4.6.3.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.E.3) 365
4.6.4 Heat transfer fluids (2.E.4) 366
4.6.4.1 Category description (2.E.4) 366
4.6.4.2 Methodological issues (2.E.4) 366
4.6.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.E.4) 366
4.6.4.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.E.4) 366
4.6.4.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.E.4) 366
4.6.4.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.E.4) 366
4.7 Product uses as substitutes for ODS (2.F) 367
4.7.1 Refrigeration and air conditioning systems (2.F.1) 371
4.7.1.1 Category description (2.F.1) 371
4.7.1.2 Methodological issues (2.F.1) 371
4.7.1.2.1 Commercial refrigeration (2.F.1.a) 371
4.7.1.2.2 Household refrigeration (2.F.1.b) 375
4.7.1.2.3 Industrial refrigeration (2.F.1.c) 376
4.7.1.2.4 Transport refrigeration (refrigerated vehicles and containers) (2.F.1.d) 379
4.7.1.2.5 Mobile air-conditioning systems (2.F.1.e) 381
4.7.1.2.6 Stationary air conditioning systems (2.F.1.f) 385
4.7.1.2.6.1 Room air conditioners 385
4.7.1.2.6.2 Chillers 387
4.7.1.2.6.3 Heat-pump systems 388
4.7.1.2.6.4 Heat-pump clothes dryers 390
4.7.1.2.6.5 Dishwashers with heat-pump systems 390
4.7.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.F.1 all) 391
4.7.1.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.F.1 all) 392
4.7.1.5 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.F.1 all) 397
4.7.2 Foam blowing (2.F.2) 397
4.7.2.1 Closed-cell polyurethane hard foam products (2.F.2 PU hard foam) 397
4.7.2.1.1 Category description (2.F.2 PU hard foam) 397
4.7.2.1.2 Methodological aspects (2.F.2 PU hard foam) 397
4.7.2.2 Closed-cell and open-cell XPS hard foam (2.F.2 XPS) 398
4.7.2.2.1 Category description (2.F.2 XPS) 398
4.7.2.2.2 Methodological issues (2.F.2 XPS) 399
4.7.2.3 Open-cell polyurethane integral foam (2.F.2 PU integral foam) 400
4.7.2.3.1 Category description (2.F.2 PU integral foam) 400
4.7.2.3.2 Methodological aspects (2.F.2 PU integral foam) 400
4.7.2.4 Open-cell one-component polyurethane foam (2.F.2 one-component PU foam) 401
4.7.2.4.1 Category description (2.F.2 one-component PU foam) 401 4.7.2.4.2 Methodological aspects (2.F.2 one-component PU foam) 401 4.7.2.5 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.F.2 all) 402
4.7.2.6 Category-specific recalculations (2.F.2 all) 403
4.7.2.7 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.F.2 all) 405
4.7.3 Fire extinguishers (2.F.3) 405
4.7.3.1 Category description (2.F.3) 405
4.7.3.2 Methodological issues (2.F.3) 405
4.7.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.F.3) 406
4.7.3.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.F.3) 406
4.7.3.5 Category-specific planned improvements (2.F.3) 406
4.7.4 Aerosols (2.F.4) 407
4.7.4.1 Metered-dose inhalers (2.F.4.a) 407
4.7.4.1.1 Category description (2.F.4.a) 407
4.7.4.1.2 Methodological issues (2.F.4.a) 407
4.7.4.2 Other aerosols (2.F.4.b) 408
4.7.4.2.1 Category description (2.F.4.b) 408
4.7.4.2.2 Methodological issues (2.F.4.b) 408
4.7.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.F.4 all) 409
4.7.4.3.1 Category-specific recalculations (2.F.4 all) 410
4.7.4.3.2 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.F.4 all) 412
4.7.5 Solvents (2.F.5) 412
4.7.5.1 Category description (2.F.5) 412
4.7.5.2 Methodological issues (2.F.5) 412
4.7.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.F.5) 412
4.7.5.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.F.5) 412
4.7.5.5 Category-specific planned improvements (2.F.5) 412
4.7.6 Other applications that use ODS substitutes (2.F.6) 413 4.7.7 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.F all) 413
4.8 Other product manufacture and use (2.G) 414
4.8.1 Electrical equipments (2.G.1) 415
4.8.1.1 Category description (2.G.1) 415
4.8.1.2 Methodological issues (2.G.1) 416
4.8.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.G.1) 418
4.8.1.4 Category-specific recalculations (2.G.1) 419
4.8.1.5 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.G.1) 419
4.8.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.G.1) 419
4.8.2 SF6 and PFC from other product use (2.G.2) 420
4.8.2.1 Military AWACS maintenance (2.G.2.a) 420
4.8.2.1.1 Category description (2.G.2.a) 420
4.8.2.1.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.a) 420
4.8.2.2 Particle accelerators (2.G.2.b) 420
4.8.2.2.1 Category description (2.G.2.b) 420
4.8.2.2.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.b) 421
4.8.2.3 Sound-proof glazing (2.G.2.c) 422
4.8.2.3.1 Category description (2.G.2.c) 422
4.8.2.3.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.c) 423
4.8.2.4 Adiabatic behaviour – Automobile tyres (2.G.2.d) 424
4.8.2.4.1 Category description (2.G.2.d) 424
4.8.2.4.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.d) 424
4.8.2.5 Adiabatic behaviour – Athletic shoes (2.G.2.d) 424
4.8.2.5.1 Category description (2.G.2.d) 424
4.8.2.5.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.d) 424
4.8.2.6 Other: Trace gas (2.G.2.e) 425
4.8.2.6.1 Category description (2.G.2.e) 425
4.8.2.6.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.e) 425
4.8.2.7 Other: Welding (2.G.2.e) 425
4.8.2.7.1 Category description (2.G.2.e) 425
4.8.2.7.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.e) 425
4.8.2.8 Other: Optical glass fibre (2.G.2.e) 426
4.8.2.8.1 Category description (2.G.2.e) 426
4.8.2.8.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.e) 426
4.8.2.9 Other: Medical and cosmetic applications (2.G.2.e) 426
4.8.2.9.1 Category description (2.G.2.e) 426
4.8.2.9.2 Methodological issues (2.G.2.e) 427
4.8.2.10 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.G.2 all) 428 4.8.2.11 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.G.2 all) 428
4.8.2.12 Category-specific recalculations (2.G.2 all) 429
4.8.2.13 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.G.2 all) 429
4.8.3 Use of N2O (2.G.3) 429
4.8.3.1 Category description (2.G.3) 429
4.8.3.2 Methodological issues (2.G.3) 431
4.8.3.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.G.3) 433
4.8.3.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.G.3) 433
4.8.3.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.G.3) 433
4.8.3.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.G.3) 433
4.8.4 Other – ORC systems (2.G.4 ORC systems) 434
4.8.4.1 Category description (2.G.4 ORC systems) 434
4.8.4.2 Methodological issues (2.G.4 ORC systems) 434
4.8.4.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.G.4 ORC systems) 435 4.8.4.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.G.4 ORC systems) 435
4.8.4.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.G.4 ORC systems) 435
4.8.4.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.G.4 ORC systems) 435 4.8.5 Other product manufacture and use: Other, charcoal use (2.G.4 Charcoal) 436
4.8.5.1 Category description (2.G.4 Charcoal) 436
4.8.5.2 Methodological issues (2.G.4 Charcoal) 436
4.8.5.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.G.4 Charcoal) 436 4.8.5.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.G.4 Charcoal) 436
4.8.5.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.G.4 Charcoal) 437
4.8.5.6 Planned improvements, category-specific (2.G.4 Charcoal) 437 4.8.6 Other product manufacture and use: Other, nitrous oxide from explosives (2.G.4
Explosives) 437
4.8.6.1 Category description (2.G.4 Explosives) 437
4.9 Other production (2.H) 437
4.9.1 Other production: Pulp and paper (2.H.1) 437
4.9.1.1 Category description (2.H.1) 437
4.9.1.2 Methodological issues (2.H.1) 438
4.9.1.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.H.1) 439
4.9.1.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.H.1) 439
4.9.1.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.H.1) 439
4.9.1.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.H.1) 439
4.9.2 Other production: Food and drink (2.H.2) 440
4.9.2.1 Category description (2.H.2) 440
4.9.2.2 Methodological issues (2.H.2) 440
4.9.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series consistency (2.H.2) 441
4.9.2.4 Category-specific quality assurance / control and verification (2.H.2) 441
4.9.2.5 Category-specific recalculations (2.H.2) 441
4.9.2.6 Category-specific planned improvements (2.H.2) 441
4.9.3 Other sectors (2.H.3) 442
5 Agriculture (CRF Sector 3) 444
5.1 Overview (CRF Sector 3) 444
5.1.1 Categories and total emissions, 1990 - 2019 444
5.1.2 The GAS-EM emissions-inventory model 445
5.1.2.1 Guidelines applied, and detailed report 445
5.1.2.2 Basic structure of the GAS-EM emissions-inventory model 445
5.1.2.3 Treatment of CH4 within the emissions inventory 446
5.1.2.4 The nitrogen-flow concept (3.B, 3.D) 446
5.1.3 Characterization of animal husbandry in agriculture 448
5.1.3.1 Animal categories (3.A, 3.B) 448
5.1.3.2 Animal place data (3.A, 3.B) 449
5.1.3.2.1 Surveys of the Federal and federal state statistical offices 449 5.1.3.2.2 Special aspects of animal-place figures in the inventory 451 5.1.3.2.3 Animal place data used in the inventory (3.A, 3.B) 453 5.1.3.2.4 Comparison with livestock-population figures of the FAO (3.A, 3.B) 454
5.1.3.3 Performance, energy and feed data (3.A, 3.B) 455
