Supplementary Material
Supplementary Table 1 Patient Characteristics and associated costs
N (%) Mean (SD) USD
Mean difference
(USD)
p-value
Age ≥65 years 38 (48.7) 3,891.7 (2,937.0) 688.0 0.360
Sex Male 53 (67.9) 3,753.9 (3,052.2) 671.0 0.405
Comorbidities any 55 (70.5) 3,521.1 (3,522.5) -60.2 0.942
Hypertension 27 (34.6) 3,124.8 (2,626.7) -633.2 0.423
Diabetes mellitus 14 (17.9) 3,964.5 (4,990.9) 518.8 0.597
Cancer 17 (21.8) 3,633.5 (4,611.8) 121.0 0.895
Asthma/COPD 8 (10.3) 3,339.4 (4,370.1) -222.3 0.858
Heart failure 6 (7.7) 3,463.0 (2,276.9) -82.2 0.954
Ischaemic heart disease 12 (15.4) 3,005.2 (2,206.5) -630.7 0.545 Chronic renal disease 8 (10.3) 2,036.3 (1,874.3) -1,674.3 0.175 Symptoms
Fever 30 (38.5) 3,415.3 (2,595.0) -200.8 0.795
Cough 21 (27.0) 3,773.0 (3,182.0) 320.3 0.706
Dyspnea 54 (69.2) 3,600.1 (3,463.9) 199.1 0.807
Initial Laboratory Results
Thorax CT Pneumoniae 46 (59.0) 3,923.6 (3,509.5) 2,540.4 0.116 Hematologic biomarkers
Lymphopenia 53 (67.9) 3,819.3 (3,830.5) 874.9* 0.159
Neutrophilia 39 (50.0) 3,939.7 (3,767.8) 801.8 0.286
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ≥2.95 71 (91.0) 3,637.9 (3,411.3) 1,103.7 0.401
Thrombocytopenia 7 (9.0) 2,081.8 (1,517.5) -1,600.8 0.222
Coagulation biomarkers
Elevated D-dimer 26 (33.3) 3,393.9 (3,949.2) -217.5 0.786
Hyperfibrinogenemia 59 (75,6) 3,889.2 (3,638.4) 1,438.1* 0.016 Inflammatory biomarkers
CRP ≥42 66 (86.4) 3,614.1 (3,392.9) 480.2 0.639
Ferritin 55 (70.5) 3,774.7 (3,565.6) 700.2 0.404
Biochemical biomarkers
Elevated AST 34 (43.6) 3,727.4 (3,975.0) 334.1 0.660
Elevated ALT 24 (30.8) 3,807.9 (4,157.8) 388.6 0.634
Elevated blood urea 46 (59.0) 3,629.7 (3,572.5) 221.5 0.772
Elevated blood creatinine 17 (21.8) 3,873.9 (4,892.0) 428.3 0.584
Elevated LDH level 36 (46.2) 3,994.3 (3,981.9) 845.9 0.278
Treatments
HQ 62 (79.5) 3,748.1 (3,451.4) 1,020.0 0.273
Favipiravir 72 (92.3) 3,590.8 (3,238.6) 674.6 0.633
Lopinavir/Ritonavir 3 (3.8) 2,896.2 (817.7) -668.4 0.733
Oseltamivir 27 (34.6) 3,478.5 (4,186.2) -92.3 0.907
Tocilizumab 24 (30.8) 3,991.2 (3,771.6) 653.4 0.423
Steroids 34 (43.6) 4,543.5 (3,967.0) 1,781.0* 0.025
Anticoagulants 71 (91.0) 3,713.2 (3,387.2) 1,942.9 0.138
Azithromycin 27 (36.4) 3,919.6 (4,176.0) 582.3 0.462
Mechanical ventilation 29 (37.2) 5,226.7 (4,243.7) 2,686.8* 0.003 Fatality (in hospital) 44 (56.4) 4,121.3 (3,800.1) 1,336.2* 0.060
*Levene’s Test <0.05
SD: Standard deviation; USD: United States Dollar; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
CT:Computerized tomography; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanin aminotransferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; HQ: Hydroxychloroquine
Supplementary Figure 1: 95% confidence intervals distribution of cost difference among subgroups between the standard of care and Remdesivir arms
COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; LDH:
Lactate dehydrogenase; CT: Computerized tomography; CRP: C-reactive protein; HQ: Hydroxychloroquine; NLR:
Neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio
Supplementary Table 2 Cost comparisons of subgroups between standard of care and Remdesivir arms (USD)
Variables
Standard Therapy Remdesivir
df t p-value 95% CI
Mean SD Mean SD
Age 65 years or above 3,891.7 2,937.0 3,806.9 2,049.7 66 0.146 0.884 (-1,075.2 - 1,244.8)
Male Sex 3,753.9 3,052.2 3,595.4 2,095.4 92 0.312 0.756 (-851.5 - 1,168.5)
Comorbidities any 3,521.1 3,522.5 3,397.9 2,406.7 95 0.214 0.831 (-1,018.8 - 1,265.2)
Hypertension 3,124.8 2,626.7 3,006.3 1,699.8 45 0.197 0.845 (-1,094.6 - 1,331.6)
Diabetes mellitus 3,964.5 4,990.9 3,503.8 3,426.0 26 0.285 0.778 (-2,864.9 - 3,786.3)
Cancer 3,633.5 4,611.8 3,758.5 3,161.0 32 0.092 0.927 (-2,887.2 - 2,637.2)
Asthma/COPD* 3,339.4 4,370.1 3,546.4 2,996.0 14 0.111 0.914 (-4,224.8 - 3,810.8)
Heart failure* 3,463.0 2,276.9 3,642.9 1,626.8 10 0.157 0.878 (-2,725.4 - 2,365.6) Ischaemic heart disease 3,005.2 2,206.5 2,847.5 1,303.9 18 0.213 0.834 (-1,397.7 - 1,692.1) Chronic renal disease* 2,036.3 1,874.3 2,632.6 1,345.9 14 0.731 0.477 (-2,346.1 - 1,153.5) Symptoms
Fever 3,415.3 2,595.0 3,258.8 1,773.0 51 0.273 0.786 (-995.3 - 1,308.3)
Cough 3,773.0 3,182.0 3,477.8 2,157.9 35 0.352 0.727 (-1,407.7 - 1,998.1)
Dyspnea 3,600.1 3,463.9 3,555.3 2,374.9 94 0.078 0.938 (-1,090.0 - 1,179.6)
Initial Laboratory Results
Thorax CT Pneumoniae 3,923.6 3,509.5 3,679.9 2,412.5 80 0.388 0.699 (-1,005.9 - 1,493.3) Hematologic biomarkers
Lymphopenia 3,819.3 3,830.5 3,733.8 2,642.2 92 0.134 0.894 (-1,183.9 - 1,354.9)
Neutrophilia 3,939.7 3,767.8 3,627.8 2,616.9 68 0.425 0.672 (-1,154.0 - 1,777.8)
NLR ≥2.95 3,637.9 3,411.3 3,529.9 2,344.5 124 0.220 0.826 (-864.3 - 1,080.3)
Hyperfibrinogenemia 3,889.2 3,638.4 3,666.5 2,513.8 103 0.387 0.700 (-919.1 - 1,364.5) Inflammatory biomarkers
CRP ≥42 3,614.1 3,392.9 3,527.6 2,335.1 115 0.171 0.865 (-917.7 - 1,090.7)
Ferritin 3,774.7 3,565.6 3,634.5 2,467.2 96 0.240 0.811 (-1,020.3 - 1,300.7)
Biochemical biomarkers
Elevated AST 3,727.4 3,975.0 3,592.1 2,714.9 58 0.164 0.870 (-1,517.0 - 1,787.6)
Elevated ALT 3,807.9 4,157.8 3,603.8 2,836.4 41 0.199 0.843 (-1,871.4 - 2,279.6)
Elevated blood urea 3,629.7 3,572.5 3,592.9 2,475.3 90 0.050 0.960 (-1,423.1 - 1,496.7) Elevated blood creatinine 3,873.9 4,892.0 3,831.4 3,364.0 32 0.030 0.977 (-2,905.4 - 2,990.4) Elevated LDH level 3,994.3 3,981.9 3,738.2 2,753.5 62 0.317 0.752 (-1,356.7 - 1,868.9) Treatments
HQ 3,748.1 3,451.4 3,566.0 2,373.5 108 0.342 0.733 (-872.3 - 1,236.5)
Favipiravir 3,590.8 3,238.6 3,475.4 2,229.0 126 0.249 0.804 (-801.5 - 1,032.3)
Lopinavir/Ritonavir* 2,896.2 817.7 3,404.8 752.9 4 0.793 0.472 (-2,290.4 - 1,277.9)
Oseltamivir 3,478.5 4,186.2 3,558.3 2,886.0 46 0.082 0.935 (-2,049.3 - 1,889.7)
Tocilizumab 3,991.2 3,771.6 3,475.2 2,641.4 41 0.549 0.586 (-1,381.9 - 2,413.9)
Steroids 4,543.5 3,967.0 4,044.6 2,776.6 59 0.601 0.550 (-1,162.7 - 2,160.5)
Anticoagulants 3,713.2 3,387.2 3,558.3 2,333.8 124 0.317 0.751 (-811.3 - 1,121.1)
Azithromycin 3,919.6 4,176.0 3,653.5 2,893.8 46 0.272 0.787 (-1,701.7 - 2,233.9)
Mechanical ventilation 5,226.7 4,243.7 4,472.1 3,049.7 51 0.778 0.440 (-1,193.8 - 2,703.0)
Fatality 4,121.3 3,800.1 3,909.0 2,616.1 76 0.305 0.761 (-1,172.9 - 1,597.5)
SD: Standard deviation; CI: Confidence interval; USD: United States Dollar; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT: Computerized tomography; NLR:
Neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio ; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanin aminotransferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; HQ:
Hydroxychloroquine
Supplementary Figure 2: 95% confidence intervals distribution of utility value differences in subgroups between the standard of care and remdesivir arms
*p<0.05
COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; LDH:
Lactate dehydrogenase; CT: Computerized tomography; CRP: C-reactive protein; HQ: Hydroxychloroquine; NLR:
Neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio
Supplementary Table 3 Disutility comparisons of subgroups between standard of care and Remdesivir arms
Variables
Standard
Theraphy Remdesivir
df t p-value 95%CI
Mean SD Mean SD
Age 65 years or above 0.561 0.457 0.390 0.315 66 1.899 0.062 (-0.005 - 0.347)
Male Sex 0.562 0.413 0.380 0.304 96 2.584 0.011 (0.044 - 0.320)
Comorbidities any 0.517 0.472 0.326 0.292 90 2.552 0.012 (0.044 - 0.338)
Hypertension* 0.448 0.298 0.291 0.256 52 2.077 0.043 (0.009 - 0.305)
Diabetes mellitus 0.508 0.558 0.284 0.276 19 1.346 0.194 (-0.102 - 0.550)
Cancer 0.508 0.495 0.323 0.267 25 1.356 0.187 (-0.082 - 0.452)
Asthma/COPD 0.617 0.887 0.321 0.439 10 0.846 0.417 (-0.390 - 0.982)
Heart failure* 0.438 0.210 0.296 0.209 10 1.174 0.268 (-0.095 - 0.379)
Ischaemic heart disease 0.444 0.249 0.234 0.127 16 2.603 0.019 (0.052 - 0.368)
Chronic renal disease* 0.340 0.169 0.238 0.193 14 1.136 0.275 (-0.075 - 0.281)
Symptoms
Fever 0.545 0.468 0.309 0.232 43 2.483 0.017 (0.050 - 0.422)
Cough 0.599 0.548 0.361 0.312 32 1.730 0.093 (-0.032 - 0.508)
Dyspnea 0.496 0.359 0.325 0.266 98 2.812 0.006 (0.052 - 0.290)
Initial Laboratory Results
Thorax CT Pneumoniae 0.565 0.475 0.354 0.267 71 2.626 0.011 (0.054 - 0.368)
Hematologic biomarkers
Lymphopenia 0.525 0.488 0.362 0.330 91 2.014 0.047 (0.004 - 0.322)
Neutrophilia 0.557 0.412 0.374 0.306 70 2.227 0.029 (0.022 - 0.344)
NLR ≥2.95 0.524 0.434 0.351 0.292 123 2.787 0.006 (0.051 - 0.295)
Thrombocytopenia* 0.302 0.190 0.192 0.115 12 1.310 0.215 (-0.055 - 0.275)
Coagulation biomarkers
Elevated D-dimer 0.509 0.435 0.339 0.271 42 1.691 0.098 (-0.027 - 0.367)
Hyperfibrinogenemia 0.558 0.462 0.375 0.312 102 2.521 0.013 (0.041 - 0.325)
Inflammatory biomarkers
CRP ≥42 0.526 0.442 0.343 0.292 113 2.806 0.006 (0.055 - 0.311)
Ferritin 0.543 0.461 0.357 0.287 90 2.540 0.013 (0.042 - 0.330)
Biochemical biomarkers
Elevated AST 0.539 0.423 0.366 0.311 61 1.921 0.059 (-0.003 - 0.349)
Elevated ALT 0.537 0.441 0.342 0.248 36 1.888 0.067 (-0.007 - 0.397)
Elevated blood urea 0.497 0.396 0.360 0.305 84 1.859 0.067 (-0.007 - 0.281)
Elevated blood creatinine 0.524 0.523 0.345 0.322 27 1.202 0.240 (-0.113 - 0.471)
Elevated LDH level* 0.562 0.415 0.392 0.319 70 1.949 0.055 (-0.001 - 0.341)
Treatments
HQ 0.549 0.446 0.361 0.293 105 2.774 0.007 (0.055 - 0.321)
Favipiravir 0.528 0.424 0.346 0.279 123 3.043 0.003 (0.065 - 0.299)
Lopinavir/Ritonavir* 0.519 0.065 0.300 0.046 4 4.763 0.009 (0.129 - 0.309)
Oseltamivir 0.539 0.595 0.296 0.293 38 1.904 0.065 (-0.007 - 0.493)
Tocilizumab 0.574 0.409 0.326 0.205 34 2.656 0.012 (0.065 - 0.431)
Steroids* 0.608 0.400 0.438 0.324 66 1.926 0.058 (-0.003 - 0.343)
Anticoagulants 0.534 0.431 0.356 0.290 123 2.887 0.005 (0.057 - 0.299)
Azithromycin 0.569 0.592 0.308 0.292 38 2.055 0.047 (0.012 - 0.510)
Mechanical ventilation* 0.714 0.594 0.614 0.418 45 0.624 0.536 (-0.190 - 0.390)
Fatality 0.515 0.391 0.382 0.311 86 1.766 0.081 (-0.015 - 0.281)
* Hartley test >0.05
