Scintillating Fibers for High Resolution Time Measurements?

(1)

Scintillating Fibers for High Resolution Time Measurements?

Simon Corrodi

on behalf of the Mu3e Fibre Group

BTTB5, 25 ^th January, 2017, Barcelona

(2)

Scintillation: Organic Plastic Scintillators

Polystyrene (PS) + dopants (scintillator, wavelength shifter)

or Polyvinlyltoluene (PVT)

solvent particle

dE/dx

scintillator

~10g/l

wavelength shifter

non- radiativ

ﬂ uorescence

UV visible

"Förster" "Stokes"

S₀ S*

S**

excitation internal degradation

T₀ T*

vibrational states combined transition

scintillation

Stokes-shift

(decay not to S ₀ ) makes fibres transparent.

scintillation: O (1 ns)

2 / 18

(3)

(Scintillating) Fibers

part

material

n

core:

polystyrene (PS)

1.59 cladding I:

polymethyl methacrylate

1.49

“plexiglas” (PMMA)

cladding II:

fluorinated polymer (FP)

1.42

n=1.49 n=1.42

particle

lost photon captured photon

n=1.59 26.7º

17.6º

PMMA FP

d=3-4% D d=1-2% D D

45.7º

Θ total reflection = arcsin _n

cladding

n

_core

Kuraray: SCSF-81M

400 450 500 550 600

� nm�

10cm 30cm

100cm 300cm

Kuraray Saint-Gobain

SCSF-81M BCF-12

decay time [ns] 2.7 3.4 attenuation [m] > 3.5 2.7 yield [phot/keV] ∼ 8 ∼ 8

3 / 18

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Scintillating Fibers

round

Mu3e prototype, 4 layers 250 µm.

squared

MEG II proposal:

“active target”.

hexagonal

CERN RD7 1989, bundle out of 60 µm.

ε _capture ≥ ₄ ¹ π 2 π

R

0 α

R

0 d ϕ d Θ

α

ε ≥ [%] cladding single double

round 3.1 5.4

square 4.4 7.3

4 / 18

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Scintillating Fibres Summary

particle ^15cm

dE/dx

dE

dx (

^{160 MeV}^e⁻

) d _fibre yield ε _cap d _att ε _detection

200 ^keV _mm 210 µm ∼ 8 _keV ^ph 5.4 % 95 % 30 % ≈ 5 photon statistics

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

time [ns]

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

0.08 250µm: 5 photons

1mm: 20 photons

PDE: ≈ exp

−t · (τ / n )

⁻¹

×

pathlength in fibres

pathlength/distance

1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4

counts

0 200 400 600 800 1000

first cladding second cladding glue

PDE: “ flat

^′′

: d

_hit-det

· 12 % ·

^c

n

−1

≈ 7 ps · d [cm]

5 / 18

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Silicon Photomultipliers

Arrays of avalanch photo diodes (APD) in Geiger mode.

Qenching Resistors GAPD Pixels U_Bias

Signal Sum

pixel: 10-100 µm, sensors: 1-6 mm, arrays ...

- gain up to 10

⁸

- photon detection

efficiency 30 − 50%

- moderate HV, compact, B-field resistant

- dark counts O (MHz) Single

FibreArrayCellWidth

FibreArrayCellPitch

- most information - fan-out needed - max channels

Fan-Out & Columns

FibreArrayCellWidth

FibreArrayCellPitch

FibreArrayCellHeight

- collect more light in the same cells - optimization on

event structure

Columns

FibreArray CellWidth

FibreArrayCellPitch

FibreArrayCellHeight

- easy: no fan-out - granularity of

SiPM ∼ fibres

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The Mu3e Experiment

7 / 18

(8)

Mu3e: Scintillating Fibres for Timing

Multiple Coulomb Scattering

1 2r 2s 3r 3s 4r 4s

layers 0.00

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

scattering (θ0) [rad]

10 MeV/c 15 MeV/c 25 MeV/c 35 MeV/c 45 MeV/c 55 MeV/c

0.25 0.470.5thickness [mm]0.68 0.75 0.9 1.0

Requirements

- high track efficiency

^{(∼99 %)}

- excellent timing

(<1 ns)

- low material budget

⁽^X^/^X0≤0.5 %)

- moderate granularity

Used Fibre Configuration - 3-4 fibre-layers

- catch first photons (both sides) - readout outside of acceptance - 250 µm fibres, SiPM columns

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Prototypes (4 layers, 250 µ m)

Squared Fibres (PSI)

50 cm long fibres additional Al coating Saint Gobain BCF-12 Hamamatsu S13360-1350CS

Round Fibres (GE, ZH)

16

36 cm long fibres optional TiO

₂

in glue Kuraray SCSF-81M Hamamastu S12571-050P

. . . . SiPM column arrays (LHCb)

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Square Results

Time Resolution

p3 p4 p5 -0.05916 526.3 1.525 ±±0.03307±40.80.056

/2 (ns) -t2

t1

-10 -5 0 5 10

Events/200 ps

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

p3 526.3 ±40.8

p4 -0.05916 ±0.03307

p5 1.525 ±0.056

σ = (t l − t r )/2 = 700 ps

Number of Photons:

Nphe

0 10 20 30 40

Entries

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

area.ch25/0.95+area.ch26/0.97+area.ch9/0.84+area.ch10/0.95+area.ch17/0.94+area.ch18/0.95 {fmod(time_le.ch30-time_le.ch31,19.75)<10&&time_le.ch30>0&&area.ch30>3&&(area.ch9/0.84+area.ch17/0.94+area.ch25/0.95)>0.5&&(area.ch10/0.95+area.ch18/0.95+area.ch26/0.97)>0.5}

Summed photons from both sides.

Efficiency:

ε _single [%] OR AND 0.5 phe 97 71 1.5 phe 79 34

ε _triple [%] OR AND

0.5 phe >99 95

1.5 phe 97 67

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Round Results

Time Resolution

)/2 [ns]

- t2 (t1

−10 −5 0 5 10

events/98 ps

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

σ = (t l − t r )/2 = 1.0 ns

Number of Photons:

photons

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Events

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

30000 direct measurement

attenuated measurement

One side, different distances (6.5 cm and 49.5 cm).

Efficiency:

ε _single [%] OR AND

0.5 phe 65 ± 9 70*

1.5 phe 90*

. . . . SiPM column array and STiC

hDeltaT36-48 p2 1405 p5 4326

deltaT [ps]

20000

− −15000−10000−5000 0 5000100001500020000 200

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

hDeltaT36-48 p2 1405 p5 4326 delta time ch 36 and 48

σ = (t l − t r )/ √ 2

= 1.0 ns

*SPS proton data

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Readout: pre-amplifiers & DRS4 evaluation (PSI)

Custom pre-amplifiers

up to 8 DRS4 v5 4-channel evaluation board daisy chain

full waveforms

- 5 Gsps, up to 2048 values - common trigger

- DAQ: O (100 Hz)

- jitter per board ≈ 130 ps

Many more:

VME TDC, QDC; STiC, TOFASIC, NINO, PETA, KLausS, TRIROC, ...

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Readout ASIC: STiC/MuSTiC (KIP Heidelberg)

Timing Threshold Energy Threshold

Timing Trigger Energy Trigger

XOR Output

Time Energy

Coarse Counter 622 MHz

Fine Counter 32 x 50 ps Bins

0 16 31

TCC ECC

TFC

Discriminator OutputTDCAnalogue Input

1.6 ns Hysteresis

fibre detectors: timing threshold

STiC3.1 available

64 chs, max 2.6 Mevents/s/chip used DAQ: 700 kevents/s/chip - jitter: O (30 ps)

- self triggering

MuTRiG development

32 chs, max 1.1 Mevents/s/ch + external trigger

operation only with timing threshold

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Scintillating Fibres for High Resolution Time Measurements?

Scintillating Fibres?

material?

X / X

₀

< ∼ 1 %

granularity?

single particle?

fibres!

σ

T

O (500 ps)

probably something

thicker

probably better solutions

no

yes

no

yes

14 / 18

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Appendix

15 / 18

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Scintillating Fibre Trackers

LHCb upgrade

LHCb tracker upgrade TDR.

6 layers: 250 µm fibres

NA61/Shine

fixed target experiment tracking of incoming beam

configuration resolution σ x ε single layer ∼ 130 µm 90 %

5 layers ∼ 160 µm 95 %

common

- high hit efficiency

^{(∼99 %)}

- low material budget

(X/X

0≤1 %)

- readout outside of acceptance - tracking – high granularity

- time resolution: resolve banch

(25 ns)

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Crosstalk

Al coating no additional Al

Nph3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

2Nphe

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0 50 100 150 200 250

×10

with additional Al

Nphe3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

2Nphe

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

- significant cross-talk reduction - ∼ 60 % yield increase (diffuse)

material n light loss

bare Al

optical cement 1.56 ∼ 40 % ≤ 1 % Araldite rapid ∼ 1.5 ∼ 30 % ≤ 1 % optical grease 1.465 ∼ 20 % ≤ 1 %

TiO ₂ in glue

- crosstalk-reduction (ribbon dependent) - 10-20 % yield increase

(diffuse)

- ∼ 10 % cluster size reduction

. . . . Fibre mediate dark counts

SiPM SiPM

1m 1mm

t [ns]

∆

−50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Counts

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

1 m 3 m

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References

slide 2: “Wikipedia Benzene Article.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene.

slide 2: “MPPC and MPPC module for precision measurement“, HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K., 2016.

slide 3: Kuraray Co., Ltd., Plastic Scintillating Fibers.

slide 3: Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc, Scintillating Optical Fibers.

slide 4: E. Ripiccini, “An active target for the MEG experiment”, dissertation, Sapienza Roma, 2015.

slide 4: C. D’Ambrosio, ”A short Overview on Scintillators”, CERN Academic Training Programme, 2005.

slide 16: “LHCb Scintillating Fibre Tracker Engineering Design Review Report: Fibres, Mats and Modules.”, LHCb-PUB-2015-008, 2015.

slide 16: “LHCb Tracker Upgrade Technical Design Report”, CERN/LHCC 2014-001, LHCb TDR 15, 2014.

slide 16: A. Damyanova at. al., ”A Scintillating Fibre System Readout by SiPMs for Precise Time and Position Measurements”, PhotoDet2015. slide 13: W.Shen, KIP Heidelberg.

slide 12: R. Gredig, ”Scintillating Fiber Detector for the Mu3e Experiment”, dissertation, University Zurich, 2016.

slide 12 PETA : I. Sacco et. al, “PETA4: a multi-channel TDC/ADC ASIC for SiPM read-out”, JINST, 8 C12013, 2013.

slide 12 M. Rolo et. al., “A 64-channel ASIC for TOFPET applications”, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC), pages 1460–1464, 2012.

slide 12 NINO: F. Anghinolfi et. al., “NINO: AnUltrafast Low-Power Frond-End Amplifier Discriminator for the Time-of-Flight Detector in the ALICE Experiment”, IEEE transactions on nuclear science, 51, 2004.

slide 12 TRIROC: S. Ahmad et. al., “Triroc: A Multi-Channel SiPM Read-Out ASIC for PET/PET-ToF Application”, Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on, 62(3) 664–668, June, 2015.

slide 12 KLauS: K. Briggl et. al., “KLauS: an ASIC for silicon photomultiplier readout and its application in a setup for production testing of scintillating tiles”, JINST, 9 C02013, 2014.

slide 12 MuTRiG: H. Chen et. al., ”MuTRiG: a mixed signal Silicon Photomultiplier readout ASIC with high timing resolution and gigabit data link”, JINST 12 C01043, 2017.

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Scintillating Fibers for High Resolution Time Measurements?

Scintillating Fibers for High Resolution Time Measurements?

Simon Corrodi

on behalf of the Mu3e Fibre Group

BTTB5, 25 th January, 2017, Barcelona

Scintillation: Organic Plastic Scintillators

Polystyrene (PS) + dopants (scintillator, wavelength shifter)

or Polyvinlyltoluene (PVT)

solvent particle

dE/dx

scintillator

~10g/l

wavelength shifter

non- radiativ

ﬂ uorescence

UV visible

"Förster" "Stokes"

Stokes-shift

(decay not to S 0 ) makes fibres transparent.

scintillation: O (1 ns)

(Scintillating) Fibers

part

n

core:

1.59 cladding I:

1.49

cladding II:

1.42

Θ total reflection = arcsin n

n

Kuraray: SCSF-81M

10cm 30cm

100cm 300cm

Kuraray Saint-Gobain

decay time [ns] 2.7 3.4 attenuation [m] > 3.5 2.7 yield [phot/keV] ∼ 8 ∼ 8

Scintillating Fibers

round

Mu3e prototype, 4 layers 250 µm.

squared

MEG II proposal:

“active target”.

hexagonal

CERN RD7 1989, bundle out of 60 µm.

ε capture ≥ 4 1 π 2 π

R

0 α

R

0

d ϕ d Θ

ε ≥ [%] cladding single double

round 3.1 5.4

square 4.4 7.3

Scintillating Fibres Summary

particle 15cm

dE/dx

dE

dx (

) d fibre yield ε cap d att ε detection

200 keV mm 210 µm ∼ 8 keV ph 5.4 % 95 % 30 % ≈ 5 photon statistics

PDE: ≈ exp

−t · (τ / n )

×

pathlength in fibres

PDE: “ flat

: d

· 12 % ·

≈ 7 ps · d [cm]

Silicon Photomultipliers

Arrays of avalanch photo diodes (APD) in Geiger mode.

pixel: 10-100 µm, sensors: 1-6 mm, arrays ...

- gain up to 10

- photon detection

efficiency 30 − 50%

- moderate HV, compact, B-field resistant

- dark counts O (MHz) Single

- most information - fan-out needed - max channels

Fan-Out & Columns

- collect more light in the same cells - optimization on

event structure

Columns

BTTB5, 25 ^th January, 2017, Barcelona

(decay not to S ₀ ) makes fibres transparent.

Θ total reflection = arcsin _n

ε _capture ≥ ₄ ¹ π 2 π

particle ^15cm

) d _fibre yield ε _cap d _att ε _detection

200 ^keV _mm 210 µm ∼ 8 _keV ^ph 5.4 % 95 % 30 % ≈ 5 photon statistics

ε _single [%] OR AND 0.5 phe 97 71 1.5 phe 79 34

ε _triple [%] OR AND

ε _single [%] OR AND

VME TDC, QDC; STiC, TOFASIC, NINO, PETA, KLausS, TRIROC, ...