Correlation matrix of full sample
Anxiety Boredom Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad control
Intrinsi c value
Utility value
Fe male
Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con
fused Anxious Frust
rated Excited Bored
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom .375** 1.000
Hopelessness .827** .528** 1.000
Enjoyment -.302** -.499** -.442** 1.000
Acad control -.552** -.342** -.685** .341** 1.000
Intrinsic value -.162** -.371** -.264** .449** .227** 1.000
Utility value -.221** -.284** -.311** .276** .302** .549** 1.000
Female .209** -.137** .142** .023* -.090** .023* -.053** 1.000
MathMajor -.231** -.088** -.251** .166** .205** .096** .085** -0.010 1.000
Curious -.187** -.371** -.294** .511** .240** .493** .323** 0.021 .108** 1.000
Surprised .119** -.095** .078** .273** -.057** .175** .028* 0.011 -.038** .329** 1.000
Confused .550** .257** .520** -.282** -.372** -.222** -.238** .172** -.218** -.225** .153** 1.000
Anxious .661** .188** .570** -.198** -.388** -.161** -.211** .221** -.206** -.138** .180** .662** 1.000
Frustrated .551** .338** .572** -.389** -.404** -.294** -.269** .140** -.215** -.368** .043** .697** .645** 1.000
Excited -.272** -.343** -.345** .571** .234** .427** .261** -0.023 .151** .623** .402** -.346** -.256** -.501** 1.000
Bored .240** .538** .337** -.410** -.229** -.365** -.285** -.080** -.081** -.478** -.173** .351** .216** .477** -.478** 1.000
Number of classes
Log likelihood
BIC adj BIC AIC entropy BLRT p- value
LMR p- value
1 -59651 119375 119350 119317
2 -54651 109421 109380 109328 0.785 0.0000 0.000
3 -52828 105822 105765 105692 0.798 0.0000 0.000
4 -51788 103787 103714 103621 0.807 0.0000 0.000
5 -51234 102725 102636 102524 0.809 0.0000 0.000
6 -50885 102073 101968 101835 0.801 0.0008 0.001
7 -50561 101472 101351 101198 0.778 0.0150 0.016
8 -50311 101018 100881 100709 0.779 0.2346 0.239
9 -49981 100403 100250 100057 0.788 0.0000 0.000
10 -49784 100056 99887 99674 0.800 0.0226 0.024
11 -49648 99829 99645 99412 0.782 0.2119 0.217
Correlation matrix of Class1
Anxiety Boredom Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad control
Intrinsic value
Utility value
Fe male
Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con
fused Anxious Frust
rated Excited Bored
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom -.183** 1.000
Hopelessness .539** -0.088 1.000
Enjoyment 0.021 0.071 -.112* 1.000
Acad control -0.062 .133** -.317** .158** 1.000
Intrinsic value 0.070 -.106* 0.005 .286** .093* 1.000
Utility value 0.070 -.113* -0.029 .148** .137** .599** 1.000
Female .332** -.209** .214** -0.003 -0.033 0.003 -0.023 1.000
MathMajor 0.001 0.064 -0.063 .156** 0.030 0.036 .108* -0.008 1.000
Curious 0.106 -0.072 -0.061 .474** .146* .421** .247** 0.017 0.020 1.000
Surprised 0.038 -0.011 0.046 .399** 0.042 .220** 0.060 -0.062 -0.029 .492** 1.000
Confused .240** -.164** .267** -.138* -.210** -0.001 0.012 .191** -0.078 -.145* 0.023 1.000
Anxious .397** -.211** .272** -0.021 -.134* 0.060 0.018 .272** -0.058 -0.008 0.090 .567** 1.000
Frustrated .184** -.154** .264** -.271** -.186** -0.100 -0.041 0.073 -0.063 -.317** -0.030 .585** .530** 1.000
Excited -0.018 0.046 -0.088 .517** 0.068 .361** .195** 0.007 0.040 .705** .453** -.315** -.227** -.514** 1.000
Bored -0.038 .216** 0.008 -.305** -0.054 -.224** -.197** 0.058 -0.029 -.460** -.285** .310** .199** .421** -.489** 1.000
Anxiety Boredom Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad control
Intrinsic value
Utility
value Female Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con
fused Anxious Frus
trated Excited Bored
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom .093** 1.000
Hopelessness .327** .168** 1.000
Enjoyment .075* 0.056 -.114** 1.000
Acad control -0.049 -0.029 -.291** .098** 1.000
Intrinsic value 0.042 -.116** -0.024 .340** 0.058 1.000
Utility value 0.042 -.108** -.093** .111** .142** .485** 1.000
Female 0.065 -.113** -0.023 0.006 0.015 -0.067 -.072* 1.000
MathMajor 0.046 0.040 -0.020 .075* .084* -0.008 -0.022 -0.009 1.000
Curious 0.079 -0.028 -0.041 .452** 0.081 .442** .270** -0.001 0.003 1.000
Surprised .115** 0.031 0.040 .387** 0.019 .253** .088* -0.039 0.010 .397** 1.000
Confused .149** -0.058 .104* -0.046 -0.034 -0.011 -0.005 .118** 0.038 -.093* .111* 1.000
Anxious .297** -0.072 .137** 0.036 -0.002 -0.005 0.028 .141** -0.031 0.044 .128** .495** 1.000
Frustrated .113** -.091* .104* -.254** -.119** -.107* -0.053 0.070 -0.053 -.263** -0.064 .486** .432** 1.000
Excited 0.005 0.022 -0.040 .535** .117** .332** .159** -0.044 0.076 .577** .513** -.148** -.120** -.430** 1.000
Bored 0.019 .364** .114** -.186** -0.016 -.161** -.174** -0.067 -0.010 -.332** -.139** 0.080 -0.026 .217** -.257** 1.000
Correlation matrix of Class2
Anxiety Boredom Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad control
Intrinsic value
Utility
value Female Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con
fused Anxious Frus
trated Excited Bored
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom -0.021 1.000
Hopelessness .188** -0.002 1.000
Enjoyment .107** -.179** .107** 1.000
Acad control .089** .086** -.359** -0.026 1.000
Intrinsic value .098** -.167** 0.020 .316** 0.046 1.000
Utility value .086** -.058* -.075** .081** .175** .511** 1.000
Female .155** -.175** .074** 0.024 0.028 0.028 -0.022 1.000
MathMajor 0.046 -0.012 -.051* .074** .062* 0.041 0.021 .056* 1.000
Curious .126** -.170** 0.009 .423** 0.043 .420** .249** 0.052 .085** 1.000
Surprised 0.042 -.099** .110** .322** -0.056 .180** 0.045 0.010 0.033 .351** 1.000
Confused .175** 0.010 .064* -.079** 0.020 -.074* -.064* .106** -.084** -.072* .106** 1.000
Anxious .292** -.087** .145** -0.022 0.021 -0.011 -0.045 .174** -0.055 0.012 .157** .466** 1.000
Frustrated .128** 0.039 .122** -.210** -0.039 -.150** -.113** 0.055 -.092** -.277** 0.003 .545** .467** 1.000
Excited -0.006 -.125** 0.010 .445** -0.032 .305** .122** .073* .098** .591** .431** -.235** -.133** -.427** 1.000
Bored -0.017 .326** -0.009 -.195** 0.020 -.270** -.168** -.112** -0.011 -.374** -.139** .285** .105** .395** -.380** 1.000
Note. *: p-value<.05; **: p-value<.01.
Anxiety
Boredo m
Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad control
Intrinsic value
Utility
value Female Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con
fused Anxious Frus
trated Excited
Bore d
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom -.241** 1.000
Hopelessness .040* -0.024 1.000
Enjoyment .180** -.153** -0.009 1.000
Acad control .051** -0.004 -.323** .091** 1.000
Intrinsic value .142** -.195** -.051** .325** .117** 1.000
Utility value .091** -.105** -.084** .126** .164** .489** 1.000
Female .174** -.278** .087** .056** -0.009 0.033 -0.025 1.000
MathMajor -0.016 .088** -.096** .079** .077** 0.029 -0.007 0.032 1.000
Curious .110** -.138** -.055* .380** .114** .386** .231** 0.028 0.038 1.000
Surprised .069** -.062** .078** .283** -0.016 .176** .053* -0.039 -0.018 .328** 1.000
Confused .201** -.115** .094** -0.026 -.070** -0.003 -0.011 .120** -.113** -.064** .106** 1.000
Anxious .341** -.196** .127** .082** -.065** 0.020 -0.033 .116** -.066** 0.043 .151** .498** 1.000
Frustrated .146** -0.040 .160** -.133** -.071** -.108** -.063** .100** -.116** -.217** 0.032 .562** .488** 1.000
Excited 0.040 -0.042 -.050* .437** 0.035 .309** .131** -0.035 .085** .509** .437** -.217** -.083** -.366** 1.000 Bored -.061** .370** 0.021 -.168** -.057* -.208** -.176** -.131** 0.014 -.326** -.119** .232** .064** .337** -.323** 1.000
Correlation matrix of ClassHigh
Anxiet y
Boredo m
Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad contro l
Intrinsic value
Utility
value Female Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con fused
Anxiou s
Frus
trated Excited Bore d
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom .129** 1.000
Hopelessness .402** 0.007 1.000
Enjoyment 0.077 -0.012 -0.059 1.000
Acad control -.120** 0.024 -.413** .104* 1.000
Intrinsic value -0.079 -0.031 -.162** .302** .132** 1.000
Utility value -.140** 0.024 -.230** .139** .174** .457** 1.000
Female 0.055 -0.066 0.017 0.037 -0.022 -0.037 -0.074 1.000
MathMajor 0.013 .127** -.154** .089* .087* .118** 0.060 .095* 1.000
Curious -0.032 -.113* 0.005 .328** 0.002 .445** 0.088 -0.056 .110* 1.000
Surprised 0.078 0.011 .160** .184** -0.054 -0.013 -.167** -.121* -.132* .315** 1.000
Confused .234** -0.068 .229** -.182** -0.108 -.295** -.217** 0.094 -.181** -.150** .192** 1.000
Anxious .374** -0.041 .174** -0.107 -0.099 -.207** -.169** .156** -0.087 -.151** .177** .510** 1.000
Frustrated .183** 0.045 .197** -.139* -0.074 -.281** -.156** 0.096 -.138* -.277** .110* .585** .456** 1.000
Excited -0.079 -0.045 -0.097 .398** 0.010 .326** .113* -0.081 0.105 .592** .368** -.253** -.156** -.404** 1.000 Bored 0.036 .231** 0.080 -.206** 0.058 -.211** -0.046 -0.051 -0.075 -.412** -.173** .215** 0.033 .386** -.416** 1.000
Anxiety Boredom Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad control
Intrinsic value
Utility
value Female Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con
fused Anxious Frus
trated Excited Bored
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom -.169** 1.000
Hopelessness 0.018 .148** 1.000
Enjoyment .207** -.232** -.110** 1.000
Acad control -.050* 0.035 -.332** .119** 1.000
Intrinsic value .111** -.176** -.088** .309** .066** 1.000
Utility value .065** -.075** -.135** .142** .137** .492** 1.000
Female .168** -.206** -.039* .092** -0.023 .063** -0.019 1.000
MathMajor -.087** .062** -.070** .085** .058** .053** 0.013 0.023 1.000
Curious .117** -.174** -.067** .339** 0.040 .365** .186** 0.038 0.013 1.000
Surprised .180** -.155** .063** .262** -.052* .149** 0.004 0.011 -0.033 .318** 1.000
Confused .224** -.049* .062* -0.043 -.080** -.112** -.107** .125** -.117** -.076** .175** 1.000
Anxious .404** -.171** 0.028 .104** -0.045 0.009 0.000 .165** -.114** 0.027 .176** .513** 1.000
Frustrated .139** .050* .061* -.121** -0.040 -.143** -.083** .074** -.099** -.217** 0.032 .586** .480** 1.000
Excited .080** -.149** 0.000 .418** -0.025 .299** .103** -0.014 .067** .511** .439** -.190** -.063* -.352** 1.000 Bored -.113** .323** 0.023 -.203** 0.001 -.213** -.103** -.100** 0.034 -.362** -.190** .220** .069** .367** -.349** 1.000
Correlation matrix of Class5
Anxiety Boredom Hope lessness
Enjoy ment
Acad control
Intrinsic value
Utility
value Female Math
Major Curious Sur prised
Con
fused Anxious Frus
trated Excited Bored
Anxiety 1.000
Boredom -.080* 1.000
Hopelessness .250** .169** 1.000
Enjoyment .181** -.384** -0.001 1.000
Acad control -.149** 0.014 -.248** 0.033 1.000
Intrinsic value 0.059 -.263** -.065* .413** 0.050 1.000
Utility value -0.036 -.085** -.140** .170** .106** .480** 1.000
Female .088** -.124** -0.009 0.050 -0.041 0.032 -.101** 1.000
MathMajor -.081* .066* -0.021 0.007 0.043 0.010 0.028 -0.004 1.000
Curious 0.031 -.270** -0.077 .398** 0.033 .386** .149** 0.025 0.060 1.000
Surprised .211** -.234** .155** .357** -0.047 .216** 0.038 -0.016 -0.075 .276** 1.000
Confused .154** 0.029 .198** -0.043 -0.060 -.136** -.137** 0.071 -.181** -.167** .250** 1.000
Anxious .327** -.140** .136** 0.045 0.010 -0.049 -0.069 .132** -.128** -0.058 .218** .580** 1.000
Frustrated .105* .139** .085* -.117** -0.034 -.131** -0.068 0.074 -0.075 -.295** 0.053 .622** .509** 1.000
Excited .081* -.283** 0.078 .479** -0.051 .358** .110** 0.067 0.055 .555** .395** -.185** -0.079 -.321** 1.000 Bored -.111** .406** 0.037 -.297** 0.025 -.265** -.108** -0.058 -0.042 -.465** -.246** .243** 0.075 .486** -.494** 1.000
Class1 ClassLow Class2 Class3 ClassHigh Class4 Class5
Class1 0.877 0.065 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ClassLow 0.029 0.778 0.145 0.048 0.000 0.000 0.000
Class2 0.014 0.056 0.815 0.109 0.006 0.000 0.000
Class3 0.000 0.014 0.064 0.837 0.014 0.072 0.000
ClassHigh 0.000 0.000 0.023 0.095 0.728 0.147 0.007
Class4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.083 0.023 0.848 0.046
Class5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.182 0.813
Correlations of Learning Activity Emotions and Academic Control (Acad Control), Intrinsic Value and Utility Value, Full Sample and per Latent Class
Total Class1 ClassLow Class2 Class3 ClassHigh Class4 Class5
Anxiety - Boredom .375*** -.183*** .093** -.021 -.241*** .129** -.169*** -.080*
Anxiety - Hopelessness .827*** .539*** .327*** .188*** .040* .402*** 0.018 .250***
Anxiety - Enjoyment -.302*** .021 .075* .107*** .180*** .077 .207*** .181***
Boredom - Hopelessness .528*** -.088 .168*** -.002 -.024 .007 .148*** .169***
Boredom - Enjoyment -.499*** .071 .056 -.179*** -.153*** -.012 -.232*** -.384***
Hopeless - Enjoyment -.442*** -.112* -.114** .107*** -0.009 -.059 -.110*** -.001
Acad control - Anxiety -.552*** -0.062 -.049 .089*** .051** -.120** -.050** -.149***
Acad control - Boredom -.342*** .133** -.029 .086*** -.004 .024 .035 .014
Acad control - Hopeless -.685*** -.317*** -.291*** -.359*** -.323*** -.413*** -.332*** -.248***
Acad control - Enjoyment .341*** .158*** .098** -0.026 .091*** .104* .119*** .033
Intrinsic value - Anxiety -.164*** .058 .037 .098*** .143*** -.084 .109*** .061
Intrinsic value - Boredom -.371*** -.108* -.110** -.168*** -.195*** -.021 -.180*** -.268***
Intrinsic value - Hopeless -.267*** -.009 -.029 .016 -.049* -.167*** -.096*** -.072*
Intrinsic value - Enjoyment .450*** .276*** .337*** .316*** .327*** .299*** .314*** .417***
Utility value - Anxiety -.224*** .070 .047 .080*** .096*** -.140*** .062** -.032
Utility value - Boredom -.285*** -.120* -.109** -.055* -.102*** .030 -.078*** -.088**
Utility value - Hopeless -.315*** -.039 -.085* -.082*** -.083*** -.233*** -.141*** -.139***
Utility value - Enjoyment .276*** .116* .106** .080*** .130*** .150*** .143*** .174***
Sample and per Latent Class
Full sample Class1 ClassLow Class2 Class3 ClassHigh Class4 Class5 Anxiety
Acad. Control -.534*** -.087 -.066 .070** .028 -.087* -.060*** -.151***
Intrinsic Value -.010 .027 .020 .081** .125*** -.020 .104** .100**
Utility Value -.057*** .066 .046 .026 .031 -.115* .019 -.064*
R
2 .310 .006 .007 .016 .022 .027 .016 .031Boredom
Acad. Control -.266*** .110* -.007 .101*** .018 .015 .046* .028
Intrinsic Value -.283*** -.059 -.076 -.184*** -.192*** -.045 -.187*** -.294***
Utility Value -.049*** -.100 -.071 .021 -.011 .048 .008 .050
R
2 .211 .028 .016 .040 .038 .003 .035 .075Hopelessness
Acad. Control -.644*** -.323*** -.303*** -.348*** -.315*** -.359*** -.318*** -.232***
Intrinsic Value -.075*** .029 .020 .058* .004 -.053 -.035 -.007
Utility Value -.078*** -.013 -.053 -.050 -.035 -.143** -.081*** -.110**
R
2 .486 .104 .098 .128 .104 .183 .120 .072Enjoyment
Acad. Control .258*** 0.103* .078* .039 .056** .076 .102*** .012
Intrinsic Value .404*** .319*** .370*** .367*** .344*** .286*** .321*** .433***
Utility Value -.024* -.083* -.103*** -.049* -.047* .005 -.028 -.035
2
Rcoefficients and R
2Values of Linear Regressions of Activity Emotions on Class Probabilities and Proximal Antecedents in Subsequent Rows, for the Full Sample
Anxiety Boredom Hopelessness Enjoyment
R
2class probabilities .848 .735 .933 .395
R
2proximal antecedents .310 .211 .486 .264
Class1 Probability .281*** .437*** .411*** -.256***
ClassLow Probability .261*** -.083*** .316*** -.102***
Class2 Probability .047*** .555*** .242*** -.223***
ClassHigh Probability -.273*** . 358*** -.114*** -.293***
Class4 Probability -.385*** -.118*** -.290*** .104***
Class5 Probability -.636*** -.234*** -.397*** .171***
Academic control .052*** .065*** -.085*** .033***
Intrinsic value .034*** -.052*** .010*** .265***
Utility value .015** -.004 -.018*** -.044***
R
2.853 .740 .939 .457
Note. *, **, ***: p < .05, .01, .001, respectively.
Table SA14
Standardized Regression Coefficients, and R
2Values, of Nonlinear Regression Equations Explaining Activity Emotions from Proximal Antecedents, Full
Academic control -.558*** -.283*** -.690*** .231***
Intrinsic value -0.009 -.283*** -.075*** .404***
Utility value -.054*** -.048*** -.076*** -.023*
Academic control Squared -.067*** -.009 .024* 0.04
Academic control Cubic .005 .020 .075*** .039*
R
2.314 .212 .487 .264
Note. *, **, ***: p < .05, .01, .001, respectively.
the Latent Classes, and R
2Values, of Linear Regression Equations Explaining Activity Emotions from Proximal Antecedents, Full Sample and per Latent Class
Total Class1 ClassLow Class2 Class3 ClassHigh Class4 Class5 Anxiety
Female 4.21 6.04 5.46 4.70 4.38 3.03 3.28 2.02
Male 3.71 5.64 5.39 4.53 4.18 2.94 3.08 1.92
R2 gender .044 .110 .004 .024 .031 .003 .028 .008
MathMinor 4.10 5.84 5.42 4.58 4.28 2.95 3.19 2.00
MathMajor 3.53 5.85 5.50 4.64 4.26 2.97 3.09 1.91
R2 prior educ .053 .000 .004 .002 .000 .000 .008 .007
Boredom
Female 2.78 4.62 2.55 3.99 2.54 4.12 2.16 1.64
Male 3.09 5.04 2.72 4.24 2.95 4.25 2.42 1.81
R2gender .019 .044 .013 .030 .077 .004 .042 .016
MathMinor 3.03 4.79 2.59 4.16 2.72 4.14 2.30 1.71
MathMajor 2.82 4.96 2.66 4.13 2.86 4.34 2.38 1.79
R2prior educ .007 .004 .001 .000 .008 .017 .004 .004
Hopelessness
Female 3.27 5.79 4.69 4.13 3.16 2.38 2.08 1.30
Male 2.92 5.54 4.72 4.06 3.08 2.36 2.11 1.30
MathMajor 2.63 5.60 4.68 4.04 3.05 2.28 2.07 1.30
R2 prior educ .062 .003 .000 .003 .009 .024 .005 .001
Enjoyment
Female 4.20 3.10 3.86 3.70 4.32 3.27 4.70 5.05
Male 4.16 3.11 3.85 3.66 4.25 3.21 4.56 4.95
R2 gender .001 .000 .000 .001 .003 .001 .009 .003
MathMinor 4.07 3.04 3.82 3.63 4.25 3.17 4.55 4.97
MathMajor 4.38 3.43 3.98 3.76 4.36 3.29 4.66 4.98
R2 prior educ .027 .022 .006 .006 .006 .008 .007 .000
