Complex Predicatesin Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

(1)

Complex Predicates

in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

Stefan M¨uller

Theoretische Linguistik/Computerlinguistik Fachbereich 10

Universit¨at Bremen Institut f¨ur Linguistik

Universit¨at Potsdam Stefan.Mueller@cl.uni-bremen.de

December 4, 2005

(2)

Complex Predicatesin Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

Outline

• The Verbal Complex

• Incoherent Constructions

• Scrambling

• Remote Passive

• (Partial) Fronting

• The Analysis

• Copula Constructions

• consider-Type Predicates

• Resultative Constructions

• Particle Verbs

(3)

Complex Predicatesin Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar The Verbal Complex

The Verbal Complex

• Certain verbs have to or may form a topological unit (Bech, 1955):

(1) weil because

er he

ihm him

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

versprochen promised

hat has

‘because he promised him to read the book’

c

Stefan M¨uller 2005, CL, FB 10, Universit¨at Bremen & CL, Uni Potsdam 1/77

(4)

The Verbal Complex

• Certain verbs have to or may form a topological unit (Bech, 1955):

(1) weil because

er he

ihm him

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

hat has

• The finite verb may be separated from the remaining complex, but in our analysis, there is a trace that is part of the verbal complex:

(2) a. Hat has

er he

ihm him

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

versprochen?

promised

‘Did he promise him to read the book?’

b. Das the

Buch book

hat has

er he

ihm him

zu to

lesen read

versprochen.

promised

‘He promised him to read the book.’

c

(5)

Coherent and Incoherent Constructions

• Forming a verbal complex is not the only option:

(3) a. weil because

er he

ihm him

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

hat has

b. weil because

er he

ihm promised

versprochen has

hat, him

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

(3a) is called thecoherent construction and (3b) is theincoherent construction.

c

(6)

Coherent and Incoherent Constructions

• Forming a verbal complex is not the only option:

(3) a. weil because

er he

ihm him

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

hat has

b. weil because

er he

ihm promised

versprochen has

hat, him

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

(3a) is called thecoherent construction and (3b) is theincoherent construction.

• All verbs governing participles or bare infinitives have to form a verbal complex.

c

(7)

Coherent and Incoherent Constructions

• There are also obligatorily coherent verbs that govern zuinfinitives:

(4) a. weil because

er he

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

scheint seems

‘because he seems to read the book’

b. * weil because

er he

scheint seems

das the

Buch book

zu to

lesen read

But most verbs takingzuinfinitives allow for both coherent and incoherent constructions.

c

(8)

Permutation of Arguments

Arguments of complex forming verbs do not have to be realized adjecent to their verbs:

(5) weil because

es it

ihm him

jemand somebody

zu to

lesen read

hat has

(Haider, 1990a)

c

(9)

Permutation of Arguments

(5) weil because

es it

ihm him

jemand somebody

zu to

lesen read

hat has

(Haider, 1990a)

c

(10)

Permutation of Arguments

(5) weil because

es it

ihm him

jemand somebody

zu to

lesen read

hat has

(Haider, 1990a)

c

(11)

Permutation of Arguments

(5) weil because

es it

ihm him

jemand somebody

zu to

lesen read

hat has

(Haider, 1990a)

c

(12)

Passive

The Remote Passive

Accusative objects of embedded verbs can be realized as nominative in passive constructions:

(6) a. weil because

er he-nom

den the

Wagen car-acc

oft often

zu to

reparieren repair

versuchte tried

‘because he often tried to repair the car’

b. weil because

der the

Wagen car-nom

oft often

zu to

reparieren repair

versucht tried

wurde.

was

‘because many attempts were made to repair the car.’

den Wagenis the object ofreparieren, but is realized as nominative in (6b).

Explanation: zu reparieren versuchtacts as a complex verb and is passivized as if it were a simplex verb.

c

(13)

Passive

The Remote Passive

• Supporting evidence:

Remote passive is only possible in coherent constructions:

(7) a. weil because

oft often

versucht tried

wurde, was

den the

Wagen car-acc

zu to

reparieren.

repair

b. * weil because

oft often

versucht tried

wurde, was

der the

Wagen car-nom

zu to

reparieren.

repair c. Den

the

Wagen car-acc

zu to

reparieren repair

wurde was

oft often

versucht.

tried d. * Der

the

Wagen car-nom

zu to

reparieren repair

wurde was

oft often

versucht.

tried

c

(14)

Fronting

Parts from the left periphery of the verbal complex including non-verbal material may be placed in front of the finite verb:

(8) a. weil because

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen must

wird.

will

‘because he will have to tell her the fairytale’

c

(15)

Fronting

(8) a. weil because

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen must

wird.

will

b. Erz¨ahlen tell

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must

c

(16)

Fronting

(8) a. weil because

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen must

wird.

will

b. Erz¨ahlen tell

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must c. Erz¨ahlen

tell

m¨ussen must

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must

c

(17)

Fronting

(8) a. weil because

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen must

wird.

will

b. Erz¨ahlen tell

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must c. Erz¨ahlen

tell

m¨ussen must

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must d. Das

the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must

c

(18)

Fronting

(8) a. weil because

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen must

wird.

will

b. Erz¨ahlen tell

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must c. Erz¨ahlen

tell

m¨ussen must

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must d. Das

the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must e. * M¨ussen

must wird will

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

m¨ussen.

must

Parts from the middle of the verbal complex may not be fronted.

c

(19)

Tests for Coherence/Incoherence

• Reordering of arguments → coherent

c

(20)

Tests for Coherence/Incoherence

• Extraposition or intraposition of a verb and all its complements/adjuncts→ incoherent

c

(21)

Tests for Coherence/Incoherence

• partial fronting→ strictly speaking nothing but patterns with the coherent verbs

c

(22)

Tests for Coherence/Incoherence

• remote passive possible with the coherent construction

c

(23)

Tests for Coherence/Incoherence

• remote passive possible with the coherent construction

• Additional test: scope of an adjunct over a higher verb→ coherent

c

(24)

The Analysis

Outline

• Incoherent Constructions

• Scrambling

• Remote Passive

• The Analysis

• Particle Verbs

(25)

The Analysis

The Lexical Entry for Obligatorily Coherent Verbs

(9) m¨ussen(‘must’ finite, obligatorily coherent):

subcat 1 ⊕ 2 ⊕ hV[bse,lex+,subj 1,subcat 2 ]i

This is parallel to the lexical entry for the auxiliaries discussed in the passive session, except that thelexvalue was left out there.

lex+ describes word like clusters.

No non-verbal arguments have been combined with the embedded infinitive.

Thus we can ensure that the bare verb is combined withscheinen. (10a), but not (10b).

(10) a. weil because

er he

ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

[erz¨ahlen tell

muß]

must

‘because he must tell her the fairytale’

b. weil because

er he

[[ihr her

das the

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen]

tell

muß]]

must

c

(26)

The Verbal Complex The Analysis

The Predicate Complex Schema

• Elements from the verbal cluster may not be reordered as normal arguments may.

(11) * daß that

das the

Buch book

lesen read

niemand nobody

wird will

c

(27)

The Predicate Complex Schema

(11) * daß that

das the

Buch book

lesen read

niemand nobody

wird will

• A seperate schema for predicate complexes:

head-cluster-structure →







synsem h

loc|cat|subcat 1

i

head-dtr h

synsem|loc|cat|subcat ¹ ⊕ h ² ii nonhead-dtrs h [ synsem ² ] i







c

(28)

The Predicate Complex Schema

(11) * daß that

das the

Buch book

lesen read

niemand nobody

wird will







synsem h

loc|cat|subcat 1

i

head-dtr h







• Looks like the head-argument schema from the first session.

c

(29)

The Predicate Complex Schema

(11) * daß that

das the

Buch book

lesen read

niemand nobody

wird will







synsem h

loc|cat|subcat 1

i

head-dtr h







• Looks like the head-argument schema from the first session.

• The difference is that we useappendinstead ofdel.

c

(30)

Analysis of the Verbal Complex

"

head 1

subcat 2 ⊕ 3

#

CL H

4





 loc





 head







subj ² hNP[nom]i vformbse

verb







subcat ³ hNP[acc], NP[dat]i



















head 1







subj h i vform fin verb







subcat 2 ⊕ 3 ⊕ h 4 i







erz¨ahlen muß

c

(31)

Accounting for the Ungrammatical Cases

• The constraints that were formalized so far do not rule out the following:

(12) a. * daß that

lesen read

er he

den the

Aufsatz paper

wird will b. * daß

that er he

lesen read

den the

Aufsatz paper

wird will

There would be an analysis in which lesenis combined withwird via the head-argument schema.

c

(32)

Accounting for the Ungrammatical Cases

• The constraints that were formalized so far do not rule out the following:

(12) a. * daß that

lesen read

er he

den the

Aufsatz paper

wird will b. * daß

that er he

lesen read

den the

Aufsatz paper

wird will

There would be an analysis in which lesenis combined withwird via the head-argument schema.

• Exclusion by specification of thelexvalue of the daughter:

head-argument-structure →







synsem|loc|cat|subcatdel(1,2) head-dtr|cat|subcat 2

non-head-dtrsh [ synsem ¹ [lex−] ] i







c

(33)

Partial VP Fronting

• The combination of obligatroily coherent verbs with phrases was sucessfuly excluded, but what about (13b)?

(13) a. er he

ihr hir

[[ein a

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen]

tell

muß]]

must b. Ein

a

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen tell

wird will

er he

ihr her

m¨ussen.

must

• No problem iflexis a feature that is not inside of local, but under synsem(M¨uller, 1997, 1999, 2002a; Meurers, 1999).

Since only information underlocalis shared between trace and filler, thelexvalue may differ.

• Structure Preservation Principle of Emonds (1976) does not hold.

But this is the case for HPSG grammars anyway, sincephonvalues differ and dtrsmay differ.

c

(34)

Partial VP Fronting

Analysis ofSeiner Tochter erz¨ahlen wird er das M¨archen.

V[fin, subcath i, slashh i]

F H

V[lex−, loc¹[bse,

subcat2h3,4i]]

V[fin, subcath i, slashh1i]

C H H C

5NP[dat] V[bse, subcath³,⁴,⁵i]

V[fin, subcath⁷i]

7V[fin, subcath i, slashh¹i]

V1-LR C H

V[subcat2⊕6] 3NP[nom] V[fin, subcath3i, slashh1i]

C H

4NP[acc] V[fin, subcat2h3,4i slashh1i]

CL H

6V[lex+, loc1, slashh1i]

V[fin,

subcat2h3,4i ⊕ h6i]

Seiner Tochter erz¨ahlen wird er das M¨archen – –

c

(35)

Partial VP Fronting

Exclusion of Ungrammatical Cases

• What excludes (14)?

(14) * M¨ussen must

wird will

er he

ihr her

ein a

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen.

tell

c

(36)

Partial VP Fronting

Exclusion of Ungrammatical Cases

wird will

er he

ihr her

ein a

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen.

tell

• wirdselects an infinitive in bse form the arguments of which it attracts.

The attracted elements have to belex−.

Therefore erz¨ahlencannot be attracted →structure in (15) is ruled out.

(15) * Müsseni wirdj er ihr ein Märchen [erzählen [ i j]].

c

(37)

Partial VP Fronting

Exclusion of Ungrammatical Cases

wird will

er he

ihr her

ein a

M¨archen fairytale

erz¨ahlen.

tell

• wirdselects an infinitive in bse form the arguments of which it attracts.

The attracted elements have to belex−.

Therefore erz¨ahlencannot be attracted →structure in (15) is ruled out.

(15) * Müsseni wirdj er ihr ein Märchen [erzählen [ i j]].

• The analysis in (16) is excluded, since extraction traces are not allowed in head positions:

(16) * Müsseni wirdj er ihr ein Märchen [[erzählen i] j].

c

(38)

Optional Coherence

versuch- (control verb, optionally coherent):

subcat D

NP[str]₁ E

⊕ 2 ⊕D

V[inf, subj D

NP[str]₁ E

, subcat 2 ] E

• versuchen is a control verb: the index of its subject is identified with the subject index of the embedded verb.

c

(39)

Optional Coherence

subcat D

NP[str]₁ E

⊕ 2 ⊕D

V[inf, subj D

NP[str]₁ E

, subcat 2 ] E

• Thelexvalue of the embedded verb is not specified→ both values are possible.

c

(40)

Optional Coherence

subcat D

NP[str]₁ E

⊕ 2 ⊕D

V[inf, subj D

NP[str]₁ E

, subcat 2 ] E

• Thelexvalue of the embedded verb is not specified→ both values are possible.

• If it is ‘+’, we get the coherent construction, if it is ‘−’ we get the incoherent construction.

c

(41)

Remote Passive

er he-nom

den the

Wagen car-acc

oft often

zu to

reparieren repair

versuchte tried

‘because he often tried to repair the car’

b. weil because

der the

Wagen car-nom

oft often

zu to

reparieren repair

versucht tried

wurde.

was

(18) a.zu reparieren:

subjhNP[str]iisubcathNP[str]j i b.versucht:

subcathNP[str]_k i ⊕ 1 ⊕ hV[subjhNP[str]_k i, subcat 1]i c.zu reparieren versucht(finite):

subcathNP[str]k, NP[str]j i d.zu reparieren versucht wurde(passive):

subcathNP[str]j i

c

(42)

Remote Passive

Remote Passive vs. Incoherent Constructions

The data explained:

oft often

versucht tried

wurde, was

den the

Wagen car-acc

zu to

reparieren.

repair

b. * weil because

oft often

versucht tried

wurde, was

der the

Wagen car-nom

zu to

reparieren.

repair c. Den

the

Wagen car-acc

zu to

reparieren repair

wurde was

oft often

versucht.

tried d. * Der

the

Wagen car-nom

zu to

reparieren repair

wurde was

oft often

versucht.

tried

The examples in (19) are incoherent constructions→ Nothing is raised→ Case is assigned in the VP.→Object ofreparierengets accusative.

(19a) and (19c) are impersonal passives.

c

(43)

Complex Predicatesin Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Copula Constructions

Outline

• Scrambling

• Intraposition and Extraposition

• The Analysis

• Particle Verbs

(44)

Scrambling

den Besten (1985, p. 60):

(20) a. daß that

die the

Sache matter-nom

dem the

Minister minister-dat

ganz completely

klar clear

war.

was

‘that the matter was completely clear to the minister.’

b. daß that

dem the

Minister minister-dat

die the

Sache matter-nom

ganz completely

klar clear

war.

was

c

(45)

Fronting

(21) a. Treu faithful

will wants

Karl Karl-nom

seiner his

Frau wife-dat

sein.

be

‘Karl wants to be faithful to his wife.’

b. Treu faithful

sein be

will wants

Karl Karl

seiner his

Frau.

wife c. Seiner

his

Frau wife

treu faithful

will wants

Karl Karl

sein.

be d. *

Sein be

will wants

Karl Karl

seiner his

Frau wife

treu.

faithful

The adjective may be fronted with or without its complements.

c

(46)

Fronting

will wants

Karl Karl-nom

seiner his

Frau wife-dat

sein.

be

b. Treu faithful

sein be

will wants

Karl Karl

seiner his

Frau.

wife c. Seiner

his

Frau wife

treu faithful

will wants

Karl Karl

sein.

be d. * Sein

be will wants

Karl Karl

seiner his

Frau wife

treu.

faithful

Impossible to front the copula without the adjective.

c

(47)

Fronting

will wants

Karl Karl-nom

seiner his

Frau wife-dat

sein.

be

b. Treu faithful

sein be

will wants

Karl Karl

seiner his

Frau.

wife c. Seiner

his

Frau wife

treu faithful

will wants

Karl Karl

sein.

be d. * Sein

be will wants

Karl Karl

seiner his

Frau wife

treu.

faithful

Impossible to front the copula without the adjective.

Like partial verb phrase fronting.

c

(48)

Copula Constructions

Intraposition and Extraposition Intraposition

Intraposition and Extraposition

(22) ? weil because

stolz proud

auf of

seinen his

Sohn son

nur only

Karl Karl

gewesen been

ist.

is

‘because only Karl was proud of his son.’

Hoberg (1997, p. 1574) calls this focus split(focus movement).

c

(49)

Intraposition and Extraposition Extraposition

Extraposition

(23) a. Karl Karl

ist is

auf on

seinen his

Sohn son

stolz proud

gewesen.

been

‘Karl was proud of his son.’

b. *

Karl Karl

ist is

gewesen been

auf on

seinen his

Sohn son

stolz.

proud c. * Karl

Karl ist is

gewesen been

stolz proud

auf on

seinen his

Sohn.

son Extraposition of AP is impossible.

c

(50)

Intraposition and Extraposition Extraposition

Extraposition

(23) a. Karl Karl

ist is

auf on

seinen his

Sohn son

stolz proud

gewesen.

been

‘Karl was proud of his son.’

b. * Karl Karl

ist is

gewesen been

auf on

seinen his

Sohn son

stolz.

proud c. * Karl

Karl ist is

gewesen been

stolz proud

auf on

seinen his

Sohn.

son Extraposition of AP is impossible.

Compare the incoherenct construction with versuchen:

(24) Karl Karl

hat has

versucht, tried

dem the

Mann man

zu to

helfen.

help

‘Karl tried to help the man.’

c

(51)

Passive

The copula cannot be passivized.

c

(52)

The Analysis

Sketch of the Analysis

er ihr treu ist

Adj V

NP[ldat] V

V’

NP[nom]

VP

• Adjective and copula form a complex

c

(53)

The Analysis

Sketch of the Analysis

er ihr treu ist

AdjhNP[nom], NP[ldat]i VhNP[nom], NP[ldat], Adji

NP[ldat] V

V’

NP[nom]

VP

• Arguments of the adjective are attracted.

c

(54)

The Analysis

Sketch of the Analysis

er ihr treu ist

AdjhNP[nom], NP[ldat]i VhNP[nom], NP[ldat],Adji

NP[ldat] V

V’

NP[nom]

VP

c

(55)

The Analysis

Sketch of the Analysis

er ihr treu ist

AdjhNP[nom], NP[ldat]i VhNP[nom], NP[ldat], Adji NP[ldat] VhNP[nom], NP[ldat]i

V’

NP[nom]

VP

• Arguments in the list are saturated one after the other.

c

(56)

The Analysis

Sketch of the Analysis

er ihr treu ist

AdjhNP[nom], NP[ldat]i VhNP[nom], NP[ldat], Adji NP[ldat] VhNP[nom], NP[ldat]i

V’h NP[nom]i NP[nom]

VPh i

• Arguments in the list are saturated one after the other.

c

(57)

The Analysis

The Lexical Entries

sei- (copula):

"

head verb

subcat h NP[str], ¹ i ⊕ ² ⊕ h [prd +, subjh ¹ i, subcat ²] i

#

sein embedds a predicative phrase

c

(58)

The Analysis

The Lexical Entries

sei- (copula):

"

head verb

#

sein embedds a predicative phrase and raises its subject

c

(59)

The Analysis

The Lexical Entries

sei- (copula):

"

head verb

#

sein embedds a predicative phrase and raises its subject and the other arguments.

c

(60)

The Analysis

The Lexical Entries

sei- (copula):

"

head verb

#

sein embedds a predicative phrase and raises its subject and the other arguments.

treu (‘faithful’):





 head







subj h NP[str] i prd +

adj







subcat h NP[ldat] i







c

(61)

Complex Predicatesin Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar consider-Type Predicates

Outline

• Scrambling

• Intraposition and Extraposition

• The Analysis

• Particle Verbs

(62)

consider -Type Predicates

(25) daß that

jeder

everybody-nom ihn him-acc

klug smart

findet finds

‘that everybody finds him smart’

c

(63)

Scrambling

(26) a. daß that

jeder

everybody-nom ihn him-acc

klug smart

findet finds

b. daß that

ihn him-acc

jeder

everybody-nom klug smart

findet finds

c

(64)

Fronting

(27) a. Klug smart

findet finds

er he

ihn.

him b. * Gefunden

found

hat has

er he

ihn him

klug.

smart

Intended: ‘He considered him to be clever.’

The adjective may be fronted.

c

(65)

Fronting

(27) a. Klug smart

findet finds

er he

ihn.

him b. * Gefunden

found

hat has

er he

ihn him

klug.

smart

Impossible to front the consider-type predicate without the adjective.

c

(66)

Fronting

(27) a. Klug smart

findet finds

er he

ihn.

him b. * Gefunden

found

hat has

er he

ihn him

klug.

smart

Impossible to front the consider-type predicate without the adjective.

Like partial verb phrase fronting.

c

(67)

Intraposition and Extraposition

er he

niemanden nobody

klug smart

findet.

finds

‘because he doesn’t consider anybody to be clever.’

b. ?? weil because

er he

klug smart

niemanden nobody

findet.

finds

Reordering marked, only under special conditions possible:

(29) die the

Virtuosit¨at virtuosity

pur pure

will wants

einem one

so so

virtuos virtuoso

nicht not

mehr more vorkommen,

appear

[. . . ]¹

‘The pure virtuosity doesn’t seem quite so virtuoso anymore.’

1Z¨uricher Tagesanzeiger, 09.03.1996, p. 57.

c