Random

Figure F.11. Figure similar to g. 5.2, here we added a smaller ontributionof

a ℓ0 = 100µ

^K^to^themultipoles,suhthat weanobservetheonsetoftheseparation proessofthevetors. Mollweideprojetion oftheskywithquadrupole(upperrow)

andotopole(lowerrow)multipolevetors[equation(5.5) ℄. Themeshonsistsofsteps

30 ^◦

^. ^Displayed^are^ten^pairs^of^quadrupole^vetors^(small^dots)^and^their^ten^area

vetors[equation(5.6)(bigdots)℄aswellastentriplesofotopolevetors(smalldots)

and theirarea vetors(bigdots);togethernessisindiatedbyolour. Thearbitrary

signofthevetorshasbeenusedtogaugethemall tothenorthernhemisphere. The

statistially isotropi and Gaussianase (leftolumn) isbrokenbythe imprintof a

moderateaxialeet

a ℓ0 = 100µ

^K^(right^olumn)^whereupon^multipole^vetors^start

to movetothepoleandareavetorsstart tomovetotheequatorialplane. Thefull

separation an be observed when adding strong ontributions

a ℓ0 ∼ 1000µ

^K, ^.f.

g. 5.2.

0 20 40

60

80 100 0 20

40 60

80 100 1.4

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2

N(S _nn )/10 ³ 3 2.5 2 1.5

a ₃₀ ^axial [ µ K]

a ₂₀ ^axial [ µ K]

0

50

100

150 200 0 50

100 150

200 1

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

N(S _nn )/10 ³ 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

a ₃₀ ^axial [µK]

a ₂₀ ^axial [ µ K]

Figure F.12. Testing theeetofasymmetriadditiveontributions

a ^axial _ℓ0

^on^the

intrinsiross alignmentofquadrupoleandotopole. Here,theross alignmenttest

is denedas

S nn ≡ P |ˆ n ^(2;,1,2) · n ˆ ^(3;,i,j) |

^;^note^the ^dierent ^pre-fator^as^ompared

to (5.8) . Like in g. F.10, we have plotted the arbitrarily saled (

×10 ⁻³

⁾ ^number

ofMonteCarlosthat are,for givenvaluesof

a ^axial _ℓ0

^,^onsistent^with^anexperimental value of

S nn ≃ 2.62

^,^that^has ^been^obtained^from ^WMAP(1yr)^leaned ^maps. ^The

totalnumberofMonteCarlosisagain

10 ⁵

^. ^The^upper^and^lower^gure^show^the^same

test, onlywith adierentrange ofsimulations. Fromtheuppergure,weseethat

indeed,intrinsialignmentsareapparentlyuredbyaddingaxialontributionsupto

∼ 100µ

^K.^In^the^lower^gure^we ^see^that,^when^inreasing

a ^axial _ℓ0

^further,^this ^is^only

aloalmaximum.Thisisperfetlyonsistentwithourndingsg.5.3.

[AA06℄ Havard Alnes and Morad Amarzguioui, CMB Anisotropies Seen by an o-Center Observer

in a Spherially Symmetri Inhomogeneous Universe, Phys. Rev. D74 (2006), 103520,

astro-ph/0607334.

[AA07℄ , The Supernova Hubble Diagram foro-Center Observers in a Spherially Symmetri

InhomogeneousUniverse,Phys.Rev.D75(2007),023506,astro-ph/0610331.

[ACW07℄ LottyAkerman,SeanM.Carroll,andMarkB.Wise,ImprintsofaPrimordialPreferredDiretion

ontheMirowaveBakground,Phys.Rev.D75(2007),083502,astro-ph/0701357.

[AFMS93℄ J.V.Arnau,M.J.Fullana,L.Monreal,andD.Saez,OntheMirowaveBakgroundAnisotropies

Produed byNonlinearVoids,Astrophys.J.402(1993),359368.

[AFZ06℄ GarryW.Angus,BenoitFamaey,andHongSheng Zhao,CanMONDTake aBullet? Analytial

Comparisons ofThree Versionsof MONDBeyond SpherialSymmetry,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.

So.371(2006),138,astro-ph/0606216.

[AJW06℄ L.RaulAbramo,LaerteSodreJr.,andCarlosAlexandreWuenshe,Anomaliesinthelow CMB

MultipolesandExtendedForegrounds,Phys.Rev.D74(2006),083515,astro-ph/0605269.

[Akh02℄ EvgenyK.Akhmedov,VauumEnergyandRelativistiInvariane,2002,hep-th/0204048.

[Ale06℄ StephonH.S.Alexander,IsCosmiParityViolationResponsiblefortheAnomaliesintheWMAP

Data?,2006,hep-th/0601034.

[ALST07℄ RalfAurih,S.Lustig,F.Steiner,andH.Then,CMBAlignmentinMulti-Conneted Universes,

Class.Quant.Grav.24(2007),18791894,astro-ph/0612308.

[APO℄ TeamAPOD,TheoialNASAsite`AstronomyPitureoftheDay'athttp://apod.nasa.gov/

apod/lib/aptree.html.

[Arn62℄ Arnowitt,D.,Deser,S.andMisnerC.W.,inGravitation: AnIntrodutiontoCurrentResearh,

NewYork: Wiley,editedbyWitten,Louis,1962.

[AS72℄ MiltonAbramowitzandIreneA.Stegun,HandbookofMathematialFuntions,DoverPubliations

In.,NewYork,1972.

[AS03℄ LuisRaulAbramoandJr.Sodre,Laerte,CantheLoalSuperlusterExplainthelowCMB

Mul-tipoles?,2003,astro-ph/0312124.

[Ast℄ Think Astronomy, Homepage of the Think Astronomy ommunity at http://www.think

astronomy.om.

+

03a℄ C. Bennett et al., First Year Wilkinson Mirowave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations:

ForegroundEmission,Astrophys.J.Suppl.148(2003),97,astro-ph/0302208.

+

03b℄ C.L.Bennettet al.,FirstYearWilkinsonMirowaveAnisotropy Probe(WMAP)Observations:

PreliminaryMapsandBasiResults,Astrophys.J.Suppl.148(2003),1,astro-ph/0302207.

+

06a℄ James Bok et al., Task Fore on Cosmi Mirowave Bakground Researh, 2006,

astro-ph/0604101.

+

06b℄ Maru²aBrada£et al.,Strongand WeakLensingUnited III:MeasuringtheMass Distributionof

theMergingGalaxyCluster1E0657-56,Astrophys.J.652(2006),937947,astro-ph/0608408.

[BBS91℄ K.G.Begeman,A.H.Broeils,andR.H.Sanders,ExtendedRotationCurvesofSpiralGalaxies

-DarkhaloesandModied Dynamis,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.So.249(1991),523.

[BBS07℄ DanielBabih,CullenH.Blake,andCharlesSteinhardt,WhatCantheCosmiMirowave

Bak-groundTellUsAbouttheOuterSolarSystem?,2007,arXiv:0705.0986[astro-ph℄.

[BdVS06℄ D.Boyanovsky,HetorJ.deVega,and N.G.Sanhez,CMBQuadrupoleSuppression.I:Initial

Conditionsof InationaryPerturbations,Phys.Rev.D74(2006),123006,astro-ph/0607508.

[Beh03℄ JulianeBehrend,OntheAveragingProblem inGeneralRelativity. Diplom thesis,Universityof

Heidelberg,2003,Availablee.g.athttp://www.thphys.uni-h eid elbe rg.d e/ behrend/.

[Bek04℄ JaobD.Bekenstein, RelativistiGravitationTheoryfortheMONDParadigm,Phys.Rev.D70

(2004),083509,astro-ph/0403694.

[BG83℄ M.BirkinshawandS.F.Gull,ATestforTransverseMotionsofClustersofGalaxies,Nature302

(1983),315317.

[BG06℄ H.BalasinandDanielGrumiller,SigniantRedutionof GalatiDarkMatterbyGeneral

Rel-ativity,2006,astro-ph/0602519.

[BKH05℄ KrzysztofBolejko,AndrzejKrasi«ski,andCharlesHellaby,Formationof Voids intheUniverse

withintheLemaître-TolmanModel,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.So.362(2005),213.

[BL93℄ J.BiakandT.Ledvinka,Relativisti Disksassoures oftheKerrmetri,Phys.Rev.Lett.71

(1993),16691672.

[BM06℄ RihardA.Battyeand AdamMoss,AnisotropiPerturbationsDuetoDarkEnergy,Phys.Rev.

D74(2006),041301,astro-ph/0602377.

[BM07℄ J. R. Brownstein and J.W. Moat, TheBullet Cluster 1E0657-558 Evidene Shows Modied

GravityintheAbseneofDarkMatter,2007,astro-ph/0702146.

[BMN06℄ TirthabirBiswas,RezaMansouri,andAlessioNotari,NonlinearStrutureFormationand

Appar-entAeleration: anInvestigation,2006,astro-ph/0606703.

[BN07℄ TirthabirBiswasandAlessioNotari,Swiss-CheeseInhomogeneousCosmology&theDarkEnergy

Problem,2007,astro-ph/0702555.

[Bol05℄ Krzysztof Bolejko, Supernovae Ia Observations in the Lemaitre-Tolman Model, 2005,

astro-ph/0512103.

[Bol07℄ ,EvolutionofCosmiStruturesinDierentEnvironmentsintheQuasispherialSzekeres

Model,Phys.Rev.D75(2007),043508,astro-ph/0610292.

[Bon47℄ H.Bondi,SpheriallySymmetriModelsinGeneralRelativity,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.So.107

(1947),410,reprintedwithhistorialommentsinGen.Rel.Grav.31(1999),1777.

[Bon77℄ W.B.Bonnor,ARotatingDustCloudinGeneralRelativity,J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.10(1977),

16731677.

[Bon80℄ ,TheRigidlyRotatingRelativistiDustCylinder,J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.13(1980),2121

2132.

[BT94℄ JamesBinneyandSottTremaine,GalatiDynamis,PrinetonUniversityPress,PrinetonNew

Jersey,1994.

[BTT07a℄ NikolaosBrouzakis,NikolaosTetradis,andEleftheriaTzavara,LightPropagationandLarge-Sale

Inhomogeneities,2007,astro-ph/0703586.

[BTT07b℄ , The Eet of Large-Sale Inhomogeneities on the Luminosity Distane, JCAP 0702

(2007),013,astro-ph/0612179.

[BTV07℄ ArmandoBernui,ConstantinoTsallis,andThyrsoVillela,DeviationfromGaussianityinthe

Cos-mi MirowaveBakground Temperature Flutuations,Europhys. Lett.78(2007),19001,

astro-ph/0703708.

[Bu01℄ ThomasBuhert,OnAveragePropertiesofInhomogeneousFluidsinGeneralRelativity: Perfet

FluidCosmologies,Gen.Rel.Grav.33(2001),13811405,gr-q/0102049.

[Bu07℄ ,DarkEnergyfromStruture-AStatusReport,2007,arXiv:0707.2153[gr-q℄.

00℄ M. N. Célérier, Do we Really See a Cosmologial Constant in the Supernovae Data?, Astron.

Astrophys.353(2000),6371,astro-ph/9907206.

+

06a℄ Douglas Cloweet al., ADiret Empirial Proof of theExistene of Dark Matter, 2006,

astro-ph/0608407.

+

06b℄ AndresCurtoetal.,TestingGaussianityonArheopsData,2006,astro-ph/0612148.

[Car69℄ BrandonCarter, Killing HorizonsandOrthogonallyTransitiveGroupsinSpae-Time,J.Math.

Phys.10(1969),70.

[CCT06℄ LuigiCampanelli,P.Cea,andL.Tedeso,EllipsoidalUniverseCanSolveTheCMBQuadrupole

Problem,Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006),131302,astro-ph/0606266.

[Chr84℄ D.Christodoulou,ViolationofCosmiCensorshipintheGravitationalCollapseofaDustCloud,

CommuniationsinMathematialPhysis93(1984),171195.

[CHR02℄ J.E. Carlstrom,G.P.Holder,and E.D.Reese,Cosmology with theSunyaev-Zel'dovihEet,

Ann.Rev.Astron.Astrophys.40(2002),643680,astro-ph/0208192.

[CHS04℄ CraigJ.Copi,DraganHuterer,andGlennD.Starkman,MultipoleVetors-ANewRepresentation

oftheCMBSky andEvideneforStatistialAnisotropyorNon-Gaussianityat

2 ≤ ℓ ≤ 8

^,^Phys.

Rev.D70(2004),043515,astro-ph/0310511.

[CHSS06℄ CraigJ.Copi,D.Huterer,D.J.Shwarz,andG.D.Starkman,OntheLarge-AngleAnomaliesof

theMirowaveSky,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.So.367(2006),79102,astro-ph/0508047.

[CHSS07℄ CraigCopi,DraganHuterer,DominikShwarz,andGlennStarkman,TheUnorrelatedUniverse:

StatistialAnisotropyandtheVanishingAngularCorrelationFuntioninWMAPYears1-3,Phys.

Rev.D75(2007),023507,astro-ph/0605135.

[Cle85℄ D.P.Clemens,Massahusetts-StonyBrookGalatiPlaneCOSurvey-TheGalatiDisk

Rota-tionCurve,Astrophys.J.295(1985),422428.

[CMB℄ CMBFAST, Uro²Seljak and Matias Zaldarriaga, homepage of CMBFAST athttp://fa-www.

harvard.edu/~mzaldarr/CMB FAST /mb fas t.ht ml orhttp://www.mbfast.org/.

[CPKL03℄ CarloR.Contaldi,MaroPeloso,LevKofman,andAndreiLinde,SuppressingthelowerMultipoles

intheCMBAnisotropies,JCAP0307(2003),002,astro-ph/0303636.

[Cro06℄ DanielJ.Cross,CommentsontheCooperstok-TieuGalaxy Model,2006,astro-ph/0601191.

[CS98℄ M.N.CélérierandJ.Shneider,ASolutiontotheHorizonProblem: aDelayedBigBang

Singu-larity,Phys.Lett.A249(1998),37.

[CS02℄ M.N.CélérierandP.Szekeres,TimelikeandNullFoussingSingularitiesinSpherialSymmetry:

A Solution to the Cosmologial Horizon Problem and a Challenge to the Cosmi Censorship

Hypothesis,Phys.Rev.D65(2002),123516.

[CS05℄ AsanthaCoorayandNaokiSeto,DidWMAP seeMovingLoalStrutures?,JCAP0512(2005),

004,astro-ph/0510137.

[CT05a℄ FredI.Cooperstokand S.Tieu,GeneralRelativityResolvesGalati Rotation WithoutExoti

DarkMatter,2005,astro-ph/0507619.

[CT05b℄ ,PerspetivesonGalatiDynamisviaGeneralRelativity,2005,astro-ph/0512048.

[CT06℄ , Galati Dynamis via General Relativity and the Exoti DarkMatter Enigma, Mod.

Phys.Lett.A21(2006),21332142.

+

03℄ A.G.Doroshkevihetal.,Gauss-LegendreSkyPixelization(GLESP)forCMBMaps,2003,

astro-ph/0305537.

+

07℄ Tamara M.Davis et al., Srutinizing Exoti Cosmologial Models Using ESSENCE Supernova

DataCombined withOtherCosmologialProbes,2007,astro-ph/0701510.

[DL03℄ TamaraM.DavisandCharlesH.Lineweaver,ExpandingConfusion: CommonMisoneptionsof

CosmologialHorizonsandtheSuperluminalExpansionoftheUniverse,2003,astro-ph/0310808.

[dOCT06℄ AngeliadeOliveira-CostaandMaxTegmark,CMBMultipoleMeasurementsinthePreseneof

Foregrounds,Phys.Rev.D74(2006),023005,astro-ph/0603369.

[dOCTZH04℄ AngeliadeOliveira-Costa,MaxTegmark,MatiasZaldarriaga,andAndrew Hamilton,The

Sig-niane of the Largest Sale CMB Flutuations in WMAP, Phys. Rev. D69 (2004), 063516,

astro-ph/0307282.

[DPS

+

07℄ V.Dikarev, O.Preuÿ, S.Solanki,H. Krüger,and A.Krivov, TheMirowave Anisotropy Probe

Mission,EarthMoonandPlanets(2007),47.

[Dre88℄ A. Dressler, The Supergalati Plane Redshift Survey - A Candidate for the Great Attrator,

Astrophys.J.329(1988),519526.

[DS02℄ SottDodelsonandEwanStewart,Saledependentspetralindexinslowrollination,Phys.Rev.

D65(2002),101301.

[DZS78℄ A.G.Doroshkevih,I.B.Zeldovih,andR.A.Siuniaev,FlutuationsoftheMirowaveBakground

RadiationintheAdiabatiandEntropiTheoriesofGalaxyFormation,AstronomiheskiiZhurnal

55(1978),913921.

[EBGL04℄ HansKristianEriksen,A.J.Banday,K.M.Gorski, andP.B.Lilje,Foreground Removalby an

Internal Linear CombinationMethod: Limitations and Impliations, Astrophys. J.612 (2004),

633646,astro-ph/0403098.

[EHB

+

04℄ H.K.Eriksen,F.K.Hansen,A.J.Banday,K.M.Górski,andP.B.Lilje,Asymmetriesin the

CosmiMirowaveBakgroundAnisotropyField,Astrophys.J.605(2004),1420.

[Ein17℄ AlbertEinstein,Kosmologishe Betrahtungen zur AllgemeinenRelativitätstheorie,Sitzungsber.

Preuss.Akad.Wiss.Berlin(Math.Phys.)1917(1917),142152.

[EM07℄ Kari Enqvist and Teppo Mattsson,The Eet of Inhomogeneous Expansionon the Supernova

Observations,JCAP0702(2007),019,astro-ph/0609120.

[Enq07℄ KariEnqvist,Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi Modeland AeleratingExpansion,2007,arXiv:0709.2044

[astro-ph℄.

[ER02℄ Roberto Emparan and Harvey S. Reall, Generalized Weyl Solutions, Phys. Rev. D65 (2002),

084025,hep-th/0110258.

[ES79℄ D. M.Eardleyand L.Smarr, Timefuntions inNumerialRelativity: MarginallyBound Dust

Collapse,Phys.Rev.D19(1979),22392259.

[ETJ

+

97℄ M.Einasto,E.Tago, J.Jaaniste,J.Einasto,andH.Andernah,TheSuperluster-VoidNetwork

I.TheSuperlusterCatalogueand Large-SaleDistribution,Astron.Astrophys.Suppl.Ser.123

(1997),119133,astro-ph/9610088.

[EvE98℄ GeorgeF.R. Ellisand HenkvanElst, Cosmologialmodels Cargese Letures 1998,1998,

gr-q/9812046.

[EvEM01℄ GeorgeF.R.Ellis,Henkvan Elst,andRoyMaartens, GeneralRelativisti AnalysisofPeuliar

Veloities,Class.Quant.Grav.18(2001),51155124,gr-q/0105083.

[FBNP

+

06℄ YasushiFukazawa,J.G.Betoya-Nonesa,J.Pu,A.Ohto,andN.Kawano, SalingMass Proles

AroundElliptialGalaxiesObservedwithChandraandXMM-Newton,Astrophys.J.636(2006),

698,astro-ph/0509521.

[FGM

+

06℄ PeterE.Freeman,C.R.Genovese,C.J.Miller,R.C.Nihol,andL.Wasserman,Examiningthe

EetoftheMap-MakingAlgorithmonObservedPowerAsymmetryinWMAPData,Astrophys.

J.638(2006),1,astro-ph/0510406.

[FI86℄ J.E.FeltenandR.Isaaman,SaleFatorsR(t)andCritialValuesoftheCosmologialConstant

Λ

ⁱⁿ^Friedmann^Universes,^Reviews^of^Modern^Physis⁵⁸^(1986),^689698.

[Fis07℄ AndréFisher,UntersuhungderkosmishenMikrowellenstrahlungmitHilfeMaxwellsher

Mul-tipolvektoren. Diplom thesis, Bielefeld University, 2007, Available e.g. at http://www.physik.

uni-bielefeld.de/osmolog y/th eses .ht ml.

[Fri05℄ PrisillaC.Frish,TentativeIdentiationofInterstellarDustinHeliosphereNose,Astrophys.J.

632(2005),L143L146,astro-ph/0506293.

[FRV04℄ FranesFerrer,Syksy Rasanen,andJussiValiviita,Correlated IsourvaturePerturbationsfrom

MixedInaton-CurvatonDeay,JCAP0410(2004),010,astro-ph/0407300.

[FS07℄ J.R.FergussonandEdwardP.S.Shellard,Primordialnon-GaussianityandtheCMBBispetrum,

Phys.Rev.D76(2007),083523,astro-ph/0612713.

[FSA94℄ M.J.Fullana,D.Saez,andJ.V.Arnau,OntheMirowave Bakground AnisotropyProduedby

GreatAttrator-likeStrutures,Astrophys.J.Suppl.94(1994),116.

[FSSB01℄ P.Fouqué,J.M.Solanes,T.Sanhis,andC.Balkowski,Struture,MassandDistaneoftheVirgo

ClusterfromaTolman-Bondi Model,Astron.Astrophys.375(2001),770780,astro-ph/0106261.

+

05℄ J.RihardIIIGottetal.,AMapoftheUniverse,Astrophys.J.624(2005),463,astro-ph/0310571.

[Gar06a℄ David Garnkle, Inhomogeneous Spaetimes as a Dark Energy Model, Class. Quant. Grav. 23

(2006),48114818,gr-q/0605088.

[Gar06b℄ , The Need for Dark Matter in Galaxies, Class. Quant. Grav. 23 (2006), 1391,

gr-q/0511082.

[GCP06℄ A. E. Gumrukuoglu, Carlo R. Contaldi, and Maro Peloso, CMB Anomalies from Reli

Anisotropy,2006,astro-ph/0608405.

[Gfr℄ Gfroerer,TimothyH.,personalhomepageofathttp://webphysis.davidso n.ed u/f aul ty/ thg/ ,

CopyrightduetoBrooks/Cole-Thomson.

[GH04℄ Christopher Gordon and Wayne Hu, ALow CMBQuadrupole from DarkEnergy Isourvature

Perturbations,Phys.Rev.D70(2004),083003,astro-ph/0406496.

[GHHC05℄ ChristopherGordon,WayneHu,DraganHuterer,andThomasM.Crawford,SpontaneousIsotropy

Breaking: AMehanismforCMBMultipoleAlignments,Phys.Rev.D72(2005),103002,

astro-ph/0509301.

[GHS07℄ TuhinGhosh,AmirHajian,andTarunSouradeep,UnveilingHiddenPatternsinCMBAnisotropy

Maps,Phys.Rev.D75(2007),083007,astro-ph/0604279.

[GHW90℄ H.P.Gush,M.Halpern,and E.H.Wishnow,RoketMeasurement ofthe

Cosmi-Bakground-Radiationmm-WaveSpetrum,Phys.Rev.Lett.65(1990),537540.

+

03℄ G.Hinshawet al., First Year Wilkinson Mirowave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations:

AngularPowerSpetrum,Astrophys.J.Suppl.148(2003),135,astro-ph/0302217.

+

07℄ ,Three-YearWilkinsonMirowaveAnisotropyProbe(WMAP)Observations:Temperature

Analysis,Astrophys.J.Suppl.170(2007),288,astro-ph/0603451.

[Haj07℄ Amir Hajian, Analysis of the Apparent Lak of Power in the Cosmi Mirowave Bakground

AnisotropyatLargeAngularSales,2007,astro-ph/0702723.

[HBB

+

96℄ G.Hinshaw, A. J.Branday, C.L.Bennett, K.M. Gorski,A. Kogut, C.H. Lineweaver, G.F.

Smoot, and E. L. Wright, Two-Point Correlations in the COBE DMR Four-Year Anisotropy

Maps,Astrophys.J.Lett.464(1996),L25,astro-ph/9601061.

[HBM

+

05℄ FrodeK.Hansen,E.Branhini,P.Mazzotta,P.Cabella,andK.Dolag,AFull-SkyPreditionof

theSZEet fromDiuseHot GasintheLoalUniverseandtheupperLimitfromtheWMAP

Data,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.So.361(2005),753762,astro-ph/0502227.

[HEB

+

05℄ DavidW.Hogg,DanielJ.Eisenstein,MihaelR.Blanton,NetaA.Bahall,J.Brinkmann,JamesE.

Gunn,andDonaldP.Shneider,CosmiHomogeneityDemonstratedwithLuminousRedGalaxies,

Astrophys.J.624(2005),5458.

[HES℄ TeamHESE,Oial siteof theHigh Energy Spae EnvironmentBranh http://heseweb.nrl.

navy.mil/gamma/.

[HMM97℄ NeilP.Humphreys,RoyMaartens,andDavidR.Matravers,AnisotropiObservationsinUniverses

withNonlinearInhomogeneity,Astrophys.J.477(1997),47,astro-ph/9602033.

[HN99℄ Jai-han HwangandHyerimNoh, TheSahs-Wolfe Eet: GaugeIndependeneand a General

Expression,Phys.Rev.D59(1999),067302,astro-ph/9812007.

[Hog00℄ DavidW.Hogg,DistaneMeasuresinCosmology,2000,astro-ph/9905116.

[HPLN02℄ J.Hwang,T.Padmanabhan,O.Lahav,andH.Noh,Onthe1/3FatorintheCMBSahs-Wolfe

Eet,Phys.Rev.D65(2002),043005,astro-ph/0107307.

[HS95℄ WayneHuandNaoshiSugiyama,Toward UnderstandingCMBAnisotropiesand Their

Implia-tions,Phys.Rev.D51(1995),25992630,astro-ph/9411008.

[HS04℄ PaulHuntandSubirSarkar,MultipleInationandtheWMAP`Glithes',Phys.Rev.D70(2004),

103518,astro-ph/0408138.

[HS07℄ ,MultipleInationandtheWMAP`Glithes'II.DataAnalysisandCosmologial

Param-eterExtration,2007,arXiv:0706.2443[astro-ph℄.

[HSLB04℄ MihaelJ.Hudson,RussellJ.Smith,JohnR.Luey,andEnzoBranhini,StreamingMotionsof

Galaxy Clusters Within12000 km/s -V. ThePeuliar VeloityField, Mon.Not. Roy.Astron.

So.352(2004),61,astro-ph/0404386.

[HST℄ TeamHST,OialsiteoftheHubbleSpaeTelesopeathttp://hubblesite.org/.

[HTET01℄ M.O.Hanski,G.Theureau,T.Ekholm,andP.Teerikorpi,KinematisoftheLoalUniverse.IX.

ThePerseus-Pises Superlusterand the Tolman-Bondi Model, Astron.Astrophys.378 (2001),

345360,astro-ph/0109080.

[Hub29℄ EdwinHubble,ARelationBetweenDistaneandRadialVeloityAmongExtraGalatiNebulae,

Pro.Nat.Aad.Si.15(1929),168173.

[HW04℄ Stefan Hofmann and Oliver Winkler, The Spetrum of Flutuations in Inationary Quantum

Cosmology,2004,astro-ph/0411124.

[IAB

+

03℄ E. Iodie, M.Arnaboldi, F.Bournaud, F.Combes, L.S.Sparke, W.van Driel, andM.

Capa-ioli,Polar RingGalaxiesandtheTullyFisher Relation: ImpliationsfortheDarkHaloShape,

Astrophys.J.585(2003),730.

[INN02℄ H.Iguhi,T.Nakamura,andK.Nakao,IsDarkEnergytheOnlySolutiontotheApparent

Ael-erationofthePresentUniverse?,Prog.Theor.Phys.108(2002),809818,astro-ph/0112419.

[IRWG07℄ Mustapha Ishak, James Rihardson, Delilah Whittington, and David Garred, DarkEnergy or

Apparent Aeleration Due to a Relativisti Cosmologial Model More Complex than FLRW?,

2007,arXiv:0708.2943[astro-ph℄.

[IS06℄ KaikiTaroInoue and JosephSilk, Loal Voids astheOrigin of Large-angle Cosmi Mirowave

BakgroundAnomalies,Astrophys.J.648(2006),2330,astro-ph/0602478.

[IS07℄ ,LoalVoidsastheOriginofLarge-angleCosmiMirowaveBakgroundAnomalies: The

EetofaCosmologialConstant,Astrophys.J.664(2007),650659,astro-ph/0612347.

[Isl85℄ JamalN. Islam,RotatingFields inGeneralRelativity, Cambridge UniversityPress,Cambridge,

1985.

+

07a℄ N. Jarosik et al., Three-Year Wilkinson Mirowave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations:

BeamProles,DataProessing,Radiometer Charaterizationand SystematiErrorLimits,

As-trophys.J.Suppl.170(2007),263,astro-ph/0603452.

+

07b℄ MyungkookJamesJeeet al.,Disoveryof a RinglikeDarkMatterStrutureintheCoreof the

GalaxyClusterCl0024+17,2007,arXiv:0705.2171[astro-ph℄.

[JBE

+

06℄ T.R.Jae, A.J.Banday,H.K.Eriksen,K.M.Gorski,and F.K.Hansen, BianhiType VII

h

ModelsandtheWMAP 3-yearData,2006,astro-ph/0606046.

[JW85℄ B.J.T.JonesandR.F.G.Wyse,TheIonisationofthePrimevalPlasmaattheTimeof

Reom-bination,Astr.Astrophys.149(1985),144150.

[Kan69℄ R.Kantowski,TheComaCluster asa SpherialInhomogeneityinRelativistiDust,Astrophys.

J.155(1969),1023.

[KE06℄ Dale D. Koevski and HaraldEbeling, On The Origin of the Loal Group's Peuliar Veloity,

Astrophys.J.645(2006),10431053,astro-ph/0510106.

[Ker63℄ G.D.Kerr,GravitationalFieldofaSpinningMassasanExampleofAlgebraiallySpeialMetris,

Phys.Rev.Lett.11(1963),237.

[KH02℄ AndrzejKrasi«skiandCharlesHellaby,StrutureFormationintheLemaître-TolmanModel,Phys.

Rev.D65(2002),023501.

[KH04a℄ ,FormationofaGalaxy withaCentralBlakHoleintheLemaître-TolmanModel,Phys.

Rev.D69(2004),043502.

[KH04b℄ ,MoreExamplesofStrutureFormationintheLemaître-TolmanModel,Phys.Rev.D69

(2004),023502.

[KH05℄ ,StrutureFormationinthe Lemaître-Tolman CosmologialModel(ANon-Perturbative

Approah), in: Topisin MathematialPhysis,GeneralRelativity andCosmology.Proeedings

ofaSymposiumontheOassionofthe75thBirthdayofPleba«ski,Mexio,2005.

[KH06℄ ,AlternativeMethodsofDesribing StrutureFormationin theLemaître-TolmanModel,

Phys.Rev.D73(2006),023518.

[KKN

+

07℄ TomohiroKai,HiroshiKozaki,Ken-ihiNakao,YasusadaNambu,andChul-MoonYoo,Can

Inho-mogenetiesAeleratetheCosmi VolumeExpansion?,Prog.Theor.Phys.117(2007),229240,

gr-q/0605120.

[KKZ97℄ Hans-VolkerKlapdor-KleingrothausandKaiZuber,Teilhenastrophysik,B.G.Teubner,Stuttgart,

1997.

[KLS

+

93℄ A.Kogut,C.Lineweaver,G.F.Smoot,C.L.Bennett,A.Banday,N.W.Boggess,E.S.Cheng,

G.deAmii,D.J.Fixsen,G.Hinshaw,P.D.Jakson,P.Janssen,M.andKeegstra,K.Loewenstein,

P.Lubin,J.C.Mather,L.Tenorio,R.Weiss,D.T.Wilkinson,andE.L.Wright,DipoleAnisotropy

intheCOBEDierentialMirowaveRadiometersFirst-YearSkyMaps,Astrophys.J.419(1993),

1,astro-ph/9312056.

[KM06℄ Tomi Koivisto and David F.Mota, Dark Energy Anisotropi Stress and Large Sale Struture

[KME04℄ DaleD.Koevski,ChristopherR.Mullis,andHaraldEbeling,TheDipoleAnisotropyoftheFirst

All-SkyX-rayClusterSample,Astrophys.J.608(2004),721730,astro-ph/0403275.

[Kom58℄ ArthurKomar,CovariantConservationLawsinGeneralRelativity,Phys.Rev.113(1958),no.3,

934.

[Kor05℄ MikolajKorzynski, Singular Diskof Matterin theCooperstok and TieuGalaxy Model, 2005,

astro-ph/0508377.

[Kra97℄ AndrzejKrasi«ski,InhomogeneousCosmologialModels,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,

1997.

[KS07℄ MasahiroKawasakiandToyokazuSekiguhi,CosmologialConstraintsonIsourvatureandTensor

Perturbations,2007,arXiv:0705.2853[astro-ph℄.

[Lem33℄ A.G.Lemaître,L'Universen Expansion, Ann.So. Si.BruxellesA53(1933),51,reprinted in

EnglishwithhistorialommentsinGen.Rel.Grav.29(1997),637.

[Les04℄ Julien Lesgourgues, An Overview of Cosmology, 2004, Leture Notes for the SummerStudents

ProgramofCERN(2002-2004),astro-ph/0409426.

[Lew32℄ T. Lewis, Some Speial Solutions of the Equations of Axially Symmetri Gravitational Fields,

Pro.Roy.So.Lond.A136(1932),176.

[LFB

+

88℄ D.Lynden-Bell,S.M.Faber,D.Burstein,R.L.Davies,A.Dressler,R.J.Terlevih,andG.

Weg-ner, Spetrosopy and Photometryof ElliptialGalaxies. V-Galaxy Streaming toward thenew

SupergalatiCenter,Astrophys.J.326(1988),1949.

[Lid04℄ ChrisLidman,ObservingDistantTypeIaSupernovaewiththeESOVLT,TheEuropean

Organi-sationforAstronomialResearhintheSouthernHemisphereMessenger118(2004),24.

[LM05℄ Kate Land and Joao Magueijo, The Axis of Evil, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005), 071301,

astro-ph/0502237.

[LM07℄ , The Axis of Evil Revisited, Mon.Not. Roy. Astron. So. 378(2007), 153158,

astro-ph/0611518.

[Lon98℄ Malom S. Longair, Galaxy Formation, Astronomyand Astrophysis Library, Springer, Berlin

HeidelbergNewYork,1998.

[Lon07℄ MihaelJ.Longo,DoestheUniverseHaveaHandedness,2007,astro-ph/0703325.

[LP96℄ David Langloisand TsviPiran, DipoleAnisotropy from anEntropy Gradient, Phys. Rev. D53

(1996),29082919,astro-ph/9507094.

[LRSH04℄ John Luey, David Radburn-Smith, and Mike Hudson, Beta, Loal SNIa Data and the Great

Attrator,2004,Appearinginthe ProeedingsoftheMeetingonNearbyLargeSaleStrutures

andtheZoneofAvoidane,CapeTown,SouthAfria,28Mar-2Apr2004,astro-ph/0412329.

[LS07℄ NanLiand DominikJ.Shwarz, Onthe Onsetof CosmologialBakreation,Phys. Rev. D76

(2007),083011,gr-q/0702043.

[LSS℄ Team LSST, Site of the proposed Large Synopti Survey Telesope at http://www.lsst.org/

lsst_home.shtml.

[LWR

+

03℄ J.P.Luminet,J.Weeks,A.Riazuelo,R.Lehouq,andJ.P.Uzan,DodeahedralSpaeTopology

as an Explanation for Weak Wide-Angle Temperature Correlations in the Cosmi Mirowave

Bakground,Nature.425(2003),593,astro-ph/0310253.

91℄ AttilaMészáros,OnShellCrossingintheTolmanMetri,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.So.253(1991),

619624.

+

04℄ MaximMarkevithet al.,DiretConstraints ontheDarkMatterSelf-Interation Cross-Setion

fromtheMergingCluster1E0657-56,Astrophys.J.606(2004),819824,astro-ph/0309303.

[Maa98℄ RoyMaartens, Covariant Veloityand DensityPerturbationsin Quasi-Newtonian Cosmologies,

Phys.Rev.D58(1998),124006,astro-ph/9808235.

[Man05℄ RezaMansouri,Strutured FRWUniverse leads toAeleration: ANon-PerturbativeApproah,

2005,astro-ph/0512605.

[Mas05℄ KarenL.Masters,Cosmology intheVeryLoalUniverse-WhyFlowModelsMatter,2005,

Ap-pearingintheProeedingsofthe22ndTexasSymposiumonRelativistiAstrophysisatStanford

University,Stanford,California,13-17De2004,astro-ph/0503271.

[Max79℄ JamesC.Maxwell,ATreatiseonElitriityandMagnetism-VolumeI,DoverPubliationsIn.,

NewYork,1979.

[MCC

+

94℄ J.C.Mather,E.S.Cheng,D.A.Cottingham,R.E.Eplee,Jr.,D.J.Fixsen,T.Hewagama,R.B.

Isaaman, K.A.Jensen,S.S.Meyer,P.D.Noerdlinger, S.M.Read,L.P.Rosen,R.A.Shafer,

E.L.Wright, C.L.Bennett,N.W.Boggess,M.G.Hauser,T.Kelsall,S.H.Moseley,Jr.,R.F.

Silverberg,G.F.Smoot,R.Weiss,andD.T.Wilkinson,MeasurementoftheCosmiMirowave

BakgroundSpetrumbytheCOBEFIRASInstrument,Astrophys.J.420(1994),439444.

[MDW

+

07℄ M.Maturi,K.Dolag,A.Waelkens,V.Springel,andT.Ensslin,TheAtualRees-SiamaEet

fromtheLoalUniverse,2007,arXiv:0708.1881[astro-ph℄.

[Mes63℄ LeonMestel,OntheGalatiLawofRotation,Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.So.126(1963),553.

Im Dokument On the influence of local inhomogeneities on cosmological observables : from galaxies to the microwave background (Seite 166-177)

a ℓ0 = 100µ

30 ◦

a ℓ0 = 100µ

a ℓ0 ∼ 1000µ

0

20 40

60

80

100 0 20

40 60

80 100 1.4

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2

N(S nn )/10 3 3 2.5 2 1.5

a 30 axial [ µ K]

a 20 axial [ µ K]

0

50

100

150

200 0 50

100 150

200 1

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

N(S nn )/10 3 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

a 30 axial [µK]

a 20 axial [ µ K]

a axial ℓ0

S nn ≡ P |ˆ n (2;,1,2) · n ˆ (3;,i,j) |

×10 −3

a axial ℓ0

S nn ≃ 2.62

10 5

∼ 100µ

a axial ℓ0

+

+

+

+

+

+

2 ≤ ℓ ≤ 8

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Λ

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

h

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

30 ^◦

N(S _nn )/10 ³ 3 2.5 2 1.5

a ₃₀ ^axial [ µ K]

a ₂₀ ^axial [ µ K]

N(S _nn )/10 ³ 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

a ₃₀ ^axial [µK]

a ₂₀ ^axial [ µ K]

a ^axial _ℓ0

S nn ≡ P |ˆ n ^(2;,1,2) · n ˆ ^(3;,i,j) |

×10 ⁻³

a ^axial _ℓ0

10 ⁵

a ^axial _ℓ0