1. The development of total plasma calcium was similar for both groups. In the beginning of the technique training (week 7) total plasma calcium increased from 3.0
± 0.2 mmol/l up to 3.4 ± 0.2 mmol/l for group A (time p<0.05) and 3.0 ± 0.2 mmol/l up to 3.4 ± 0.1 mmol/l for group B (time p<0.05). A decrease in total plasma calcium was observed in the last training period (endurance training, week 16-19) down to 2.4
± 0.2 mmol/l for group A (time p<0.05) and 2.3 ± 0.1 mmol/l for group B (time p<0.05).
2. The course of ionised calcium in blood was comparable between the two groups. At
0.03 mmol/l to 1.52 ± 0.03 mmol/l for group A (time p<0.05) and 1.60 ± 0.07 mmol/l to 1.51 ± 0.05 mmol/l for group B (time p<0.05). The fall in ionised calcium was followed by a rise up to 1.53 ± 0.06 mmol/l (group A, time p<0.05) and 1.48 ± 0.07 mmol/l (group B, time p<0.05) at the beginning of endurance training.
3. Changes in plasma inorganic phosphorus were similar for both groups during training programme. The changeover from break in period to technique training was accompanied by an increase in inorganic phosphorus from 0.8 mmol/l up to 1.1 mmol/l (time p<0.05). During endurance training (week 16-19) inorganic phosphorus decreased again down to 0.9 mmol/l (time p<0.05).
4. Mean Intact PTH showed a significant rise at the beginning of technique training in both groups from 16.4 ± 7.8 pg/ml to 26.3 ± 29.1 pg/ml (time p<0.05), whereas mean intact PTH dropped again during endurance training (time p<0.05) with no significant differences between the groups.
5. A significant decrease was monitored for osteocalcin in plasma at the end of break in period (week 4: group A: 22.5 ± 2.9 ng/ml, group B: 21.0 ± 4.8 ng/ml, week 5: group A: 17.5 ± 5.7 ng/ml, group B: 16.0 ± 3.2 ng/ml, time p<0.05, group n.s.). The decrease in osteocalcin concentration was followed by an increase at the beginning of technique training and basal values were reached again (time p<0.05).
6. During technique training (week 10-12) PICP concentrations in plasma dropped significantly from 499 ± 159 µg/l to 321 ± 70 µg/l for group A and from 530 ± 161 µg/l to 379 ± 169 µg/l for group B (group n.s.). During endurance training there was a mean increase up to 445 ± 117 µg/l for both groups (time p<0.05).
7. During break in period ICTP in plasma decreased transiently from 8.4 ± 2.3 µg/l down to 6.7 ± 0.8 µg/l (time p<0.05) and increased again to basal levels during technique period. A second fall in ICTP in plasma was noticed during endurance training with significant lower ICTP concentrations for control group (group A with dressage lessons) compared to group B with climbing sections (time p<0.05, group p<0.05).
Short-term reactions during standardized exercise tests (SET) 1. Total plasma calcium stayed constant during SETs.
2. A significant drop in mean ionised calcium in blood was analyzed during SETs (start exercise: 1.59 ± 0.06 mmol/l, end exercise: 1.43 ± 0.09 mmol/l, time p<0.05).
3. Plasma intact PTH concentrations showed a rise in the course of standardized exercises, but these changes failed to get significant.
4. No exercise related modifications were monitored for plasma osteocalcin and plasma PICP.
5. During SETs tests an increase in ICTP concentrations were analysed for both groups, but these changes were only significant for group A.
In the present study bone markers and intact PTH were affected by a moderate training programme in five years old Warmblood horses. The selected bone markers indicated changes in bone formation (osteocalcin and PICP) as well as modifications in bone resorption (ICTP).
However, the added dressage lessons seemed to induce a more pronounced bone resorption in comparison to hill climbing at a low speed.
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IX. Anhang
Tabelle I a-d: Konzentration des PTH (pg/ml) im Plasma während der Trainingsphasen und Stufentests
Tabelle I a: Konzentration des PTH (pg/ml) im Plasma während der Anreitphase Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4 5 6
K12 32,9 28,8 143,9 10,1 4,8 12,7
K14 40,1 9,5 5,9 7,2 68,3 26,1
K15 94,6 45,7 6,6 13,3 12,4 19,5
K16 41,6 25,1 31,7 22,2 33,3 18,4
K17 11,3 10,1 16,3 19,6 22,1 5,3
MW 44,1 23,9 40,9 14,5 28,2 16,4
SD 27,5 13,4 52,3 5,6 22,2 7,0
B11 31,9 6,3 7,5 10,0 13,0 4,4
B13 68,2 47,5 10,1 8,0 8,8 36,4
B18 118,9 35,1 47,9 55,4 9,4 8,2
B19 8,8 10,6 17,6 9,5 12,3 17,5
B20 10,5 113,2 8,6 70,6 20,3 84,1
MW 47,7 42,5 18,3 30,7 12,7 30,1
SD 41,6 38,5 15,2 26,8 4,1 29,2
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle I b: Konzentration des PTH (pg/ml) im Plasma während des Techniktrainings Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4
K12 9,4 18,8 42,9 30,2
K14 13,3 27,3 53,9 91,0
K15 77,8 21,8 71,7 37,7
K16 20,6 64,3 52,5 141,3
K17 10,4 15,1 88,7 119,5
MW 26,3 29,5 61,9 83,9
SD 26,1 17,9 16,3 43,9
B11 10,5 22,3 36,4 58,5
B13 71,8 78,0 30,9 208,7
B18 10,3 67,3 167,9 59,6
B19 33,1 11,1 68,8 56,1
B20 31,8 54,9 29,6 20,7
MW 31,5 46,7 66,7 80,7
SD 22,4 25,8 52,6 65,6
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung Tabelle I c: Konzentration des PTH (pg/ml) im Plasma während des Ausdauertrainings
Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4
K12 18,0 36,0 12,9 6,7
K14 77,9 19,8 37,9 6,8
K15 84,5 29,3 23,6 9,8
K16 51,2 29,8 61,5 13,0
K17 38,4 24,0 6,7 19,9
MW 54,0 27,8 28,5 11,2
SD 24,7 5,5 19,6 4,9
B11 25,2 24,8 10,4 11,1
B13 78,8 167,5 19,7 74,2
B18 129,9 79,6 87,5 12,0
B19 29,7 32,2 20,5
B20 32,8 73,7 53,8 22,7
MW 59,3 75,6 42,9 28,1
SD 40,3 50,9 30,4 23,5
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle I d: Konzentration des PTH (pg/ml) im Plasma während der Stufentests 1-4 K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung, S0 = Beginn der Belastung, S1 = Ende der Belastung, ST = Stufentest
Tabelle II a-d: Konzentrationen des Osteocalcins (ng/ml) im Plasma wä hrend der Trainingsphasen und Stufentests
Tabelle II a: Konzentrationen des Osteocalcins (ng/ml) im Plasma während der Anreitphase Wochen
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle II b: Konzentrationen des Osteocalcins (ng/ml) im Plasma während des
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle II c: Konzentrationen des Osteocalcins (ng/ml) im Plasma während des Ausdauertrainings
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle II d: Konzentration des Osteocalcins (ng/ml) im Plasma während der Stufentests 1-4
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung, S0 = Beginn der Belastung, S1 = Ende der Belastung, ST = Stufentest
Tabelle III a-d: Konzentrationen des ICTP (µg/l) im Plasma während der Trainingsphasen und Stufentests
Tabelle III a: Konzentrationen des ICTP (µg/l) im Plasma während der Anreitphase Wochen
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle III b: Konzentrationen des ICTP (µg/l) im Plasma während des Techniktrainings Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4
K12 7,26 7,92 9,52 10,33
K14 6,31 6,28 6,74 7,26
K15 8,00 7,87 8,04 7,24
K16 7,30 8,04 9,65 8,30
K17 6,48 6,66 7,86 8,60
MW 7,07 7,35 8,36 8,35
SD 0,61 0,73 1,09 1,13
B11 6,75 7,48 7,32 7,26
B13 5,29 6,85 9,45 6,63
B18 7,56 8,33 9,54 8,83
B19 6,23 6,06 6,98 7,10
B20 7,09 7,62 6,25 7,80
MW 6,58 7,27 7,91 7,52
SD 0,78 0,76 1,34 0,75
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung Tabelle III c: Konzentrationen des ICTP (µg/l) im Plasma während des Ausdauertrainings
Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4
K12 7,38 8,33 7,98 6,72
K14 5,51 6,52 7,02 6,35
K15 8,09 8,28 7,44 6,81
K16 7,88 7,65 7,25 7,50
K17 7,30 7,06 7,08 6,13
MW 7,23 7,57 7,35 6,70
SD 0,91 0,70 0,34 0,47
B11 6,63 6,22 6,39 5,53
B13 5,81 5,79 5,77 5,55
B18 8,28 7,47 7,15 6,96
B19 5,29 6,90 6,95
B20 4,25 6,45 6,75 5,43
MW 6,05 6,57 6,51 6,09
SD 1,35 0,58 0,51 0,71
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle III d: Konzentrationen des ICTP (µg/l) im Plasma während der Stufentests 1-4
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung, S0 = Beginn der Belastung, S1 = Ende der Belastung, ST = Stufentest
Tabelle IV a-c: Konzentration des PICP (µg/l) im Plasma während der Trainingsphasen und Stufentests
Tabelle IV a: Konzentration des PICP (µg/l) im Plasma während des Techniktrainings Wochen
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle b: Konzentration des PICP (µg/l) im Plasma während des Ausdauertrainings Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4
K12 296 348 394 310
K14 515 447 421 294
K15 410 451 243
K16 403 444 236 232
K17 603 538 391 389
MW 445 446 337 306
SD 96 55 73 50
B11 287 336 265 217
B13 896 675 701 553
B18 307 331 316 296
B19 512 519 424 333
B20 226 433 425 296
MW 446 459 426 339
SD 245 128 151 114
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung Tabelle IV c: Konzentration des PICP (µg/l) im Plasma während der Stufentests 2-4
ST 2 ST 3 ST 4
Pferd S0 S1 S0 S1 S0 S1
12 608 718 553 577 420 590
14 341 333 380 366 215 284
15 334 406 458 453 265 296
16 689 868 650 726
17 523 529 591 578 362 361
MW 499 571 526 540 316 383
SD 159 221 108 137 93 142
11 323 355 407 448 259 266
13 735 1023 100 433 641 705
18 499 593 440 463 375 447
19 641 729 741 452 513
20 456 426 380 406
MW 531 625 332 498 432 483
SD 161 266 156 137 160 181
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung, S0 = Beginn der Belastung, S1 = Ende der Belastung, ST = Stufentest
Tabelle V a-d: pH-Werte im Vollblut während der Trainingsphasen und Stufentests Tabelle V a: pH-Werte im Vollblut während der Anreitphase
Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4 5 6
12 7,51 7,42 7,42 7,4 7,45 7,44
14 7,49 7,4 7,42 7,41 7,43 7,41
15 7,41 7,4 7,42 7,41 7,39 7,4
16 7,47 7,42 7,42 7,4 7,4 7,41
17 7,46 7,39 7,4 7,42 7,4 7,41
Mw 7,47 7,41 7,42 7,41 7,41 7,41
SD 0,03 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01
11 7,43 7,4 7,41 7,41 7,4 7,42
13 7,45 7,42 7,43 7,42 7,44 7,45
18 7,45 7,36 7,41 7,43 7,4 7,4
19 7,45 7,42 7,44 7,42 7,42 7,42
20 7,5 7,41 7,43 7,42 7,43 7,43
Mw 7,46 7,40 7,42 7,42 7,42 7,42
SD 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung Tabelle V b: pH-Werte im Vollblut während des Techniktrainings
Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4
12 7,44 7,45 7,43 7,44
14 7,41 7,42 7,41 7,41
15 7,39 7,41 7,39 7,38
16 7,41 7,42 7,44 7,42
17 7,44 7,42 7,39 7,41
Mw 7,42 7,42 7,41 7,41
SD 0,02 0,01 0,02 0,02
11 7,41 7,42 7,41 7,43
13 7,44 7,43 7,4 7,43
18 7,35 7,42 7,41 7,42
19 7,41 7,43 7,37 7,39
20 7,42 7,43 7,39 7,39
Mw 7,41 7,43 7,40 7,41
SD 0,03 0,00 0,01 0,02
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle V c: pH-Werte im Vollblut während des Ausdauertrainings Wochen
Pferd 1 2 3 4
12 7,55 7,41 7,43 7,46
14 7,51 7,37 7,43 7,4
15 7,47 7,36 7,45 7,36
16 7,52 7,38 7,4 7,42
17 7,48 7,38 7,43 7,42
Mw 7,51 7,38 7,43 7,41
SD 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,03
11 7,55 7,4 7,42 7,41
13 7,5 7,38 7,41 7,4
18 7,49 7,4 7,41 7,42
19 7,47 7,36 7,43 7,39
20 7,49 7,37 7,42 7,42
Mw 7,50 7,38 7,42 7,41
SD 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01
K = Kontrollgruppe, B = Berggruppe, Mw = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung
Tabelle V d: pH-Werte im Vollblut während der Stufentests 1-4
Tabelle V d: pH-Werte im Vollblut während der Stufentests 1-4