Valdam
Y.
Adamkua A d m i n i s t r a t o r , Region 5.U S E n v i r o n m a t a l R o t e c l w n Agency 230 S o u t h Daarborn S t ~ w t , Chicago. I U i n o i s 6&904, U S A .
Growth a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a r e a m o w t h e p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n s of any n a t i o n . r e g a r d l e s s of i t s s i z e . Whether an e s t a b l i s h e d , i n d u s t r i a l i z e d s o c i e t y moves i n t o new areas of s o p h i s t i c a t e d technology, o r a n emerging c o u n t r y s t r u g g l e s t o d e v e l o p a s t a b l e economic b a s e . growth i s Laking p l a c e . Although e a c h nation h a s its own unique set of f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e i t s development
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s u c h as d i f f e r i n g p o l i t i c a l a n d economic s y s t e m s , c u l t u r a l values. and n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s - t h e goal i s t h e same: t o i m p r o v e t h e quality of l i f e of a c o u n t r y ' s c i t i z e n s , who form t h e b a s i s of t h e i r n a t i o n ' s s t r e n g t h .And y e t i t i s t h i s v e r y quality of life t h a t c a n s u f f e r if growth i s noL managed r e s p o n s i b l y . NO development Lakes p l a c e in a vacuum. I n s t e a d , n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a r e c o n v e r t e d i n t o o t h e r f o r m s , p e o p l e are moved a r o u n d . t h e f a c e of t h e l a n d s c a p e i s o f t e n c h a n g e d , a n d wastes a r e p r o d u c e d . In s h o r t . Lhe e n v l r o n - ment i s a f f e c t e d .
I t i s only r e c e n t l y t h a t t h e cumulative e f f e c t s of development on o u r global r e s o u r c e s h a v e r e c e i v e d r e a l a t t e n t i o n . l n c i d e n k in t h e world p r e s s h a v e made c l e a r t h a t civilized n a t i o n s h a v e not p r o p e r l y planned f o r t h e i m p a c t s of grou;tti, i m p a c t s t h a t r a n g e from t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of whole e c o s y s t e m s by r a m p a n t o v e r u s e . t o contamination of a i r a n d w a t e r b y incompletely p r o c e s s e d wastes.
O u r p l a n e t s t i l l s u f f e r s f r o m man's f r o n t i e r mentality
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o n e t h a t e x c u s e s a n a b u s e of n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s in Lhe belief t h a t " t h e r e ' s always more w h e r e t h a t came f r o m"
P e r h a p s t h i s a t t i t u d e i s m o r e e n t r e n c h e d in newer o r l a r g e r nations Yet i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t we a l l a r e somewhat guilty of a n "environmental myopia "This d a n g e r o u s n e a r s i g h t e d n e s s o c c u r s e i t h e r when we r e f u s e to r e c o g n i z e p o t e n - t i a l pollution p r o b l e m s o r when we i n s i s t on believing t h e y h a v e only a l o c a l . s h o r t - t e r m e f f s c t .
A s we a r e painfully l e a r n i n g , pollution r e s p e c t s n o t e r r i t o r i a l b o u n d a r i e s . T h e g r e a t g l o b a l s t r e a m s of wind a n d s e a t h a t m o d e r a t e o u r c l i m a t e s a l s o c o n v e y a i r and w a t e r b o r n e c o n b m i n a n t s t h a t a f f e c t t h e quality of life h u n d r e d s , o f t e n t h o u s a n d s , of miles f r o m t h e i r s o u r c e . While t h e d e g r e e of s o p h i s t i c a t i o n of a n a t i o n ' s t e c h n o l o g y f r e q u e n t l y c a n b e used as a m e a s u r e of t h e complexity of iLs e n v i r o n r n e n h l p r o b l e m s , i t d o a s n o t m a t t e r w h e t h e r a c o u n t r y ' s i n h a b i t a n t s live i n huts or in h i g h - r i s e s
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wlthout a d e q u a t e pollution c o n t r o l s . t h e e n d r e s u l t will b e t h e same: wholesale d e g r a d a U o n o f a i r . w a t e r , land a n d h a b i b t r e s o u r c e s ..in: Ecologfcal Shr+tafnabflftv qf Regfonal lkvelopment, Proc#edlngs of 8 Workshop hold I n V I I - rdus. !JLhumnl8. USSR. 22-26 June 1987. 1. KdrluksLls, A. Burmcns. and A . SLrmszmk (Ed¶.), 1988.
SyBLemm Bescmrch InatItuLe, Pollsh Amdemy of Sclenccs. Wmrsmw. Poland
However. I believe t h a t i t i s possible, while r e s p e c t i n g e a c h nation's indivi-
them a n d t h e i r contribuUon lor g r a n t e d . environment changed. We saw slgnifiaant improvements
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w a t e r quality improved, r l v e r a n o longer c a w h t f i r e . the fish kills vlrlually e n d e d , a n d many b e a c h e sIn N o v e m b e r 1 9 7 5 . Region 5 s p o n s o r e d a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e in Chi-
L a k e s . One o f t h e most n o t a b l e e x a m p l e s of A m e r i c a n C a n a d i a n c o o p e r a t i o n In
o t h e r , pooling r e s o u r c e s . s h a r i n g information. and reviewing e a c h o t h e r ' s pro- g r e s s . The p r o c e s s i s f a r f r o m smooth or p e r f e c t . b u t i t fs working.
Translating s u c h a model to t h e European a r e n a i s difficult. The multiplicity of s o v e r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , with t h e i r differing languages. c u l t u r e s , and social and economic systems. o f t e n a c t s as a b a r r i e r to r e a c h i n g a consensus a b o u t pollution control. However, t h e c l m e proximity of t h e members of t h e E u r o p e a n community c a n a c t as a unifying influence. R i v e r s , seas. and f o r e s t s a r e not just h i s t o r i c boundaries b u t s h a r e d r e s o u r c e s , as i s t h e a i r and. g r o u n d w a b r . Prom t h i s p e r - s p e c t i v e , international c o o p e r a t i o n in t h e setting of common r e s o u r c e p r o t e c t i o n eDals i s not only d e s i r a b l e , b u t pmsible. r e g a r d l e s s of how e a c h nation c h o o s e s Lo meet those goals. If w e , who t a k e p r i d e in o u r c u l t u r a l technolcgical and social developments, c a n n o t a c c e p t responsibiUty f o r t h e impacts of o u r growth on t h e environment, how c a n we e x p e c t t h i s of developing nations?
The Third World h a s e n t e r e d only Lately i n t o t h e global environmental equa- tion. While r i c h e r nations lodc upon t h e d u s t r u e t i o n of South American r a i n f o r e s t s or t h e d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n of African g r a s s l a n d s as a t r a g e d y r e s t r i c t e d Lo local developmental problems, we fail to r e a l i z e t h a t much of t h e a i r we b r e a t h e is recycled and purified by t h e e x t e n s i v e vegetation now e n d a n g e r e d on t h e s e continents. Countries s e a r c h i n g f o r food and fuel f o r hungry populations a r e destroying t h e v e r y r e s o u r c e b a s e t h a t , with b e t t e r planning and management.
could help t o sustain them. ignorance and d e s p e r a t i o n in t h e s e nations a c h i e v e t h e same ends as g r e e d and s h o r t s i g h t e d n e s s do in more e d u c a l e d societies.
Yet, i t need not be t h i s way. If viewed in t h e long t e r m and as p a r t of a n inLernationa1 c o o p e r a t i v e s f f o r t , environmenlal p r o t e c t i o n and wise use of r e s o u r c e s c a n be p e r f e c t l y compatible with economic development. The focus must be on t h e quality, r a t h e r than just t h e quantity, of growth
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quality in t h e s e n s e t h a t man's p r e s e n c e does not h a v e Co d e t r a c t from t h e o v e r a l l value of t h e environment. What i s needed is a s h a r e d vision, and a s h a r e d commitment. When considering t h e limited r e s o u r c e s of t h i s planel, we must r e a l i z e t h a t we have no o t h e r choice.4.7 POUSH CASE STmlY. B C G I O N U IMPACT OF URGE-SCALE YMMG
AND LWEBCY
D r n r n r n N T .K Rolubowia F b L d Recearch SLafCon.
I n s t i t u t e jbr Environmental Engincaring
PDLish AGodamy M a e s , Retrkbu, W y b u n a k k i
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-S Sitstems Ramarch Institute, PDLfsh A c d a n y M*i.ncrsNewelsku 8, PL-Ol-447 Warsaw. PDtrrnd
Large-szale lignite s t r i p mining and r e l a t e d power g e n e r a t I a n developmenl in a predominantly a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n of Poland h a s b r o u g h t important c h a n g e s l o t h e socioeconomic and n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e environment. This p a p e r reviews some problems r e l a t e d to long-brm consequences of t h e development mentioned.
The c a s e c o n s i d e r e d h e r e r e c e i v e d much attention in t e r m s of r e s e a r c h u n d e r t a k e n a n d executed. as well as in t e r m s of media c o v e r a g e . A s p e c i a l Field R e s e a r c h Station of Lhe l n s t i t u t e f o r Environmental Engineering, belonging t o t h e Polish Academy of Sciences. was c r e a t e d especially f o r Lhis c a s e . In view of t h e obviously systemic n a t u r e of problems a t hand. t h e Systems R e s e a r c h lnstitute w a s involved o v e r s e v e r a l y e a r s . Some of t h e r e s u l t s from t h e s t u d i e s performed a t t h e Systems R e s e a r c h Institute have a l r e a d y been p r e s e n t e d . a l s o t h r o u g h common undertakings with IIASA: s e e O w i f s k i and Holubowicz (1985). Owsinski and Zadrozny (1986). Owsinski (1986 a.b). and Owsifiski. J a k u b o w k i and S t r a s z a k (1956). The p r e s e n t p a p e r c o v e r s t h e subsequent analyses. in which many of t h e r e s u l t s o b b i n e d to d a t e will s e r v e to establish t h e s t a r t i n g point.
2.1 The general problem rtability and s u d a i ~ b i l i t y
A l a r g e - s c a l e development of finite Ume horizon
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a t most 50 lo 60 y e a r s with t h e anUcipatad level of intensity-
i s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o a relatively weakly developsd region. This gives rise lo a number of quesUons, r e l a t e d primarily t o Che s h o r t - t e r m and long-term stability of t h e regional ecological, social and rconomic t r a j e c t o r y . The quesUons of long-term stability of c o u r s e involve*In: k o l ~ f c o l Suxlatnabflfty f l R e g f o ~ 1 hwLopnunt. Proceedtngs of a Workmhop held In VI1- dun. U t h \ ~ n l a . USSR, 22-26 June 19117. L. Kalrtukstts. A. ~ u r a E a s , and A. S t r w i a k (Eda.). 1988, S y s t ~ l ~ Research 1rrslltut.a. PoUsh Academy of Sciences. Warmaw. Poland.
consideration of suslainability. 1n f a c t . one i s dealing with a clinical c a s e in which t h e s e two notions a r e c l w e l y interconnected.
Thus, if we consider a system Lo b e sustainable if i t continues o v e r a very long, pcssibly infinite, time, a predetermined nonzero value of some variable characLerizing i t , t h e n sustainability i s a s s u r e d by enhancing stability of t h e sys- tem, t h i s stability being defined with r e s p e c t to a p e r h a p otherwise perceived system
In t h e c a s e a t hand. s h o r t e r - t e r m c o n s i d e m U o n s r e f e r from necessity Lo s t a - bility of t h e regional system during t h e build-up and t h e n abaridonment p h a s e , t h e l a t t e r leads d i r e c t l y Lo t h e question of s u s h i n a b i l i t y : how to e n s u r e open-ended development of t h a living b a s i s of regional population? This question c o n c e r n s r e s o u r c e s , jobs, i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d environment.
The a r e a in question i s located in c e n t r a l Poland. I t f c h a r a c t e r i z e d by traditional family farming, with farm s i z e s typical of Poland, i.e., small, with pro- duction based upon r y e , p o t a t o e s and milk. Soils a r e light and precipitation i s low
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55 to 58 cm p e r y e a r . Agriculture, although l e s s intensive than in most of t h e surrounding a r e a s , provides, due to low urbanization of t h e region in ques- tion, important regional e x p o r t s and a n important s h a r e of jobs. The f o r e s t a r e a is slightly lower t h a n t h e national a v e r a g e . although i t i s somewhat h i g h e r t h a n t h i s a v e r a g e in t h e close vicinity of t h e s t r i p mine, and w o o d quality i s not too high.Industry is much l e s s developed t h a n in surrounding a r e a s . T h e r e a r e no Important u r b a n c e n t e r s and no university tradition. In f a c t . t h i s region was, but f o r a s h o r l p e r i c d . an underdeveloped p a r t of Poland throughout h ~ s t o r y , although in i t s geographical c e n t e r .
DelimitaWon of t h e a r e a considered i s defined by t h e influence of a l a r g e - s c a l e lignite s k i p mine and power g e n e r a t i o n r e l a t e d to i t . T h e r e are a number of such influences. environmental, economic and social. Some of them will be men- tioned l a t e r . Each of them c o v e r s a d i f f e r e n t geographical a r e a .
I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , convenient t o Lake c e r t a i n p r o x i e s in o r d e r Lo r e p r e s e n t t h e region. T h w , t h e maximum a r e a of t h e envisaged d r o p in g r o u n d v a t e r table, resulting from s t r i p mining, of a t l e a s t 1 m e t e r , as l o c a t e d against t h e regional administrative boundaries could b e used f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . This a r e a will be r e f e r r e d Lo as "groundwaLer c r a t e r . " The r e s t of t h e a r e a , in which a p p r o x i - mately 851 of t h e c r a t e r i s located. d o e s not d i f f e r substantially in i t s f e a t u r e s from Ule c r a t e r a r e a . Some of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s given a t t h e beginning of t h i s secUon a r e iIl\rrtrated with d a t a f o r t h e Piotrk6w region in Table 1 (Piotrk6w region may, f o r some purposes. b e a l s o taken as a p m x y f o r t h e ragion in ques- Uon).
When assessing t h e d a t a of Table 1, one shoald remember t h a t Poland i s a flat central-European country. relatively developed, with t h e most industrialized and densely populated a r e a s surrounding t h e Piotrk6w region.
Wlc 1 Some i n d i c a h r e l a t i n g Piotrokow region Lo Polish a v e r a g e s , a s of