1. Roger Cliff et al., “Entering the Dragon’s Lair: Chinese Anti-access Strategies and Their Implications for the United States,”
MG-524, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2007; Andrew F. Krepinevich et al., Meeting the Anti-Access and Area Denial Chal-lenge, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Analy-ses, 2003; Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China: Annual Report to Congress,” Washington, DC: Department of Defense, May 22, 2012, p. iv.
2. The official U.S. position is that neither is aimed at China.
Military technology in the missile age (and to a lesser and related extent, the development and proliferation of quiet diesel subma-rines) is a global phenomenon. Still, as seen in the General Nor-ton Schwartz and Admiral Jonathan Greenert discussion of ASB and in the bibliography to the JOAC, China possesses the military that most stresses these. General Norton A. Schwartz and Admi-ral Jonathan W. Greenert, “Air-Sea Battle: Promoting Stability in An Era of Uncertainty,” The American Interest, 2012. The JOAC paper is available from www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/JOAC_Jan%20 2012_Signed.pdf.
3. Dennis J. Blasko, The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century, New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 16.
4. AirSea Battle Office, Air-Sea Battle: Service Collaboration to Address Anti-Access and Area Denial Challenges, Washington, DC:
Department of Defense, May 2013, p. 2. See extensive discussion on A2/AD on pp. 2-4 of that report.
5. “Military and Security Developments Involving the Peo-ple’s Republic of China,” p. iv.
6. For more discussion on this, see Christopher P. Twomey,
“The Military-Security Relationship,” David L. Shambaugh, ed., Tangled Titans: The United States and China, Lanham, MD: Row-man & Littlefield, 2013.
7. Zhao Feipeng “Twenty Thousand Li [Chinese miles] on the Seas,” 中国青年报 (China Youth News), February 22, 2013 (CPP20130222787012). China has engaged in low level training (as low as 100 meters) with its B-6 bombers (old, but quite ca-pable of launching modern anti-ship cruise missiles). See CCTV-News channel coverage on November 3, 2012. For a broader discussion of these capabilities, see Nan Li, “The Evolution of China’s Naval Strategy and Capabilities: From ‘Near Coast’ and
‘Near Seas’ to ‘Far Seas’,” Philip Saunders, Christopher Yung, Mi-chael Swain and Andrew Yang, eds., The Chinese Navy: Expand-ing Capabilities, EvolvExpand-ing Roles, WashExpand-ington, DC: National Defense University, 2011.
8. Liu Hui, Li Xiao, Zhang Gang, and Wang Zhitao (刘晖，李 晓，张刚，王智涛): “海上利剑浪尖领舞－海军”石家庄”舰加强 全面建设纪实” (“A Sharp Sword at Sea Dances across the Crests of Waves—The Story of the Accelerating Comprehensive Con-struction of the Navy’s ‘Shijiazhuang’ Ship”), 人民海军 (People’s Navy), June 21, 2012. On the topic more generally, see Liu Yong-ming and Jin Zhenxing (刘永明，金振兴): “胡锦涛关于全面提高 以打赢信息化条件下局部战争能力为核心的完成多样化军事任务 能力重要论述研究” (“A Study of Hu Jintao’s Important Instruc-tions on Enhancing Capabilities in Accomplishing Diversified Military Tasks with Winning Local Wars under the Information-ized Conditions as the Core”), 中国军事科学 (China Military Sci-ence), Vol. 6, No. 120, 2011, pp. 5-6.
9. For more on the utility of such “ideological” homogene-ity regarding approaches to military operations, see Christopher P. Twomey, The Military Lens: Doctrinal Differences and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010, Chapter 2.
10. “Military and Security Developments Involving the Peo-ple’s Republic of China,” p. 21.
11. Cortez Cooper, “Joint Anti-Access Operations: China’s
‘System of System’ Approach,” Santa Monica, CA: RAND, January 2011 (CT356).
12. This is the case regardless of a variety of search syntax (furthermore, one of spare few results is a recycling of a piece
au-thored by Abe Denmark of NBR!). There are no references to “fan ganshe” or “fan jieru,” although such phrases are occasionally in-cluded in pinyin.
13. Books surveyed include Wang Jun, Yang Liuqing, eds.
(王军，杨柳青）: 信息化作战规律 (Rules of Informationalized Com-bat), 北京：国防大学出版社 (Beijing, China: National Defense University Publishing), 2006; Jiang Daohe and Liu Huimin, eds.
(姜道洪，刘会民), 作战协同概论 (Operational Coordination Con-cepts)，北京：国防大学出版社 (Beijing, China: NDU Publish-ing), 2004; Liu Xianyao et al. (刘显尧等著):信息战争 (Information War), 北京：解放军出版社 (Beijing, China: People’s Liberation Army Publishing), 1998; Wang Shiqiang, Gao Xinsheng, et al (王 士强高新生 等著)，中外海防发展比较研究 (Comparative Study of Chinese and Foreign Naval Defense)，北京: 军事科学出版社 (Beijing, China: Military Science Publishing Company)，2011; Ji Xueren, Zhu Jianxin, et. al. (纪学仁朱建新主编)，核化生防御战略问题研 究 (Research Questions in Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Defense Strategy), 北京：国防大学出版社 (Beijing, China: NDU Publish-ing), 2006; Dong Zifeng (董子峰), 战斗力生成模式装变 (The Chang-ing Means of ProducChang-ing War FightChang-ing Strength), 北京：军事科学出 版社 (Beijing, China: Academy of Military Science Press)，2010;
Liu Zhaozheng, editor (刘兆忠), 联合作战综合保障研究 (Summary of Integrated Support of Joint Operation), 北京：解放军出版社 (Bei-jing, China: People’s Liberation Army Publishing), 2011.
14. Anton L. Wishik II, “An Anti-Access Approximation: The PLA’s Active Strategic Counterattacks on Exterior Lines,” China Security, No. 19, 2011, pp. 37-48.
15. Ibid., p. 19.
16. In addition to the following citations, it simply pervades Chinese discussions about facing the United States, and in par-ticular, facing ASB and related concepts. For a lengthy discussion, see “Big Stick Being Wielded At China—Interpreting the New
‘Air-Sea Battle’ Operational Concept of the US Military,” 现代兵 器 (Modern Weaponry; a journal published by an industrial military research institute), August 2, 2011 (OSC: CPP20120418090004).
Also see the discussions in Timothy L. Thomas, The Dragon’s Quantum Leap: Transforming From a Mechanized to An Informatized Force, Foreign Military Studies Office, 2009).
17. Guan Lifeng, “Improving the Powerful Engine of System Operations Capabilities; Thoroughly Reviewing the Information Systems in Operational Systems,” PLA Daily, February 4, 2010, p.
10 (OSC: CPP20100205710003).
18. Kevin McCauley, “The PLA’s Three-Pronged Approach to Achieving Jointness in Command and Control,” China Brief, Vol.
12, No. 6, March 15, 2012.
19. Zhang Nenghua, Jie Lijun, and Wang Weiming, “Report-ers Visit the Field Training Site of a Communications Regiment of the General Staff Department (GSD) and Take a Closer Look at the New Landscape of ‘System of Systems’ Operations—Joint Train-ing: Today We Sit on the Mountain Top and Urge Tigers to Fight,”
PLA Daily, August 2, 2012, p. 2 (OSC: CPP20120802787022).
20. Dong Zifeng, 战斗力生成模式装变 (The Changing Means of Producing War Fighting Strength), p. 91.
21. Scott Kirsner, “The Legend of Bob Metcalfe,” Wired Maga-zine, Vol. 6, No. 11, November 1998. Metcalf had headed 3Com and helped pioneer the Internet.
22. William A. Owens, Admiral, USN, Ret., Lifting the Fog of War, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
23. Zhang Zhiwei, Qiao Zhongwei, and Shen Jianhua, （张志 伟,乔忠伟,沈建华）: “新型作战力量建设：引领陆军加速转型的核 心要素” (“Construction of New Combat Force: Leading the Army to Accelerate the Transformation of Core Elements”), 解放军报 (PLA Daily), March 3, 2012.
24. Li Xuanliang, Xin Shihong, and Yang Yunfang, “Mag-nificent Scroll for Scientific Development — Record of Actual Achievements Made in National Defense and Army Building during ‘11th Five-Year Program’,” PLA Daily, December 16, 2010 (OSC: CPP20110323090005). See also Kevin McCauley, “Sys-tem of Sys“Sys-tems Operational Capability: Key Supporting Con-cepts for Future Joint Operations,” China Brief, Vol. 12, No. 19, October 5, 2012.
25. Guan Lifeng, “Improving the Powerful Engine of System Operations Capabilities.”
26. Kevin McCauley, “The PLA’s Three-Pronged Approach.”
27. David Chen, “Examining the New Aircraft Carrier Through the PLA’s Revolution in “Organizational” Affairs,” Chi-na Brief, Vol. 12, No. 19, October 5, 2012.
28. McCauley, “The PLA’s Three-Pronged Approach.”
29. Jiang Daohong: “Deeply Study General Secretary Hu’s Important Speech on 1 July, Implement the Important Strate-gic Thinking of the Main Theme and the Main Line, Aim at the ‘Five Goals of Transformation’, Advance the Transforma-tion of Ground Force Building,” PLA Daily, July 14, 2011 (OSC:
CPP20110714787012).
30. Making a similar point, see Andrew S. Erickson and Mi-chael S. Chase, “Informationalization and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy, “ in Phillip Saunders, Christopher Yung, Michael Swaine, and Andrew Yang, eds., The Chinese Navy: Ex-panding Capabilities, Evolving Roles, Washington, DC: National De-fense University, 2011, pp. 267-272.
31. Wang Jun and Yang Liuqing, eds., 信息化作战规律 (Rules of Informationalized Combat), p. 145.
32. Sun Li Na (孙丽娜): “非对称战争经验再审视” (“Re-exam-ination of Asymmetric Warfare Experience”), 国外坦克 (Foreign Tank), No. 12, 2008; and Wang Dao Cheng (王道成): “点评’三非’ 作战” (“Commentary on the Non-contact, Non-linear, and Non Symmetric/Asymmetric Warfare”), 国防科技 (National Defense Science & Technology), No. 5, 2003, pp. 69-71.
33. Kevin McCauley, “Developing a Framework for PLA Pre-cision Operations,” China Brief, Vol. 12, No. 13, July 6, 2012.
34. Liu Zhaozheng, ed., 联合作战综合保障研究 (Summary of Integrated Support of Joint Operation), p. 165-166.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Miao Xin Xu, Wang Zhi Hua, and Chen Xin Jian (苗新旭, 王治华, 陈新建): “非线式作战与空军财务保障准备” (“Non-linear Warfare and Financial Protection for Air Force Preparedness”), 军 事经济研究 (Military and Economic Research), No. 2, 2010, pp. 73-74.
38. Yang Hongjiang, Ling Shengyin, and Cao Bing: “Improve the Ability and Quality of Being Brave and Skillful in Battle”), PLA Daily, February 20, 2007 (OSC: CPP20070220705012).
39. Miao Xin Xu, Wang Zhi Hua, and Chen Xin Jian (苗新旭, 王治华, 陈新建): “非线式作战与空军财务保障准备” (“Non-linear Warfare and Financial Protection for Air Force Preparedness”), 军 事经济研究 (Military and Economic Research), No. 2, 2010, pp. 73-74.
40. For the best discussion, see John J. W. Lewis and Xue Litai, China’s Strategic Seapower: The Politics of Force Modernization in the Nuclear Age, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994.
41. Zuo Liping (左李平), 国家海上威慑论 (The Theory of Na-tional Maritime Deterrence), 北京：时事出版社 (Beijing, China:
Times Publishing), 2012, p. 63. Although the press is not particu-larly authoritative, the author is a naval officer and graduate of the PLA’s Academy of Military Science.
42. Ibid, p. 78.
43. Dou Chao (窦超), “强者的[大棒] 弱者的[杀手锏]—’三非’ 作战与我军建设” (“Noncontact, Nonsymmetric, Nonlinear Op-erations and Our Army Countermeasure”), 舰载武器 (Shipborne Weapons), November 2009, pp. 74-75.
44. Wang Xiaohua (王孝华): “从空袭看美军非对称作战” (“A Study of American Asymmetric Warfare from the Perspec-tive of Air Raids”), 现代军事 (Modern Military Affairs), January 2000, pp. 15-16.
45. “JFJB Looks at Functions Integration From Downing of US Chinook Copter,” PLA Daily, September 8, 2011, p. 12 (OSC:
CPP20110913088001).
46. On the challenging requirements to manage this kill chain, see Owen R. Cote, Jr., “Assessing the Undersea Balance Between the United States and China,” Thomas G Mahnken, ed., Competi-tive Strategies for the 21st Century: Theory, History, and Practice, 2012.
47. Dou Chao (窦超), “强者的[大棒] 弱者的[杀手锏]—’三非’ 作战与我军建设” (“Noncontact, Nonsymmetric, Nonlinear Op-erations and Our Army Countermeasure”), 舰载武器 (Shipborne Weapons), November 2009, pp. 7475. This is a nonmilitary affili-ated publication, although the work unit is a state owned, mili-tary ship building firm.
48. In addition to the above citation, see Zhan Yu (战玉) “一体 化联合作战理论探要” (“Explorations on the Theory of Integrated Joint Operations”), 中国军事科学 (Chinese Military Science), No. 6, 2007, pp. 11-20.
49. See Hu Jintao speech to PLA, July 2011.
50. Selected other years are listed below; beyond that time period further research is required, but in the incomplete Open Source Center database, several hundred articles a year contin-ue to mention the term to date. Data below taken from full text searches of the Jiefangjun Bao collection in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI).
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Mentions 245 400 736 1,148 363
51. Zhang Yanzhong and Wu Xu, “Chen Bingde at Confer-ence on General Staff Department Grassroots Construction Work Stresses: Conscientiously Study, Implement the Spirit of Gener-al Secretary Hu’s Important Speech, Work Hard To Raise GSD Grassroots Construction to a New Level,” PLA Daily, August 1, 2012 (OSC: CPP20120801787007); staff commentator, “Attain a New Realm in Keeping the Firm Ideal and Conviction—Deeply Study and Implement General Secretary Hu’s ‘7.23’ Important Speech,” PLA Daily, October 5, 2012 (OSC: CPP20121005704001);
and staff commentator, “Making New Gains in Deepening Com-prehension—Deepening Study and Implementation of the Impor-tant ‘23 July’ Speech by Secretary General Hu,” PLA Daily, Sep-tember 30, 2012 (OSC: CPP20121003718001).
52. “从体制内容方法上求变革—二谈大力推进新世纪新阶段 海军军事训练创新发展” (“Make Changes to the Training Mecha-nisms, Contents, and Methods—Second on Promoting the Inno-vation and Development of Military Training in the Navy in the New Stage of the New Century”), 人民海军 (People’s Navy), July 28, 2006, p. 1.
53. Center for the Study of the Theory System of Social-ism with Chinese Characteristics at the National Defense Uni-versity: “Promote the Scientific Development of PLA Build-ing From a New StartBuild-ing Point,” PLA Daily, July 30, 2012 (OSC:
CPP20120730787008).
54. Editorial Department: “Accelerating the Promotion of In-formatization—Discussing the Necessary Route for Accelerating the Transformation of the Combat Capability Production Model,”
PLA Daily, May 10, 2011 (CPP20110510787009).
55. Liu Yongming and Jin Zhenxing, (刘永明，金振兴) “胡锦 涛关于全面提高以打赢信息化条件下局部战争能力为核心的完成 多样化军事任务能力重要论述研究” (“A Study of Hu Jintao’s Im-portant Instructions on Enhancing Capabilities in Accomplishing Diversified Military Tasks with Winning Local Wars under the Informationized Conditions as the Core”), p. 5.
56. Shi Qingren and Li Wenbo (释清仁，李文波): “胡锦涛关 于军队现代化建设重要论述研要” (“A Study of Hu Jintao’s Impor-tant Instructions on the Modernization of the Armed Forces”), 中 国军事科学 (China Military Science), Vol. 6, No. 120, 2011, pp. 26-31. Jiang Daohong: “Deeply Study General Secretary Hu’s Impor-tant Speech on 1 July, Implement the ImporImpor-tant Strategic Think-ing of the Main Theme and the Main Line, Aim at the ‘Five Goals of Transformation’, Advance the Transformation of Ground Force Building,” PLA Daily, July 14, 2011 (OSC: CPP20110714787012).
57. Zhang Shude, Dong Qiangqiang, and Zhao Weibo (张树 德，董嫱嫱，赵韦博): “胡锦涛关于军事改革创新重要论述研究”
(“A Study of Hu Jintao’s Thinking on Military Reform and In-novation”),中国军事科学 (China Military Science), Vol. 6, No. 120, 2011, pp. 18-25. The lead author is a Vice Political Commissar at the Dalian Naval Academy holding the rank of Senior Captain in the PLAN. Shang Jinsuo, Li Zhen, Li Liguang, and Wang
Ping-ping (尚金锁，李振，李黎光，王平平): “‘新世纪新阶段人民空军 建设发展的科学理论指南’—学习胡锦涛关于空军建设的重要论 述” (“‘A Scientific Theoretical Guide for the Development of the People’s Air Force in the New Stage in the New Century’—Study-ing Hu Jintao’s Important Instructions on Air Force BuildCentury’—Study-ing”), 中 国军事科学 (China Military Science), Vol. 6, No. 114, 2010, pp. 9-16.
58. Dennis J. Blasko, “‘Technology Determines Tactics’: The Relationship Between Technology and Doctrine in Chinese Mili-tary Thinking,” The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, June 6, 2011, pp. 355–381.
59. Eric A. McVadon, “China’s Navy Today: Looking Toward Blue Water,” Andrew Erickson, Lyle J. Goldstein, and Carnes Lord, eds., China Goes to Sea: Maritime Transformation in Compara-tive Historical PerspecCompara-tive, Washington, DC: Naval Institute Press, 2012 p. 387.
60. Major General Tian Bingren, political commissar, Nanjing Army Command College: “The Scientific Development of the Historical Mission of Our Army in the New Phase of the New Century,” 中国军事科学(China Military Science), October 1, 2007 (OSC: CPP20080123325001).
61. Jiang Daohong: “Deeply Study General Secretary Hu’s Important Speech on 1 July, Implement the Important Strate-gic Thinking of the Main Theme and the Main Line, Aim at the
‘Five Goals of Transformation’, Advance the Transformation of Ground Force Building,” PLA Daily, July 14, 2011, p. 10 (OSC:
CPP20110714787012).
62. It will be interesting to see how discussions of the carrier develop in this regard.
63. John Keegan, The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare, New York: Viking, 1989.
64. On the latter, see “The Diversified Employment of Chi-na’s Armed Forces,” ChiChi-na’s National Defense in 2012, White Pa-per, Beijing, China: The Information Office of the State Council, April, 2013.
65. Thomas J. Bickford with Heidi A. Holz and Frederic Vel-lucci, Jr., “Uncertain Waters: Thinking About China’s Emergence as a Maritime Power,” CRM D0025813.A1/Final, Washington, DC: Center for Naval Analyses, September, 2011, pp. 29-30. See also “Fifth Stroll Around the World Expo—A Blue Water Navy:
Imaginings in the World Expo Garden,” Dangdai Haijun (Modern Navy), August 1, 2010, p. 28 (CPP20100928090014).
66. Yan Xin and Sun Qiangyin (阎新,孙强银): “着眼机动制 权，注重全域攻防战法设计” (“Focus on Freedom of Mobility, Focus on the Design of Global Attack and Defense Combat Meth-ods”), 解放军报 (PLA Daily), April 9, 2013.
67. See also “Management of the Sea in the 21st Century:
Whither the Chinese Navy?” 当代海军 (Modern Navy) June 1, 2007, pp. 6-9 (CPP20070628436012).
68. For an American naval strategist making this point, see Jeffrey Kline and Wayne Hughes, “Between Peace and the Air-Sea Battle: A War at Sea Strategy,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 65, No. 4, Autumn 2012.
69. Andrew Scobell, David Lai, and Roy Kamphausen, eds., Chinese Lessons From Other Peoples’ Wars, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2011.
CHAPTER 5