.1 TYPICAL CARD SYSTEM; CONFIGURATION I
Deviations from Standard Configurations: . . . no index registers.
card reader is 20% slower.
card punch is 33% faster.
Equipment
Core Storage: 9,600 char.
B 263 Central Processor and Console
Card Reader:
800 cards/min.
Card Punch:
300 cards/min.
Line Printer:
1040 lines/min.
TOTAL RENTAL:
Note: A typical card system that uses slower peripheral devices (200-cpm reader, 100-cpm punch, and 475-lpm printer) and the B 100 Series 10-microsecond central processor (with only 4,800 positions of core storage) rents for $2,510 per month.
© 1965 AUERBACH Corporation and AUERBACH Info, Inc.
201:031;100
Rental
$ 550
1,600
400
650 1,325
$4,525
6/65
.2 4-TAPE BUSINESS SYSTEM; CONFIGURATION II
Deviations from standard Configuration: . • • • • • . . • • . • • magnetic tape is 60% faster.
Equipment
Core Storage: 9,600 char.
B 283 Central Processor and Console (tape and disk file capabilities are included)
Card Reader:
475 cards/min.
Card Punch:
100 cards/min.
Line Printer:
475 lines/min.
Magnetic Tape Units (4):
24,000 char/sec.
TOTAL RENTAL:
Rental
$ 550
1,785
320 450
810
$5,895 Note: If this same configuration is used with a B 10D Series 10-microsecond central processor
(providing only 4, 800 positions of core storage), the monthly rental is $4,590.
(Contd.)
\
'"
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
.3 6-TAPE BUSINESS SYSTEM; CONFIGURATION III Deviations from Standard Configuration:
201 :031.300
. . . . no index registers.
console typewriter input is included.
magnetic tape is up to 67% faster.
Equipment
Core Storage: 19,200 char.
B 283 Central Processor and Console (tape and disc file capabilities are included)
Card Reader:
475 cards/min.
Card Punch:
100 cards/min.
Line Printer:
475 lines/min.
Magnetic Tape Units (6):
18,000 or 50,000 char/sec.
Supervisory Printer TOTAL RENTAL:
Rental
$ 875 1,785
320
450
810
4,200 400
$8,840 Note: A similar configuration connected to the B 300 Series Central Processor and using high-speed peripheral
devices rents for $10,070 per month. This price includes a 1400-cpm card reader, 300-cpm card punch, 1040-lpm line printer, and six 72 KC magnetic tape units with a recording density of 800 bpi.
©
1965 AUERBACH Corporation and AUERBACH Info, Inc. 6/656/65
.4 6-TAPE AUXILIARY STORAGE SYSTEM; CONFIGURATION V
Deviations from Standard Configuration: . . . • . . . magnetic tape is up to 67% faster.
no index registers.
console typewriter input is included.
Equipment
Disk FUe Storage Unit:
9,600,000 char . . Disk File Storage Module:
9,600,000 char.
Disk File Control Unit and Adapter
Core Storage:
19,200 char.
B 283 Central Processor and . Console (tape and disc file
capabUities are included)
Card Reader:
475 cards/min.
Card Punch:
100 cards/min.
Line Printer:
475 lines/min.
Magnetic Tape Units (6):
18,000 or 50,000 char/sec.
Supervisory Printer TOTAL RENTAL:
Rental
$1,700 990
730 875 1,785
320
450 810
4,200 400
$12,260
(Contd.)
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 201 :031.500 .5 SPECIAL CONFIGURATION FOR UNIT RECORD HANDLING
Core Storage: 4,800 char.
VRC Central Processor and Console
Card Reader: 200 cards/min.
Record Processor
B 102 MICR Sorter-Reader:
1,565 items/min.
TOTAL RENTAL:
©
1965 AUERBACH Corporation and AUERBACH Info, Inc.$4,400 per month (special VRC System package).
6/65
.6 SPECIAL CONFIGURATION FOR PROOF-TRANSIT OPERATIONS Equipment Core Storage:
4,800 char.
(included in price of Processor) B 270 10-microsecond
Central Processor and Console (tape and MICR capabilities included).
Card Reader:
200 cards/min.
Card Punch:
100 cards/min.
Multiple Tape Lister:
1, 565 lines/min.
Magnetic Tape Units (6):
18,000 or 50,000 char/sec.
B.103 MICR Sorter-Reader without endorser:
1, 565 items/min.
TOTAL RENTAL:
Rental
$ 1,650
220
450
1,600 4,200
2,000
$10,l20.
'"
Burroughs B 1001200/300 Series Internal StorageCore Storage
INTERNAL STORAGE: CORE STORAGE
GENERAL
Magnetic core storage for the B 100/200/300 Series is available in storage capacities of 4, 800, 9, 600, and 19, 200 alphameric characters. Each character position is individually addressable and consists of seven bits, six for data and one for odd parity.
Every system in the series can ftinction with the basic 4,800 positions of core storage, but the addi-tion of successive modules of 4,800 and 9,600 char-acters is possible only in the B 263, B 273, B 283, and B 300 Systems. Memory cycle time is either ten microseconds (B 100, VRC, B 260, B 270, B 280) or six microseconds (B 263, B 273, B 283, B 300), providing potential transfer rates of 100,000 or 166,000 characters per second, re-spectively.
Storage positions are referenced by three-character addresses. The most significant character desig-nates one of 40 sections within a 4, 800-character block of storage, the mid-order character of the address specifies one of ten fields within the sec-tion, and the least significant character indicates the character position (1-12) within the data field.
Zone bits over the ten's position of the address reference one of the four possible 4, 800-character logical blocks.
Storage Medium: magnetic core .
Storage Phenomenon: direction of magnetization . Recording Permanence
Access Technique: .. coincident current.
Potential Transfer Rates Peak Data Rates
-Unit of data: _ . . . . Cycle rate:
Conversion factor: • Data rate: . . . .
character.
see Table I.
7 bits per character.
see Table I.
TABLE I: B 100/200/300 SERIES CORE STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS B 100, VRC, B 260, B 263, B 273,
Processor Model B 270, B 280 B 283, B 300
Potential cycle and data rate,
char/sec 100,000 166,000
Available capacities, characters' 4,800 4,800,9,600 19,200 Uniform access and cycle time,
microseconds 10 6
Effective transfer rate,
char/sec 48,000 80,000
© 1965 AUERBACH Corporation and AUERBACH Info, Inc. 6/65
.3 DATA CAPACITY . 31 Module and System Sizes
Minimum Storage Maximum Storage Characters:
Instructions:
Modules:
4,800 400 1
19,200 1,600 3 .32 Rules for Combining
Modules: . • . . • • see Table I for available capacities.
.4 CONTROLLER: . no separate controller.
. 5 ACCESS TIMING
.53 Access Time Parameters and Variations .531 For data unit of 1
character: . . • • . . see Table I.
.6 CHANGEABLE
STORAGE: . -. . . .. none . .7 STORAGE PERFORMANCE
.72. Transfer Load Size:. 1 to 132 characters.
.73 Effective Transfer .8
Rate: • . . . • • •. see Table I.
ERROR, CHECKS AND ACTION
Invalid address:
Receipt of data:
Dispatch of data:
Invalid character:
Recovery of data:
Check or Interlock none.
none.
send parity bit.
all valid.
parity check Recording of data: record parity bit.
Action
stop computer;
alarm.
(
i
\ \
"----.1 GENERAL .11 Identity: ..
201:042.100 Burroughs B 100/200/300 Series Internal Storage
Disk File System INTERNAL STORAGE: DISK FILE SYSTEM
. B 450 Disk File and Data Communication Basic Control.
B 247 Disk File Control Unit.
B 451 Disk File Expanded Control Unit.
B 471 Disk File Electronics Unit.
B 475 Disk File Storage Module.
age capacity per system, therefore, is 480 million alphameric characters. Multiple processors and/
or more than five B 475 storage modules are con-trolled by the B 451 Disk File Expanded Control Unit. Table I shows the potential Disk File System sizes with the corresponding configuration de-mands.
The following is a breakdown of the storage capa-cities of the Disk System components:
• Segment - can be 96, 240, or 480 characters in size, as specified during manufacture.
. 12 Basic Use: .. . . auxiliary storage. • Data track - can store 24,000 alphameric characters (250, 100, or 50 segments, de-pending on segment size) .
. 13 Description
The Burroughs Disk File System is a large-capacity random access storage facility available forusewith the B 263, B 273, B 283, andB 300 sys-tems. The Disk File features a fast average ac"':
cess time of 20 milliseconds, high-density record-ing, high reliability through elimination of movable access arms, and capabilities for shared usage by multiple processors.
The B 450 Disk File and Data Communications Basic Control serves as an interface between up to two processors and the Disk File System (a maxi-mum of four processors can access the same mass storage). Each B 471 Disk File Electronics Unit can have 1 to 5 four-disk modules, each con-taining 9.6 million* character locations. From 1 to 10 Electronics Units can be connected to the B 247 Disk File Control Unit. The maximum
stor-*Module capacity can be increased to 14.4 million packed decimal digits through use of the B 300 optional Data Compress instruction (see Instruction List, Section 201:121).
• Disc face - has 50 data tracks (2 faces per disc).
• Module - has 4 vertically-mounted diSCS, on one horizontal shaft.
• Electronics Unit - can contain 1 to 5 modules.
• Control Unit - can control 1 to 10 Electron-ics Units.
• Disc System - can have one control unit per processor.
Each physical track has a fixed read-write head.
Since.positioning time is eliminated, access time is a function of the rotation time. The time for the rotation of a disc record is 40 milliseconds, so access to each record will take from 0 to 40 milliseconds, or an average of 20 milliseconds.
One case where the average access time is greater than 20 milliseconds is updating a record. This takes two references (to read the original record and then rewrite the updated version), but the TABLE I: CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS FOR DISK FILE SYSTEMS
B 475 Disk File Storage Modules (9.6 million char/u:odule)
1 to 5 Modules 6 to 25 Modules 26 to 50 Modules
Number of Processors 1 Processor 2 Processors 3 Processors lA, lB, lD lA, 2B, lC, lD 2A, 3B, lC, lD lA, lB, lC, 2-5D lA, 2B, lC, 2-5D 2A, 3B, lC, 2-5D lA, lB, 2C, 6-l0D lA, 2B, 2C, 6-l0D 2A, 3B, 2C, 6-l0D
Key to TABLE I:
A - B 450 Disk File and Data Communications Basic Control.
B - B 247 Disk File Control Unit.
C - B 451 Disk File Expanded Control Unit.
D - B 471 Disk File Electronics Unit.
© 1965 AUERBACH Corporation and AUERBACH Info, Inc.
4 Processors 2A, 4B, lC, lD 2A, 4B, lC, 2-5D 2A, 4B, 2C, 6-l0D
6/65
.13 Description (Contd.)
second reference is not a random reference and will often cost almost a full revolution (40 milli-seconds). Thus, the average reference time for file maintenance applications will be about 30 mil-liseconds.
Average data transfer rate is 100,000 characters per second. Data transfers are executed as eight-character words which are assembled in the con-troller. Up to 10 segments can be transferred by one instruction (a maximum of 4,800 characters).
The method of addressing the Disk File Control Unit is by a 7-character address. One character designates the storage unit and six characters designate the segment address. Segment addresses are assigned starting at some point on the initial disc surface of the first module and continuing in direct sequential order. There is a positive check on the address itself. No timing synchronization between different modules is pOSSible; this prevents attempts to optimize programming by minimizing disc latency.
A "multiple character check" is produced in the control circuitry and recorded with each 48-bit data word. These codes are always checked auto-matically upon reading data from the disc; they can also be examined by a programmed read-back operation after recording. The checking procedure does not compare the original data with the record-ed data but merely regenerates and examines the check code associated with the recorded data.
Burroughs Corporation does not appear to rely heavily on this programmed read-after-write check, pointing out the reliability of head-per-track switch-ing. They also point out the cost in time of such checking (it can reduce effective speeds by two-thirds), and instead recommend a simultaneous tape write-out of the data.
Disk File programming is facilitated by a compact and comprehensive set of three basic instructions:
Read, Record, and Interrogate. The Interrogate instruction checks the conditions of controller readiness, data transfer error, and Disk File ad-dress validity.
When multiple processors access the same Elec-tronics Unit, one processor is serviced while the others wait. Consecutive references to the same record are possible and must be regulated accord-ing to individual installation requirements.
A number of physical precautions are taken to safeguard the information on the discs.
• The head design is such that if the heads approach the disc too closely, a fail-safe technique moves the heads away and switches the unit off.
• Each individual disc has its own manual lock-out circuits which can prevent it from being written upon, while allowing reference to be made to its contents.
• The heads are embedded in a soft material so that the disc will not be damaged if con-tact is made with the disc.
. 15 First Delivery: . third quarter of 1964.
.16 Reserved Storage: none (but write lockout) switches are provided for each individual disc).
.2 PHYSICAL FORM
.21 Storage Medium: multiple magnetic discs.
.22 Physical Dimensions .222 Disc
Diameter: 26.5 inches.
Thickness or length: 0.125 inch.
Number on shaft: 4 (shaft is horizontal).
. 23 Storage Phenomenon: . direction of magnetization.
.24 Recording Permanence .241 Data erasable by
instructions: yes.
.242 Data regenerated
con-stantly: no.
. 243 Data volatile: . no.
.244 Data permanent: no.
.245 Storage changeable: no.
.25 Data Volume 2er Band of 1 Track .27 Interleaving Levels:
.28 Access Techniques .281 Recording method: .
every track on each disc surface has an individual fixed head.
Description of stage: wait for selected segment for reading or recording.
Possible start ing
stage: . . . . uniform.
· 29 Potential Transfer Rates
· 291 Peak bit rates-Cycling rates:
Bit rate per track:
· 292 Peak data rates
INTERNAL STORAGE: DISK FILE SYSTEM Elec-tronics Units may be con-nected to the control unit;
one 4-disc module is in-cluded in each Electron ics Unit; up to 4 addi-tional modules can be connected to an Electron-ics Unit.
· 442 Input-output area:
.443 Input-output area acc,ess:
· 444 Input-output area lockout: . . . . 445 Synchronization: . . .446 Synchronizing aids:
. 447 Table control: . . . .448 Testable conditions:
· 5 ACCESS TIMING Stacks that can access
any particular
9,600,000 per module.
. 52 Simultaneous
Operations: only one disc file operation at a time is permitted.
.53 Access Time Parameters and Variations .532 Variation in access
time-Stage Variation Average
Positioning: 0 '0.
. 7 AUXILIARY STORAGE PERFORMANCE . 72 Transfer Load Size
With core storage: 1 to 10 segments; number of segments is selected by program.
. 73 Effective Transfer Rate
.8
With core storage: 62,000 char/sec.
ERRORS, CHECKS AND ACTION Error
error indicator set, operation terminated indicator set,
opera-tion terminated, no data transferred .
indicator set, opera-tion terminated.
Identity: B 475 Disk B 471 Disk B 450 Disk File Electronics File
Sub-Disks: 0
201 :051.1 00 Burroughs B 1001200/300 Series Central Processor
10.Microsecond Cycle Time CENTRAL PROCESSOR: B 1001200 (lO.MICROSECOND CYCLE TIME)
.1 GENERAL
The B 200 Series Central Processor, first produced by Burroughs in 1961, still forms the basis of the entire B 100/200/300 Series of computer systems.
It functions in its original form in the VRC, the entire B 100 Series, and the B 260, B 270, and B 280 systems. The improved and enlarged ver-sion, currently available in the B263, B 273, B 283, and B 300 systems, is treated on page 201:052.100.
The Basic B 200 Series Processor is a three-address, character-oriented processor containing core storage facilities, an arithmetic and control unit, input-output buffer areas, and an integrated console. The arithmetic and logical capabilities of the various B 200 Series Processors are essenti-ally the same; they differ, however, in the con-figurations of peripheral equipment and optional features that can be attached, as shown in the Sys-tem Configuration chart (page 201:031. 001). The B 100 Processor is offered with somewhat less peripheral flexibility than the B 200, but at a sub-stantially reduced price (see the Price Data section, page 201:221.101).
Core storage capacity in the original line of B 200 Processors is fixed at 4, 800 alphameric characters.
Each character position is individually addressable.
The core storage cycle time is 10 microseconds both for instructions and data. Instructions have a fixed length of 12 characters each, whereas data fields can be of variable length.
Due largely to the three-address command struc-ture, the instruction repertoire contains good decimal arithmetic, comparison, and editing capabilities. The lengths of the operands can vary from 1 to 12 characters and are specified in the instructions themselves. An address modification instruction, available in all systems except the B 100 Series and the VRC, can increment one 3-character address. Index registers and indirect addressing, however, are not provided in any of the B 100/200/300 Series processors. Another shortcoming, with regard to real-time operations, is the lack of automatic interrupt facilities.
However, the capability to test all peripherals for busy status is optional with the B 300 Processor;
see Paragraph 201:052.12.
The B 100 Series Processor, economy version of the original B 200 Line, restricts the control of input-output devices to one card reader (minus a busy- test option), one printer (700 lines per minute maximum), and six B 423 Magnetic Tape Units (24,000 characters per second data transfer rate).
Standard card punches and MICR sorter-readers can also be connected according to the configuration rules on page 201:031. 001.
Availability: . • . . . immediate.
First Delivery: . • • . . July, 1962 . PROCESSING FACILITIES Operations and Operands
Oj2eration Provision Radix and Variation
Fixed point
-Add-subtract: automatic decimal Multiply
-Short: none.
Long: automatic decimal Divide
-No remainder: none.
Remainder: automatic decimal Size
• 217 Edit format
Provision Comment Size none.
Notes: 1. Special character insertion ends at decimal point.
• 221 Negative numbers: ••• absolute value with sign in zone bits.
.222 Zero: ••• , • • . . • • . • positive except in some multiply or divide results;
treated as equal in branch tests .
• 223 Operand size
determination: •••.. counter, set by instructions.
• 23 Instruction Formats
.231 Instruction structure: . 12 characters.
• 232 Instruction layout:
Part: 0 M N AAA BBB CCC or device control.
3
.236 Directly addressed
operands: • • • . • . . • 1 to 12 characters; from anywhere in core storage.
.237 Address indexing: .•• none.
.238 Indirect addressing: •• none.
.239 Stepping: • . • • • • • . . none.
.24 Special Processor
Storage: ••••••••• 2 80-character input buffer areas.
1 80-character output buffer area.
SEQUENCE CONTROL FEATURES Instruction Sequencing: sequential.
Look-Ahead: ••.•••• none • Interruption: .•••.•• none • Multiprogramming: •• none • Multi-sequencing: .•• none • .4 PROCESSOR SPEEDS
.41 Instruction Times in Microseconds .411 Fixed point
-Add-subtract: .•••• 40 + 130 D, where D is operand length in digits.
Multiply: .••••••• 30 + 60D + 210D2.
Divide: . . . • • 600D2 - 110D - 470.
.413 Additional allowance for
.42 Processor Performance in Microseconds .421
.422
,423
For random addresses
-c
=
a + b: .••.•••• 40 + 130D .Branch based on comparison
-Numeric data: ••.• 720 + 200C.
Alphabetic data: ..• 720 + 200C.
(Contd.)
CENTRAL PROCESSOR: B 100/200 (lO-MICROSECOND CYCLE TIME) 201:051.424
.424 Switching- .5 ERRORS, CHECKS, AND ACTION
Unchecked: .•.•••• 410.
Checked: .•••.••• 760.
List search: .•••.• 450 + lOON.
.425 Format control, per character
-Unpack: .••••••• 31.
Compose: .•••••. 65.
.426 Table look-up, per comparison
-For a match: . • . . . 240 + 100C.
For least or
greatest: . . . 520 + 100C.
For interpolation
point: . . . 240 + 100C.
.427 Bit indicators --Set bit in separate
location: . . . 120.
Test bit in separate location: . . . 140.
Test AND for B bits: 170B.
Test OR for B bits: . 30 + 134B •
• 428 Moving: . . • . . . 40 + 80C for VRC system.
100 + 20C for B 260, B 270, and B 280 systems.
Error Overflow:
Zero divisor:
Invalid data:
Invalid operation:
Arithmetic error:
Invalid address:
Receipt of data:
Dispatch of data:
Divisor and dividend same length:
Improper significant digits in dividing:
Processing of data:
©
1965 AUERBACH Corporation and AUERBACH Info, Inc.Check or Interlock none.
check check none.
none.
none.
parity check none.
check check parity check
Action
quotient set to zero.
haIt, alarm.
haIt, alarm.
haIt. alarm quotient set to
zero.
halt. alarm.
6/65
Burroughs B 100/200/300 Series Central Processor
6-Microsecond Cycle Time
CENTRAL PROCESSOR: B 200/300 (6-MICROSECOND CYCLE TIME) .1
The B 200/300 Central Processor offers higher internal speed and more core storage than the original B 200 Processor described on page 201:051.100. The upgraded model, featuring a core storage cycle time of six microseconds, is used in the B 263, B 273, B 283, and B 300 Series systems. Core storage capacity can be increased from the series base of 4,800 3J.phameric characters to either 9,600 or 19,200 characters.
The internal design and functional capabilities of the B 100/200 Central Processor are repeated in the more comprehensive B 200/300 Series Processor.
Provisions have been added to control a random access Disk File System, data communications network paper tape reader and punch, supervisory printer, high-speed card reader (1,400 cpm), and high-speed magnetic tape units (66 KC). Features optionally available for this line of processors . include a combination Transfer and Branch
instruc-tion, selective stacking with the B 304 Card Punch, 132-print-position control with the B 325 and B 329 Line Printers, and a Card Reader Early Release device. The latter option frees the Processor immediately after the 80th card column is read into the buffer area.
Incr-easing the level of B 200 Central Processor design one step further, Burroughs has developed the B 300 Processor. This is a single processor model designed to serve the entire B 300 Series.
The unique concept introduced in the B 300 Pro-cessor is the use of optional Input-Output Control Modules for each peripheral unit connected (card reader, punch, and line printer are the only exceptions). In effect, every B 300 Central Pro-cessor will be custom-designed according to individual installation requirements.
Similarly, optional Processor Command Modules can be added whenever certain instructions are desired. The Command Modules, available for the B 300 Processor exclusively, can control the following instructions:
• Transfer and Translate: Permits translation of any 6-bit code to any other code of up to 12 bits. This is accomplished through the use of translation tables, which utilize from 92 to 184 characters of core storage.
• Unit Interrogate: Tests the status of all per-ipheral devices and initiates further program control upon detection of not-readiness, busy status, or error condition. The line printers are regarded as not busy when spacing or skipping; hence, the processor must wait for paper motion to cease.
.14
. 13 .2 .21
.211
• Data Compress: Packs three numeric digits into the space normally occupied by two alpha-meric characters. The Data Expand instruc-tion (included in this Command Module) per-forms the converse function. Through the use of the Data Compress command, the storage capacity of both magnetic tape reels and Disk Files can be increased by up to 50%, assuming all-numeric data.
•. Binary Card Read: Reads the contents of a punched card and stores in memory the 160-character binary card image. This instruction permits reading any card code (including pure column binary), with the necessary translation being performed by the stored program.
• Binary Card Punch: Punches binary card images from core storage. (Neither Binary Read nor
• Binary Card Punch: Punches binary card images from core storage. (Neither Binary Read nor