162
Table 24: Literature review of ex-post multi-criteria analysis of energy system scenarios. LCI = life-cycle inventory, MCDA = Multi-criteria Decision Anal-ysis.
Study Scope Energy system
model Scenarios Indicators LCI database MCDA method
Atilgan and Azapagic, 2016
Shmelev and van den Bergh, 2016
[119] Electricity
UK 2050
MARKAL 7 scenarios 8 indicators indicator values from
liter-ature APIS
163
no model 4 scenarios 12 indicators
total cost assessment
Own MILP 5 scenarios 13 indicators - value
measure-ment methods Streimikiene and Balezentis, 2013
[31] Energy
Lithuania 2012/2020
MESSAGE 7 scenarios 12 indicators - MULTIMOORA
Sheinbaum-Pardo, Ruiz-Mendoza et
(cur-rent system) 6 scenarios 4 environment 1 security of supply
164
Table 25: Literature review of energy system scenario analysis with life-cycle assessment-based indicators. LCI = Life-cycle inventory, LCIA = Life-cycle Impact Assessment
Study Scope System model &
Scenarios LCI database Prospective approach LCIA
Double-counting
literature not mentioned GHG emissions not mentioned
Sokka et al.,
expert interviews not mentioned 14 impact categories
6 further categories not mentioned
Garcia-Gusano
ecoinvent electricity mixes IMPACT 2002+ CC IMPACT 2002+ EQ
electricity mixes 12 impacts (based on CML
meth-odology) not mentioned
continues on the next page
165
data ecoinvent none (historic
as-sessment) ILCD recommended
data ecoinvent none (historic
as-sessment) ReCiPe midpoints
data ecoinvent none (historic
as-sessment) GWP not mentioned
Portugal Pereira
SimaPro) not mentioned EcoIndicator 99
single-score indicator not mentioned
fuel consumption 25 emissions categories CO2
166
Table 26: Literature review for external cost analysis of energy system scenarios
Study Scope System model Scenarios Indicators Modelling of
emis-sions Source of external costs Streimikiene, 2017
(6 LAP) Direct emissions Data from Streimikiene and Alisauskaite-Seskiene 2014
(2 LAP, 1 GHG) Life-cycle assessment Data from LIME Rentizelas and
program-ming model 2 scenarios 6 pollutants
(5 LAP, 1 GHG) Life cycle assessment Data from NEEDS 2009 Shih and Tseng,
model 2 scenarios 6 pollutants
(5 LAP, 1 GHG) Life cycle assessment Data from Shih et al. 2012 Brown et al., 2013
[46] USA
Electricity sector 2015-2055
MARKAL 4 scenarios 5 pollutants
(4 LAP, 1 GHG) Upstream and opera-tion pollutant
TIMES 6 scenarios 8 pollutants
(5 LAP, 3 GHG) Direct emissions per
GRAPE 2 simulations 3 pollutants
(1 LAP, 1 GHG, 1 Land use)
Life cycle assessment Data from LIME
Kypreos et al., 2009
[40] EU25 plus Iceland, Norway
Romania and Switzerland Energy sector
2000-2050
Pan-EU-TIMES 4 scenarios 11 pollutants
(7 LAP, 4 GHG) Life-cycle assessment Data from other NEEDS research streams
Pietrapertosa et al.,
Life cycle assessment Data from ExternE
Rafaj, 2005
[15] World
Electricity sector 2000-2050
MARKAL 5 scenarios 4 pollutants
(3 LAP, 1 GHG) Direct emissions per
technology Data from ExternE
Adjustments for PPP, population density and sulphur content of the fuel
Roeder, 2001
[49] OECD Europe
Passenger car sector 2000-50
MARKAL 4 scenarios 5 pollutants
(4 LAP, 1 GHG) Life-cycle assessment Data from Infras/ Econcept/ Prognos
167 Table 27: Energy service demands, end-use energy demands and end-use technologies per sector (residential, commercial) and corresponding end-use technology LCI datasets. LCI = life-cycle inventory, CH = Switzerland, CHP = combined heat and power
End-use sector Energy service demand End-use energy demand End-use technology End-use technology LCI dataseta
Residential Hot water, cooking Biomassb Wood log heater Heat, mixed logs, at wood heater 6kW/CH U
Wood pellet furnace Heat, wood pellets, at furnace 15kW/CH U
Space heating Light oil Light fuel oil boiler Heat, light fuel oil, at boiler 10kW condensing, non-modulating/CH U
Electricity Electricity - Electricity, low voltage, at grid/CH Uc
Space heating District heatb Natural gas CHP plant Heat, at cogen 1MWe lean burn, allocation exergy/CH U Waste incineration plant Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant/CH U Wood CHP plant Heat, at cogen 6400kWth, wood, allocation exergy/CH U
Space heating, hot water, cooking Natural gas Natural gas boiler Heat, natural gas, at boiler atm. low-NOx condensing non-modulating <100kW/CH U
Space heating Wood pellets Wood pellet furnace Heat, wood pellets, at furnace 15kW/CH U
Hot water, cooking Solar energyb Combined solar system Heat, at flat plate collector, one-family house, for combined system/CH U Solar hot water system Heat, at flat plate collector, one-family house, for hot water/CH U
- Energy savings Wall and window
insula-tion see Table 31
Commercial Heating Biomassb Wood log furnace Heat, mixed logs, at furnace 30kW/CH U
Wood pellet furnace Heat, wood pellets, at furnace 50kW/CH U
Hot water Light oil Light fuel oil boiler Heat, light fuel oil, at boiler 100kW condensing, non-modulating/CH U
Electricity Electricity - Electricity, low voltage, at grid/CH Uc
Space heating District heatb Natural gas CHP plant Heat, at cogen 1MWe lean burn, allocation exergy/CH U Waste incineration plant Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant/CH U Wood CHP plant Heat, at cogen 6400kWth, wood, allocation exergy/CH U
Heating Heavy fuel oil Heavy fuel oil furnace Heat, heavy fuel oil, at industrial furnace 1MW/CH U
Heating, other, cooking, cooling, hot water Natural gasb Natural gas boiler Heat, natural gas, at boiler condensing modulating >100kW/CH U
Natural gas cooler Cooling energy, natural gas, at cogen unit with absorption chiller 100 kW/CH U Hot water Solar energy Solar hot water system Heat, at flat plate collector, multiple dwelling, for hot water/CH U
a ecoinvent v2.2 dataset [57] unless otherwise stated.
b The allocation of the end-use energy demands to the corresponding end-use technologies is 1/3 : 1/3 : 1/3 for district heat and 1/2 : 1/2 for the others.
c The electricity mix is adjusted according to the scenario variant as reported in Table 29.
168
Table 28: Energy service demands, end-use energy demands and end-use technologies per sector (industrial, transport) and corresponding end-use technology LCI datasets. LCI = life-cycle inventory, CH = Switzerland, CHP = combined heat and power, SBB = Schweizerische Bundesbahnen
End-use
sector Energy service demand End-use energy
de-mand End-use technology End-use technology LCI dataseta
Industry Heat use (process heat, steam production, machine drive) Coal Hard coal furnace Heat, at hard coal industrial furnace 1-10MW/CH U Heat use (process heat, steam production, machine drive) Oil products Heavy fuel oil furnace Heat, heavy fuel oil, at industrial furnace 1MW/CH U Heat use (process heat, steam production, machine drive) Natural gas Natural gas furnace Heat, natural gas, at industrial furnace low-NOx >100kW/CH U
Electricity Electricity - Electricity, medium voltage, at grid/CH Ub
Heat use (process heat, steam production, machine drive) Renewables / waste Waste incineration plant Heat, biowaste, at waste incineration plant, allocation price/CH U
Space heating District heatb Natural gas CHP plant Heat, at cogen 1MWe lean burn, allocation exergy/CH U
Waste incineration plant Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant/CH U Wood CHP plant Heat, at cogen 6400kWth, wood, allocation exergy/CH U Transportd International air transport, domestic air transport Jet kerosene Passenger aircraft Transport, aircraft, passenger/CH U
Passenger cars Diesel Diesel passenger car Transport, passenger car, diesel, fleet average/CH U
Trucks Diesel truck Transport, lorry 3.5-20t, fleet average/CH U
Rail Diesel freight train Transport, freight, rail, diesel, with particle filter/CH U
Busses Diesel bus Transport, regular bus/CH U
International navigation, domestic navigation Diesel barge tanker Transport, barge tanker/CH U
Rail Electricity Electric passenger train Transport, average train, SBB mix/CH U
Passenger cars Battery electric passenger car Transport, passenger car, electric, LiMn2O4/CH Ub
Passenger cars Gasoline Gasoline passenger car Transport, passenger car, petrol, fleet average/CH U
Two wheelers Gasoline two wheeler Transport, scooter/CH U
Passenger cars Natural gas Natural gas passenger car Transport, passenger car, natural gas/CH U
Passenger cars Hydrogen Hydrogen fuel cell passenger car [134]
a ecoinvent v2.2 dataset [57] unless otherwise stated.
b The electricity mix is adjusted according to the scenario variant as reported in Table 29.
c The allocation of the end-use energy demand to the corresponding end-use technologies is 1/3 : 1/3 : 1/3.
d Due to the lack of appropriate LCI datasets, the following allocations had to be made in the transport sector: the aviation gasoline demand is included in the kerosene demand. The gasoline truck and bus transport is included in the passenger car gasoline demand. Natural gas truck and bus transport is included in the passenger car natural gas demand.