N e w m et h o d s f or hi g h r e s ol uti o n 3 D i m a gi n g wit h X-r a y s
Di s s ert ati o n
z ur Erl a n g u n g d e s a k a d e mi s c h e n Gr a d e s d o ct or r er u m n at ur ali u m
( Dr. r er. n at.) i m F a c h P h y si k ei n g er ei c ht a n d er
M at h e m ati s c h- N at ur wi s s e n s c h aftli c h e n F a k ult ät d er H u m b ol dt- U ni v er sit ät z u B erli n
v o n
C hri st o p h Pr at s c h
Pr ä si d e nti n d er H u m b ol dt- U ni v er sit ät z u B erli n
Pr of. Dr.-I n g. Dr. S a bi n e K u n st
D e k a n d er M at h e m ati s c h- N at ur wi s s e n s c h aftli c h e n F a k ult ät Pr of. Dr. El m ar K ul k e
G ut a c ht er/i n n e n: 1. Pr of. Dr. G er d S c h n ei d er 2. Pr of. Dr. G ü nter Sc h m a hl 3. Pr of. Dr. C hrist o p h K oc h T a g d er m ü n dli c h e n Pr üf u n g: 2 2. 0 9. 2 0 1 7
2
❈ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥
▲✐ ♦❢ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✼
❆ ❜ ❛ ❝ ✶ ✵
❩ ✉ ❛ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥❢ ❛ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✶ ✸
◆ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❝❧ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✻
✶ ■ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✶ ✾
✷ ❈ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❙ ❛ ✉ ♦❢ ✷ ❉ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✸ ❉ ❳✲ ❛ ② ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✷ ✺
✷✳ ✶ ❆ ❞ ✈ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺
✷✳ ✶✳ ✶ ❚ ❤ ❡ ■ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❇ ❡ ✇❡ ❡ ♥ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ▼ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✻
✷✳ ✷ ▲ ❡ ♥ ✲❧ ❡ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ✷ ❉ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✸ ❉ ❳✲ ❛ ② ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✵
✷✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❉✐ ✛ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✭ ❈ ❉■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✵
✷✳ ✷✳ ✷ ② ❝ ❤ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷
✷✳ ✷✳ ✸ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✸
✷✳ ✸ ▲ ❡ ♥ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✺
✷✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❙ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✭ ❙ ❚ ❳ ▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✼
✷✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✭ ❚ ❳ ▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✽
✷✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ▲ ❡ ♥ ✲❧ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ▲ ❡ ♥ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✵
✸ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✹ ✸
✸✳ ✶ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♥ ❋ ❡ ❡ ❙ ♣ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✸
✸✳ ✶✳ ✶ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❲✐ ❞ ❡✲ ❛ ♥ ❣❧ ❡ ◆ ❡ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋❛ ❋✐ ❡❧ ❞ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ◆ ❋ ❋ ❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✻
✸✳ ✶✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❲❛ ✈❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❋ ❡ ♥ ❡❧ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✵
✸✳ ✶✳ ✸ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❲❛ ✈❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ❛❧ ❉ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ✐ ♥ ❉✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✺ ✸
✸✳ ✷ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♥ ❛ ▼ ❡ ❞✐ ✉ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✹
✹ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ✸ ❉ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❜ ② ❚ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✺ ✾
✹✳ ✶ ❆ ❈ ❡❧❧✲❧✐ ❦❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❢ ♦ ❚♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✾
✹✳ ✷ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✸
✹✳ ✷✳ ✶ ■ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✹
✹✳ ✷✳ ✷ ✸ ❉ ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✇✐ ❤ ❚♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✻
✸
✹ ❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙
✹✳ ✷✳ ✸ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❚ ❳ ▼ ■ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ■ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✼ ✶
✹✳ ✷✳ ✹ ❛ ✐ ❛❧❧ ② ❈ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷
✺ ❈ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❙ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❢ ♦ ❉✐ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❉ ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✼ ✾
✺✳ ✶ ❚ ❤ ❡ ■ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❈ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✾
✺✳ ✶✳ ✶ ❚ ❤ ❡ ▼ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❉ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶
✺✳ ✷ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❈ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❈ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✸
✺✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❚ ❤ ❡ ▼ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❉ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✺
✺✳ ✷✳ ✷ ❘ ❡ ✉❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✽
✻ ✸ ❉ ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❜ ② ❛ ❋■ ❇ ✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ✾ ✶
✻✳ ✶ ■ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶
✻✳ ✶✳ ✶ ❙ ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷
✻✳ ✷ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸
✻✳ ✸ ❙ ◆ ❘ ❢ ♦ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✻
✻✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❙✐ ❣ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ◆ ♦✐ ❡ ▲ ❡ ✈❡❧ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✻
✻✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❙✐ ❣ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ◆ ♦✐ ❡ ❘ ❛ ✐ ♦ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ▼ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✵
✻✳ ✸✳ ✸ ❙✐ ❣ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ◆ ♦✐ ❡ ❘ ❛ ✐ ♦ ❢ ♦ ❳✲ ❛ ② ❉✐ ✛ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✸
✻✳ ✸✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❙✐ ❣ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ◆ ♦✐ ❡ ❘ ❛ ✐ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✹
✼ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❉✐ ✛ ❛ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❖ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❊❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✶ ✵ ✾
✼✳ ✶ ■ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❉ ❖ ❊ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✾
✼✳ ✷ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❈ ❆ ❉ ♦❢ ❉ ❖ ❊ ❢ ♦ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✶
✼✳ ✷✳ ✶ ▲ ❡ ❛ ❙ ✉ ❛ ❡ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✷ ❉ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❯ ♥ ✇ ❛ ♣ ♣✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜❧ ❡ ♠ ✶ ✶ ✸
✼✳ ✷✳ ✷ ❈ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❉ ❖ ❊ ✇✐ ❤ ❙ ✉ ❜ ✉ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❲✐ ❞ ❤ ❘ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✺
✼✳ ✸ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ♦❢ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❉ ❛ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✼
✼✳ ✸✳ ✶ ■ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✼
✼✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❉ ❛ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✼
✼✳ ✸✳ ✸ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❉ ❛ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✾
✽ ■ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❝ ♦❢ ❘ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♠ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❊ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❘ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❋ ❡ ♥ ❡❧ ❩ ♦ ♥ ❡
❧ ❛ ❡ ✶ ✷ ✼
✽✳ ✶ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❋♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❙ ♣ ♦ ♦❢ ❛ ♥ ❋ ❩ ❲✐ ❤ ♦ ✉ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❊ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✽
✽✳ ✷ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❊ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✵
✽✳ ✸ ❚ ❤ ❡ ■ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❝ ♦❢ ❉✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❊ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✸
✾ ❙ ✉ ♠ ♠ ❛ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❖ ✉ ❧ ♦ ♦ ❦ ✶ ✸ ✾
❆ ❝ ❦ ♥ ♦ ✇❧ ❡ ❞ ❣ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✶ ✹ ✺
❙ ❡❧ ❜ ♥ ❞✐ ❣ ❦ ❡✐ ❡ ❦❧ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✶ ✹ ✻
❇✐ ❜❧✐ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✶ ✹ ✼
❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙ ✺
❆ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠✐ ♥ ❣ ✶ ✺ ✾
❆✳ ✶ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✾
❆✳ ✶✳ ✶ ❆ ♥ ❣ ✉❧ ❛ ❙ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✉ ♠ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✾
❆✳ ✶✳ ✷ ❋ ❡ ♥ ❡❧ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✷
❆✳ ✶✳ ✸ ◆ ❡ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋❛ ❋✐ ❡❧ ❞ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✻
❆✳ ✷ ❙ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✸
❆✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❆ ♥ ❣ ✉❧ ❛ ❙ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✉ ♠ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✹
❆✳ ✷✳ ✷ ❋ ❡ ♥ ❡❧ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✹
❆✳ ✷✳ ✸ ◆ ❡ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋❛ ❋✐ ❡❧ ❞ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✻
❆✳ ✷✳ ✹ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✵
❇ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❈ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✶ ✽ ✺
❇✳ ✶ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❇ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❣ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✻
❇✳ ✶✳ ✶ ▼ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❋♦ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✼
❇✳ ✷ ■ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾ ✶
❇✳ ✷✳ ✶ ■ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❈ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾ ✶
❇✳ ✷✳ ✷ ■ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ■ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾ ✾
❇✳ ✷✳ ✸ ■ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❛❧❧ ② ❈ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ▼✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✷ ✵ ✻
❈ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❯ ♥ ✇ ❛ ♣ ♣✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❉ ❖ ❊ ✷ ✶ ✼
❈✳ ✶ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❯ ♥ ✇ ❛ ♣ ♣✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶ ✼
❈✳ ✷ ● ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❉ ❖ ❊ ❯ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❍✐ ❣ ❤ ❖ ❞ ❡ ♦❢ ❉✐ ✛ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✵
❈✳ ✸ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❳ ❘ ▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✷
❉ ♦ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❛❧ ❆ ♣ ♣❧✐ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❉ ❖ ❊ ❛ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ▼✐✲
❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ✷ ✷ ✾
❉✳ ✶ ❉ ❖ ❊ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❩ ❡ ♥✐ ❦❡ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❛ ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✾
❉✳ ✶✳ ✶ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❩ ❡ ♥✐ ❦❡ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✸
❉✳ ✷ ❍✐ ❣ ❤ ❖ ❞ ❡ ❉ ❖ ❊ ❢ ♦ ❉ ❛ ❦ ❋✐ ❡❧ ❞ ❚ ❳ ▼ ■ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✹
❉✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✼
❉✳ ✸ ❆ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❛ ♥ ❞ ■ ♥✲❧✐ ♥ ❡ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✼
❉✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✾
❊ ❆ ❞ ❞✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ■ ♥❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠✐ ♥ ❣ ✷ ✹ ✺
❊✳ ✶ ● ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✸ ❉ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✹ ✺
❊✳ ✷ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❋♦ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❚ ❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✹
❊✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❋♦ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❚ ❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✹
❊✳ ✷✳ ✷ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✈ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✻
❊✳ ✸ ❊ ① ❝ ❡ ♣ ♦❢ ❆ ♣ ♣❧✐ ❡ ❞ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✻
❊✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❇❧ ❛ ❝ ❦ ✇❡❧❧✲ ●✐ ❤✐ ❝ ❦ ❊ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✻
❊✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❲❛❧ ❞✬ ❊ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✻
❊✳ ✸✳ ✸ ❚❛ ②❧ ♦ ❊ ① ♣ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ▼ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♦❢ ❋ ✉ ♥ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❘ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♠ ❱❛ ✐✲
❛ ❜❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✻
✻ ❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙
▲✐ ♦❢ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡
✷✳ ✶ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ✉ ❡ ❞ ♥ ♦ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✾
✷✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ✛ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶
✷✳ ✸ ② ❝ ❤ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷
✷✳ ✹ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✹
✷✳ ✺ ❖ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉ ♣ ♦❢ ❛ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✼
✷✳ ✻ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✽
✸✳ ✶ ◆ ♦ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ✇ ❛ ✈❡ ♣ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✹
✸✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❋ ❡ ♥ ❡❧ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ①✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ◆ ❋ ❋ ❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✼
✸✳ ✸ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ● ❛ ✉ ✐ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶
✸✳ ✹ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ▲ ❡ ♥ ✐❧❧ ✉ ♠✐ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❛ ♣❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✇ ❛ ✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷
✹✳ ✶ ❙ ❡ ❣ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❝ ❡❧❧ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✵
✹✳ ✷ ❉✐ ❝ ❡ ✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♠ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶
✹✳ ✸ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛❧ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❤ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✸
✹✳ ✹ ❚♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✇✐ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦❥ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✽
✹✳ ✺ ❚♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✇✐ ❤ ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✐❢ ❛ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✾
✹✳ ✻ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ❱✐ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦❥ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧✐ ❝ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✵
✹✳ ✼ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶
✹✳ ✽ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ✸ ❉ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷
✹✳ ✾ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❛❧❧ ② ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✺
✹✳ ✶ ✵ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❛❧❧ ② ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ✸ ❉ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✻
✹✳ ✶ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ✜ ♥✐ ❡ ❞ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢ ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ❡ ✛ ❡ ❝ ❢ ♦ ✸ ✶ ✵ ❡ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✼
✹✳ ✶ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ✜ ♥✐ ❡ ❞ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢ ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ❡ ✛ ❡ ❝ ❢ ♦ ✺ ✶ ✵ ❡ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✼
✺✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❧✐ ❣ ❤ ♠✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✵
✺✳ ✷ ■ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ♦✐ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷
✺✳ ✸ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♦ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉ ♣ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❙ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✺
✺✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✽
✺✳ ✺ ❘ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❜ ② ❧✐ ♥ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✾
✻✳ ✶ ❖ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉ ♣ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❛❧ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ✇✐ ❤ ❡❧ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸
✻✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✉ ❛❧✐ ② ♦❢ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✹
✻✳ ✸ ▲ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✈❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ✜ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✻✳ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✺
✼
✽ ▲■ ❙ ❚ ❖ ❋ ❋■ ● ❯ ❘ ❊ ❙
✻✳ ✹ ❤ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♥ ✐ ② ❞ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✺
✻✳ ✺ ❤ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♥ ✐ ② ❞ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❡ ♥❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❞✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✻
✼✳ ✶ ◆ ♦ ♠ ❛❧ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✶
✼✳ ✷ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ✉ ♣ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❞✐ ✛ ❛ ❝ ✐ ✈❡ ♦ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✷
✼✳ ✸ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ✿ ✷ ❉ ❧ ❡ ❛ ✲ ✉ ❛ ❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ✉ ♥ ✇ ❛ ♣ ♣✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✺
✼✳ ✹ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ✿ ❍✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❉ ❖ ❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✻
✼✳ ✺ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❡ ✇❡ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❞✐ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❛ ❉ ❖ ❊ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✽
✼✳ ✻ ▲ ▼ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ① ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❡ ♦ ❜❥ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✷
✼✳ ✼ ❉ ❡ ❛✐❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✸
✼✳ ✽ ❋ ❚ ❍ ● ❯■ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠✐✲ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ❝ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✹
✽✳ ✶ ■ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❝ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❡ ♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥ ❋ ❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✾
✽✳ ✷ ■❧❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ② ♣ ❡ ♦❢ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✶
✽✳ ✸ ❚ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❝ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✉ ❜ ❛ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ♥ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ❛ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✹
✽✳ ✹ ❧ ♦ ❤ ♦ ✇✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ♥ ▼ ❚ ❋ ♦❢ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❋ ❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✺
✽✳ ✺ ❧ ♦ ❤ ♦ ✇✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ▼ ❚ ❋ ♦❢ ❋ ❩ ❢ ♦ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✻
❆✳ ✶ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ● ❛ ✉ ✐ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✶
❆✳ ✷ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ❇ ❛ ❝ ❦ ♣ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ✇ ❤✐ ❡ ✉ ❛ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✷
❆✳ ✸ ◆ ♦ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❋ ❡ ♥ ❡❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ◆ ❋ ❋ ❆ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✸
❇✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♦ ❞✐ ♥ ❛ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✻
❇✳ ✷ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♠✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾ ✵
❇✳ ✸ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠✐ ❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾ ✶
❇✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❙ ❚ ❳ ▼ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾ ✷
❇✳ ✺ ❊ ✛ ❡ ❝ ♦❢ ❛ ♠ ♣❧✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ❡❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐ ❝ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶ ✹
❇✳ ✻ ❛ ✐ ❛❧❧ ② ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶ ✺
❈✳ ✶ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ 4 π ❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ✉ ♥ ✇ ❛ ♣ ♣✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶ ✾
❈✳ ✷ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ▲ ❡ ❛ ✲ ✉ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ■ ♦ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ✉ ♥ ✇ ❛ ♣ ♣✐ ♥ ❣ ❛❧ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❤ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✵
❈✳ ✸ ❆❧ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❤ ♠ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ✐ ❣ ♥ ♦❢ ❤✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❉ ❖ ❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✶
❈✳ ✹ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ✉ ♣ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❞✐ ✛ ❛ ❝ ✐ ✈❡ ♦ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✸
❈✳ ✺ ❉ ❡ ❛✐❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✹
❈✳ ✻ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛❧❧ ② ♣ ❡ ❞✐ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❡ ✉❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✻
❈✳ ✼ ❘ ❡ ✉❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✼
❈✳ ✽ ❉ ❡ ✐ ❣ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❳ ❘ ▲ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❋ ❚ ❍ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✽
❉✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♣ ♦❢ ❩ ❡ ♥✐ ❦❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✶
❉✳ ✷ ❖ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉ ♣ ❢ ♦ ❩ ❡ ♥✐ ❦❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✷
❉✳ ✸ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❩ ❡ ♥✐ ❦❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜❥ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✸
❉✳ ✹ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ❞ ❛ ❦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❜ ✐ ❣ ❤ ✜ ❡❧ ❞ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ✉ ♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✺
❉✳ ✺ ❙ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ❞ ❛ ❦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❜ ✐ ❣ ❤ ✜ ❡❧ ❞ ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✻
❉✳ ✻ ❙ ❡ ✉ ♣ ❢ ♦ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥✲❧✐ ♥ ❡ ❤ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❚ ❳ ▼ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✽
❉✳ ✼ ❙ ❦❡ ❝ ❤ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞✐ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❤ ❛ ❞ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❡ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❉ ❖ ❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✾
▲■ ❙ ❚ ❖ ❋ ❋■ ● ❯ ❘ ❊ ❙ ✾
❉✳ ✽ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ■❧❧ ✉ ♠✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✹ ✶
❉✳ ✾ ❊ ① ❛ ♠ ♣❧ ❡✿ ❈ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥✲❧✐ ♥ ❡ ❤ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✹ ✷
✶ ✵
❆ ❜ ❛ ❝
❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ✛❡ ❛ ❧ ❛ ❣❡ ♣ ❡ ♥❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❤✱ ❣ ♦ ♦ ❞ ❡❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ♦
✇ ❛ ✈❡❧❡ ♥ ❣ ❤✳ ❚ ❤✐ ✉ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❜❧❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ♦❢ ❤✐❝ ❦ ❛ ♠ ♣❧❡ ❛ ❤✐ ❣ ❤
❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❤ ✉ ❜ ✐ ❞ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❤❡ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❜ ❡ ✇❡❡ ♥ ♦ ♣ ✐❝ ❛❧ ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡❧❡❝ ♦ ♥
♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ②✳ ❆ ❛ ❡ ✉❧ ✱ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡❝ ♦ ♠❡ ❛ ♥ ❡ ① ❡ ♠❡❧ ② ✈❛❧ ✉ ❛ ❜❧❡ ♦ ♦❧ ❢ ♦
♠ ❛ ♥ ② ❛ ♣ ♣❧✐❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❧✐❢❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛❧ ❝✐❡ ♥❝❡ ✳
❆ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❤❡ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✱ ✸ ❉ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♦ ❝ ❛❧❡
♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❤ ❛ ♦ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ✇✐ ❞❡ ❛ ♣ ♣❧✐❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❜❧ ② ✐ ♥
❤❡ ❧✐❢❡ ❝✐❡ ♥❝❡ ✳ ❍ ♦ ✇❡ ✈❡ ✱ ❤❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❝ ❡❝ ♦ ♥ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥
❧✐ ♥❡ ❛ ♣ ♦❥❡❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❞ ② ✈✐ ♦❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❜✐ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐❝ ❛❧ ❝❡❧❧ ✱ ✐ ♥❝❡ ❤❡✐ ❤✐❝ ❦ ♥❡
❡ ①❝❡❡ ❞ ❤❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢ ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ♦❢ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♥ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐ ✈❡ ✳ ❚ ❤✐ ♣ ♦ ❜❧❡ ♠ ♦ ♥❧ ②
✇ ♦ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❤❡ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❛❧ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐ ✈❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✈❡ ♦ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠✳ ❚♦
✉ ♥ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ❡ ✛❡❝ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❡ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢ ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❝ ❡❝ ♦ ♥ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱
✇❡ ❤ ❛ ✈❡ ✐ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❤❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝❡ ✐ ♥ ❤❡ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✸ ❉ ❝❡❧❧
♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠✳ ❲❡ ✜ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❛ ♦ ♥❧ ② ❛ ✉ ❜✲ ❡ ❣✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❧ ②✐ ♥ ❣ ✇✐ ❤✐ ♥ ❤❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢
✜❡❧ ❞ ✐ ❡ ♦❧ ✈❡ ❞ ❛ ❤❡ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❣✐ ✈❡ ♥ ❜ ② ❤❡ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐ ✈❡✱ ✇ ❤❡ ❡ ❛ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠
✉❝ ✉ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✐ ❞❡ ♦❢ ❤✐ ❡ ❣✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♥❝ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣❧ ② ❜❧ ✉ ❡ ❞✳ ❋ ✉ ❤❡ ♠ ♦ ❡✱ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❡ ♥
✇✐ ❤ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❡ ❛❧ ♣ ❡❝✐ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ✇❡ ✜ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❛ ❤❡ ♦ ❜ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ❜❧❡ ✸ ❉
❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ♦❢ ❜✐ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐❝ ❛❧ ♣ ❡❝✐ ♠❡ ♥ ✐ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❛ ❜ ♦ ✉ ✸ ✵
♥ ♠✳ ❋♦ ♦ ♠❡ ❛ ♣ ♣❧✐❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❤✐ ✸ ❉ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✐ ♥ ✉ ✣❝✐❡ ♥ ✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ❡ ♦ ✈❡ ✐ ♥ ♠ ❛ ♥ ②
❝ ❛ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❤✐❝ ❦ ♥❡ ❡ ①❝❡❡ ❞ ❤❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢ ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ❤❡ ❡ ❜ ② ❡ ❞ ✉❝✐ ♥ ❣ ❤❡ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥
♦ ✉ ✐ ❞❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♠❡ ♥✬ ❝❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❡ ❣✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❆ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✉❡ ♥❝❡✱ ✐ ♥ ❤✐ ❤❡ ✐ ✇❡ ❤ ❛ ✈❡
✉ ❡ ❞ ❤❡ ✸ ❉ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ✐ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❤❡ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ✸ ❉ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♦ ❝ ❛❧❡
❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❞❡ ♦ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞❡ ❣ ✉✐ ❞ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❢ ♦ ❢ ✉ ✉ ❡ ❞❡ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♠❡ ♥ ✐ ♥
❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ②✳
■ ♥ ❧✐ ❣ ❤ ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ②✱ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣❧❡ ✐ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❜❧✐ ❤❡ ❞ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ✸ ❉ ♦ ♣✲
✐❝ ❛❧ ❡❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣✳ ❍❡ ❡ ✇❡ ❤ ❛ ✈❡ ✐ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❤❡ ✸ ❉ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐
❳✲ ❛ ② ❝ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❡ ♣ ❛ ✱ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡✳ ■ ♥
❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❧✐ ❣ ❤ ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ②✱ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥❝❧ ✉ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♥❝ ♦ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❝❡ ❞ ✉❡ ♦
✢ ✉ ♦ ❡ ❝❡ ♥ ❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤❡ ♣ ❡❝✐ ♠❡ ♥✳ ❆ ❛ ❡ ✉❧ ✱ ❤❡ ✸ ❉ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❛ ♥
✐ ♥ ✜ ♥✐ ❡❧ ② ♠ ❛❧❧ ❞❡ ❡❝ ♦ ✐ ❣✐ ✈❡ ♥ ❜ ② ❤❡ ✉ ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♣ ♦✐ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❢ ✉ ♥❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤❡
♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐ ✈❡✳ ■ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✱ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ②✱ ❤❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✇✐ ❤
❤❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ❧❡ ❛ ❞ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❤✐❢ ♦❢ ❤❡ ✐ ♥❝✐ ❞❡ ♥ ✇ ❛ ✈❡✳ ❆ ❛ ❡✲
✉❧ ✱ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤❡ ❳✲ ❛ ② ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤❡ ✇ ❛ ✈❡
♣ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❝ ♦ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✳ ❍❡ ❡ ✇❡ ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❤❡ ❳✲ ❛ ② ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡
❛ ✉ ♠✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐ ✈❡ ✇✐ ❤ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❛❧ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❲❡ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❛ ❤✐
❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉ ♣ ❛❝ ❤✐❡ ✈❡ ❛ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❛❧ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ❜❧❡ ♦ ❤ ❛ ♦ ❜ ❛✐ ♥❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❤❡
❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡✳ ❍ ♦ ✇❡ ✈❡ ✱ ❤❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜❝ ❛ ♥ ❧ ②
✇ ♦ ❡ ②✐❡❧ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥❧ ② ✸ ✵ ✵ ♥ ♠✳ ❆❧ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ❤✐ ♣ ♦ ♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❣ ❛ ❞❡ ❤❡
♦ ✈❡ ❛❧❧ ✸ ❉ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡✱ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧
✶ ✶
❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤ ❤ ❛ ❤❡ ❛ ❞ ✈❛ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ❤ ❛ ✐ ✐ ❛ ❞✐ ❡❝ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✇✐ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❤❡ ♥❡❡ ❞
❢ ♦ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣❧❡ ① ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ❛❧ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❤ ♠ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❧ ② ❡ ✉✐ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❤❡ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❝
❡❝ ♦ ♥ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡✳ ◆❡ ✈❡ ❤❡❧❡ ✱ ✇❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❝❧ ✉ ❞❡
❤ ❛ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♦ ❤❡ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♥ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣✲
❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤✱ ❛ ❧❡ ❛ ✇✐ ❤ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐ ✈❡ ❤ ❛ ②✐❡❧ ❞ ♦ ♥❧ ② ❧ ♦ ✇ ❞❡ ♣ ❤
❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥✳
■ ♥ ❤✐ ❤❡ ✐ ✱ ✇❡ ❛❧ ♦ ✐ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♦ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣❧❡ ❡❧ ② ♥❡ ✇ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤ ♦ ✸ ❉ ❳✲
❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❛ ✐ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ❝ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥❡ ❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❞
✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♠✐❧❧✐ ♥ ❣✱ ✇ ❤✐❝ ❤ ✇❡ ❡ ♠ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ✭ ❋♦ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❞ ■ ♦ ♥ ❇❡ ❛ ♠ ✕ ❙❝ ❛ ♥ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❳✲
❛ ② ▼✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ②✮✳ ■ ♥ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼✱ ❛ ❤✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❋ ❡ ♥❡❧ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ❣❡ ♥❡ ❛ ❡
❛ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♦ ❝ ❛❧❡ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ♦ ❤ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥❡ ❞ ♦ ✈❡ ❤❡ ✉ ❢ ❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✳ ❆ ❡ ❛❝ ❤
❝ ❛ ♥ ♥❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ✱ ♣ ❤ ♦ ♦ ❡❧❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❡ ♠✐ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐ ♥ ♣ ♦ ♣ ♦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❤❡
❧ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✣❝✐❡ ♥ ❛ ❤ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❚ ❤❡ ✉ ❢ ❛❝❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❤❡ ❡❢ ♦ ❡ ②✐❡❧ ❞ ❤❡
✐ ♠ ❛ ❣❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♦ ♣ ❧ ❛ ②❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♣ ❡❝✐ ♠❡ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❤❡ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❡
❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❡❧❡❝ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❚♦ ❣❡ ♥❡ ❛ ❡ ✸ ❉ ❞ ❛ ❛✱ ❛ ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ✐ ❤❡ ♥ ✉ ❡ ❞ ♦
❡ ♠ ♦ ✈❡ ❤❡ ✉ ❢ ❛❝❡ ❧ ❛ ②❡ ✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ♥ ❤❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❤❡ ♥❡ ✇ ✉ ❢ ❛❝❡✳
■ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ♠✐❧❧✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❤❡ ❡❢ ♦ ❡ ❜ ✉✐❧ ❞ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✸ ❉ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣❡ ❛❝ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❤❡ ❧✐❝❡
❛ ♥ ❞ ✈✐❡ ✇ ♠ ♦ ❞❡✳ ■ ♥ ❤✐ ❤❡ ✐ ✱ ✇❡ ❤ ❛ ✈❡ ❡ ✈❛❧ ✉ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❤❡ ✸ ❉ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♦❢
❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❜ ② ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❝❡ ✳ ❲❡ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❛ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❝ ❛ ♥
❛❝ ❤✐❡ ✈❡ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♦ ♣✐❝ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠ ❞ ✉❡ ♦ ❤❡ ❤ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❧❡ ♥ ❣ ❤ ✭ ❁ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠✮
♦❢ ❤❡ ❡ ♠✐ ❡ ❞ ❡❧❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ♠ ❛❧❧ ✐③❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ♦ ✳ ❙ ✉ ♣ ✐ ✐ ♥ ❣❧ ②✱ ✇❡ ❛❧ ♦
✜ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❛ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼✱ ❜ ② ✈✐ ✉❡ ♦❢ ✐ ❡❧❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❡❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ♦ ❞❡✱ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❛ ❞ ♦ ❡
❤ ❡❡ ♦ ❞❡ ♦❢ ♠ ❛ ❣ ♥✐ ✉ ❞❡ ❧ ♦ ✇❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❛ ♥ ② ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡❝ ❤ ♥✐ ✉❡✳ ❚ ❤ ✉ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼
♦ ✛❡ ❤✐ ❣ ❤ ✐ ♦ ♦ ♣✐❝ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜❝ ❛ ♥ ❧ ② ❧ ♦ ✇❡ ❞ ♦ ❡✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✉❝ ❤ ♦ ✈❡ ❝ ♦ ♠❡
❡ ✈❡ ❡ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ✸ ❉ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣✳
❆ ♥ ♦ ❤❡ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♥ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♠❡ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥✳
❆❧ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ❢ ❡❡ ❡❧❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❧ ❛ ❡ ✭ ❋ ❊ ▲ ✮ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞❡ ❤ ♦ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♣ ✉❧ ❡ ✇✐ ❤ ❢❡ ♠ ♦ ❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❞
❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❝ ♦ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♣ ✉❧ ❡ ✐ ✈❡ ② ❝ ❤ ❛❧❧❡ ♥ ❣✐ ♥ ❣✳ ■ ♥
❤✐ ❤❡ ✐ ✱ ✇❡ ♣ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❡ ❛ ♥❡ ✇ ❤ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❋♦ ✉ ✐❡ ❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠
❤ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ♥ ♦ ✈❡❧ ❞✐ ✛ ❛❝ ✐ ✈❡ ♦ ♣ ✐❝ ❛❧ ❡❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✳ ❖ ✉ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❞✐ ✛❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡✲
✈✐ ♦ ✉ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ❋♦ ✉ ✐❡ ❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤❡ ❜ ② ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❞✐ ✛ ❛❝ ✐ ✈❡
♦ ♣ ✐❝ ❛❧ ❡❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ♦ ❣❡ ♥❡ ❛ ❡ ❤❡ ✐❧❧ ✉ ♠✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❜ ♦ ❤ ❤❡ ❛ ♠ ♣❧❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ❡❢❡ ❡ ♥❝❡✳
❚ ❤❡ ♠ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ❞ ✈❛ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♥❡ ✇ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❢ ❛ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣✱ ❡ ① ❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❞ ✜❡❧ ❞ ♦❢
✈✐❡ ✇ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ❞❡❝ ♦ ✉ ♣❧✐ ♥ ❣ ♦❢ ♦ ♣ ✐❝ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♠ ♣❧❡✳ ❚♦ ✐ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❤❡ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❡ ✲
❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♥❡ ✇ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✇❡ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❜ ♦ ❤ ❤❡ ♦ ❡ ✐❝ ❛❧ ❝ ❛❧❝ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ♦ ♦❢
♦❢ ❝ ♦ ♥❝❡ ♣ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ② ♥❝ ❤ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❇ ❊ ❙ ❙ ❨ ■■✳ ❖ ✉ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❛❧
❛ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ♦ ❡ ✐❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉❧ ❡ ✈❡ ❛❧ ❤❡ ♣ ♦ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❛❧ ♦❢ ❤✐ ❤ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❢ ✉ ✉ ❡
✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ❋ ❊ ▲ ✳
❋✐ ♥ ❛❧❧ ②✱ ❢ ♦ ❛❧❧ ❧❡ ♥ ✲ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ✐ ✐ ❝ ✐ ✐❝ ❛❧ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞❡ ✲
❛ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❋ ❡ ♥❡❧ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❲ ❤✐❧❡ ❡ ✛❡❝ ♦❢ ② ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐❝
✶ ✷
③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❛ ✈❡ ❜ ❡❡ ♥ ❦ ♥ ♦ ✇ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❛ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♠❡✱ ❤❡ ❡ ✛❡❝ ♦❢ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♠
③ ♦ ♥❡✲ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❛ ✈❡ ❡ ♠ ❛✐ ♥❡ ❞ ✉ ♥❝❧❡ ❛ ✳ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❡ ♠ ❛✐ ♥❧ ② ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝❡ ❞
❜ ② ❡❧❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ❧✐ ❤ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣❧ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ❡❝ ❤ ♥✐ ✉❡ ✳ ❋♦ ❤ ❛ ❞ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✱
❛ ♥ ❛❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ❢ ❛ ❜ ✐❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤ ✐ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❡❧ ② ❝ ♦ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛
♠✐❝ ♦✲ ✇✐ ❡ ✇✐ ❤ ✇ ♦ ❞✐ ✛❡ ❡ ♥ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛❧ ✳ ❲✐ ❤ ❤✐ ♣ ♦ ❝❡ ✱ ✈❡ ② ❤✐ ♥ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ❧ ❛ ②❡
✇✐ ❤ ✈❡ ② ❤✐ ❣ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❡ ❞✳ ❍ ♦ ✇❡ ✈❡ ✱ ❞❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥ ❤❡ ❢ ❛ ❜ ✐✲
❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♠ ③ ♦ ♥❡ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❛ ② ✐ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉❝❡ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳
❚♦ ✉ ♥ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ❡ ❡ ✛❡❝ ✱ ✇❡ ✉ ❞✐❡ ❞ ❤❡ ❡ ✛❡❝ ♦❢ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♦ ♥ ③ ♦ ♥❡
♣❧ ❛ ❡ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞✐ ✛❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♠ ✢ ✉❝ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❲❡ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✲
♦ ✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜❝ ❛ ♥ ❧ ② ❞❡❝ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❤❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❢❡ ♦❢ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✳ ❲❡ ❛❧ ♦
❞❡ ❡ ♠✐ ♥❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❜ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❤❡ ♠❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❝❝❡ ♣ ❛ ❜❧❡ ✈❛ ✐ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ③ ♦ ♥❡✲ ♣❧ ❛ ❡
❞❡ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡✳
■ ♥ ✉ ♠ ♠ ❛ ②✱ ✇❡ ❤ ❛ ✈❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❛❝ ❡ ✐③❡ ❞ ❤❡ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠ ♦ ♣ ♦ ✇❡ ❢ ✉❧ ❛ ♥ ❞
✇✐ ❞❡❧ ② ✉ ❡ ❞ ✸ ❉ ❳✲ ❛ ② ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤✱ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ② ✇✐ ❤ ♦✲
♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❝ ❡❝ ♦ ♥ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❲❡ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❛ ✸ ❉ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤✐ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤ ✐ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❡ ❞
❜ ② ❤❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♦❢ ✜❡❧ ❞✳ ❚♦ ✐ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❛❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ✱ ✇❡ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛
❝ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ② ♠✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼✳ ❲❡ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❛ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼
✐ ❛ ✈❡ ② ♣ ♦ ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛❝ ❤ ❤ ❛ ❝ ♦ ✉❧ ❞ ♦ ✛❡ ✸ ❉ ✐ ♦ ♦ ♣✐❝ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠
✇✐ ❤ ❞ ❛ ♠ ❛ ✐❝ ❛❧❧ ② ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✈❡ ❞ ✐ ❣ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ♥ ♦✐ ❡✳ ❲❡ ❛❧ ♦ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉❝❡ ❛ ♥❡ ✇ ❤ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ②
♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❤ ❛ ❝ ♦ ✉❧ ❞ ♣ ♦ ✈❡ ❜ ❡ ♥❡ ✜❝✐ ❛❧ ❢ ♦ ❢ ✉❧❧ ✜❡❧ ❞ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❣✐ ♥ ❣ ✇✐ ❤ ❤ ♦ ❝ ♦ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ❳✲ ❛ ②
♣ ✉❧ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ②✐❡❧ ❞ ♥❡ ✇ ✐ ♥ ✐ ❣ ❤ ✐ ♥ ♦ ✉❧ ❛❢ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✐❝ ✳
✶ ✸
❩ ✉ ❛ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥❢ ❛ ✉ ♥ ❣
❉✐❡ ❱♦ ❡✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ❤❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♥✱ ❞ ❛ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥❧✐❝ ❤ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❤ ♦ ❤❡
❊✐ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐❡❢❡✱ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ❣ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❊❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❦ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❦ ✉ ③❡ ❲❡❧❧❡ ♥❧ ♥ ❣❡ ❛ ✉❢ ✇❡✐ ✳
❉✐❡ ❡ ❡✐ ♥③✐ ❣ ❛ ✐ ❣❡ ❑ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❣❧✐❝ ❤ ❞✐❡ ❆ ❜ ❜✐❧ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❞✐❝ ❦❡ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ♠✐
❤ ♦ ❤❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❜ ❡ ❜ ❝ ❦ ♦ ❞✐❡ ▲ ❝ ❦❡ ③ ✇✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❞❡ ♦ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ▼✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡
✉ ♥ ❞ ❞❡ ❊❧❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡✳ ❉ ❛ ♠✐ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✐❝ ❤ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ▼✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡✲
♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ♥ ③ ✉ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♠ ✉ ❡ ✇❡ ✈ ♦❧❧❡ ♥ ❲❡ ❦③❡ ✉ ❣ ❢ ✈✐❡❧❡ ❆ ♥ ✇❡ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞❡ ♥
▼ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛❧✲ ✉ ♥ ❞ ▲❡ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❛❢ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ✇✐❝ ❦❡❧ ✳
❯ ♥ ❡ ❞❡ ♥ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ♥✱ ❜✐❧ ❞ ❣❡ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❱❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❛ ❞✐❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦✲
❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ❛ ✉❢ ❇ ❛ ✐ ❞❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❜✐ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❣✱ ✈ ♦ ❛❧❧❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❞❡ ❇✐ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐❡✱ ❞✐❡
❜ ❡✐ ❡ ❡ ❆ ♥ ✇❡ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❣❡❢ ✉ ♥ ❞❡ ♥✳ ❆❧❧❡ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❞ ❞✐❡ ✐ ♥③✐ ♣✐❡ ♥ ❞❡ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥
❘❡ ❦ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❦ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❞✐❡ ❛ ✉❢ ❞❡ ❧✐ ♥❡ ❛ ❡ ♥ ♦❥❡ ❦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❡ ✉ ❤❡ ♥✱ ❜ ❡ ❡✐ ❢ ❞✐❡ ♠❡✐ ❡ ♥
❜✐ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❩❡❧❧❡ ♥ ✈❡ ❧❡ ③ ✱ ❞ ❛ ❞❡ ❡ ♥ ❉✐❝ ❦❡ ❞✐❡ ❙❝ ❤ ❢❡ ♥ ✐❡❢❡ ❞❡ ❣❡ ❣❡ ♥ ✇ ✐ ❣❡ ♥ ❩ ♦✲
♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❡✐ ❣ ✳ ❉✐❡ ❡ ♦ ❜❧ ❡ ♠ ✈❡ ❝ ❤ ❢ ✐❝ ❤✱ ✇❡ ♥ ♥ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❛❧❡ ❆ ✉❢✲
❧ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❜❥❡ ❦ ✐ ✈❡ ❛ ✉❢ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❤ ❤ ✳ ❯ ♠ ❞❡ ♥ ❊ ✛❡ ❦ ❞❡ ❜ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♥③ ❡ ♥
❙❝ ❤ ❢❡ ♥ ✐❡❢❡ ❛ ✉❢ ❞✐❡ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❘❡ ❦ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❦ ✐ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ③ ✉ ✈❡ ❡ ❤❡ ♥✱ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✇✐
❞✐❡ ❇✐❧ ❞❡ ♥ ❡ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♠ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣ ❛ ✉❢ ❇ ❛ ✐ ❡✐ ♥❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❩❡❧❧ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✲
✉❝ ❤ ✳ ❲✐ ❢ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ♥✱ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❡✐ ♥ ❚❡✐❧ ❜ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤ ❞❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ✱ ✇❡❧❝ ❤❡ ✐ ♥ ♥❡ ❤ ❛❧ ❜ ❞❡
❙❝ ❤ ❢❡ ♥ ✐❡❢❡ ❧✐❡ ❣ ✱ ♠✐ ❞❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♦ ❜❥❡ ❦ ✐ ✈ ❛ ✉❢ ❣❡❧ ✇✐ ❞✳ ▼✐
③ ✉ ♥❡ ❤ ♠❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❊ ♥ ❢❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❡ ♠ ❇❡ ❡✐❝ ❤✱ ✇❡ ❞❡ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ✉ ❦ ✉ ❡ ♥ ③ ✉✲
♥❡ ❤ ♠❡ ♥ ❞ ✈❡ ❝ ❤ ✇ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ♥❡ ❛ ❜ ❣❡ ❜✐❧ ❞❡ ✳ ■ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❡✐ ♥ ✐ ♠ ♠ ✉ ♥ ❣ ♠✐ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❡❧❧❡ ♥
❇❡ ♦ ❜ ❛❝ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛❧❡ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ✇❡✐ ❡ ❤✐ ♥ ❢❡ ❣❡ ❡❧❧ ✱ ❞ ❛ ❞✐❡ ❡ ③✐❡❧✲
❜ ❛ ❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢ ❞✐❡ ✇❡✐❝ ❤❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❢ ❜✐ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥
❛ ✉❢ ❡ ✇ ❛ ✸ ✵ ♥ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♥③ ✐ ✳ ❋ ♠ ❛ ♥❝ ❤❡ ❆ ♥ ✇❡ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ✐ ❞✐❡ ❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣
✉ ♥③ ✉ ❡✐❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❞✳ ❩ ✉ ③❧✐❝ ❤ ❜ ❡ ❡✐ ❣ ❞✐❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞✐❝ ❦❡ ✐ ♥ ✈✐❡❧❡ ♥ ❋ ❧❧❡ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❙❝ ❤ ❢❡ ♥✲
✐❡❢❡✱ ✇ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❞✐❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❤ ❛❧ ❜ ❞❡ ③❡ ♥ ❛❧❡ ♥ ❇❡ ❡✐❝ ❤ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ③ ✉ ③✲
❧✐❝ ❤ ✈❡ ✐ ♥ ❣❡ ✇✐ ❞✳ ❉ ❛ ❤❡ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ✐ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❆ ❜ ❡✐ ❞ ❛ ✸ ❉✲ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ✈❡ ✇❡ ♥ ❞❡ ✱
✉ ♠ ❞✐❡ ▲❡✐ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ♥ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ♥✱ ✸ ❉✲ ❜✐❧ ❞ ❣❡ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❱❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥ ③ ✉
✉ ♥ ❡ ✉❝ ❤❡ ♥✳ ❉✐❡ ❡ ❯ ♥ ❡ ✉❝ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❣❡ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❖ ✐❡ ♥ ✐❡ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢ ③ ✉ ❦ ♥❢ ✐ ❣❡
❊ ♥ ✇✐❝ ❦❧ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥✳
■ ♥ ❞❡ ▲✐❝ ❤ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ✐ ❞ ❛ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ✐ ♥③✐ ♣ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❛ ❜❧✐❡ ❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❇✐❧ ❞ ❣❡✲
❜ ✉ ♥ ❣ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡✳ ■ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❆ ❜ ❡✐ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ●❡ ❣❡ ♥ ❝ ❦✱ ❞✐❡
❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ❘ ❛ ❡ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ♠✐ ✇❡✐❝ ❤❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❛ ❤❧ ✉ ♥ ❣✱ ❛ ✉❢ ❞✐❡ ❡ ③✐❡❧ ❜ ❛ ❡ ✸ ❉✲
❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✉❝ ❤ ✳ ❇❡✐ ❞❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ♥ ▲✐❝ ❤ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❧ ❞✐❡ ❇✐❧ ❞❡ ♥ ✲
❡ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❦ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦③❡ ❛ ✉❢ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❞❡ ❋❧ ✉ ♦ ❡ ③❡ ♥③ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡✳ ❉ ❛ ❛ ✉
❡ ✉❧ ✐❡ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❣✐ ❜ ✐❝ ❤ ❞✐❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ✉ ♥❡ ♥ ❞❧✐❝ ❤ ❦❧❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ❉❡ ❡ ❦ ♦
❞ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❞ ❛ ◗ ✉ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❞❡ ✉ ♥ ❦ ♣ ❡✐③❢ ✉ ♥ ❦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❖ ❜❥❡ ❦ ✐ ✈ ✳ ■ ♠ ●❡ ❣❡ ♥ ❛ ③ ❞ ❛③ ✉
❢ ❤ ❜ ❡✐ ❞❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ♥ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ❞✐❡ ❲❡❝ ❤ ❡❧ ✇✐ ❦ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥✲
❛ ❤❧❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❞❡ ♠ ❖ ❜❥❡ ❦ ③ ✉ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❉ ♠ ♣❢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♥ ✈❡ ❝ ❤✐❡ ❜ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ❡✐ ♥❢ ❛❧✲
❧❡ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❲❡❧❧❡✳ ❋♦❧ ❣❧✐❝ ❤ ♠ ✉ ❞✐❡ ❇✐❧ ❞❡ ♥ ❡ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♠ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ♥ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣
✶ ✹
❛ ✉❢ ❞❡ ❲❡❧❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❜ ❡✐ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❦ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❛ ❤❧❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ♥✳ ❍✐❡ ✐ ♠ ✉❧✐❡ ❡ ♥
✇✐ ❞ ❛ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❞❡ ❆ ♥ ♥ ❛ ❤ ♠❡ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❜❥❡ ❦✲
✐ ✈ ♠✐ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❛❧❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣✳ ❲✐ ③❡✐ ❣❡ ♥✱ ❞ ❛ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ❆ ✉❢ ❜ ❛ ✉ ❡✐ ♥❡
❧ ❛ ❡ ❛❧❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤ ✱ ❞✐❡ ♠✐ ❞❡ ❞❡ ❦ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥❡❧❧❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ♥
❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣ ✈❡ ❣❧❡✐❝ ❤ ❜ ❛ ✐ ✳ ❆❧❧❡ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ❜ ❡ ❣ ❞✐❡ ❚✐❡❢❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❧❡ ❞✐ ❣✲
❧✐❝ ❤ ✸ ✵ ✵ ♥ ♠✳ ❖ ❜ ✇ ♦ ❤❧ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❝ ❤❧❡❝ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❚✐❡❢❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞✐❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ❦ ♦ ♥✲
❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ♥ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣ ✈❡ ❝ ❤❧❡❝ ❤ ❡ ✱ ❤ ❛ ❞❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ❆ ♥ ❛ ③ ❞❡ ♥ ❱♦ ❡✐❧✱
❞ ❛ ❡ ✐❝ ❤ ✉ ♠ ❡✐ ♥ ❞✐ ❡ ❦ ❡ ❆ ❜ ❜✐❧ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❞❡❧ ✱ ✇❡❧❝ ❤❡ ♦ ❤ ♥❡ ❦ ♦ ♠ ♣❧❡✲
①❡ ❆❧ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❤ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❦ ♦ ♠ ♠ ✳ ❚♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐ ❝ ❤❡ ❘❡ ❦ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❦ ✐ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❤✐ ♥ ❣❡ ❣❡ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❞❡ ♥
❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ❤ ♦ ❤❡ ♥ ❘❡❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❛ ✉❢ ✇ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❦ ♦ ♠ ♣❧❡ ①❡ ❱♦ ❜ ❡ ❡✐ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ❉ ❛ ❡ ♥✳ ❚ ♦ ③✲
❞❡ ♠ ✐ ❞ ❛ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣ ❞❡ ♠ ❤❡ ✉ ✐ ❣❡ ♥ ✇❡✐❝ ❤❡ ♥ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ♥
❚♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❛ ♥ ❛ ③ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❧❡ ❣❡ ♥✱ ③ ✉ ♠✐ ♥ ❞❡ ♠✐ ❛ ❦ ✉❡❧❧❡ ♥ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♦ ❜❥❡ ❦ ✐ ✈❡ ♥✱ ❞✐❡
♥ ✉ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❣❡ ✐ ♥ ❣❡ ❚✐❡❢❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉❢ ✇❡✐ ❡ ♥✳
■ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❆ ❜ ❡✐ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✉❝ ❤❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❛ ✉❝ ❤ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ✇❡✐ ❡ ❡ ♥✱ ✈ ❧❧✐ ❣ ♥❡ ✉❡ ♥ ❆ ♥ ❛ ③
❢ ❡✐ ♥ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ✱ ❜✐❧ ❞ ❣❡ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❱❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥✱ ❞❡ ❛ ✉❢ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❑ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉
❘ ❛ ❡ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❦ ✉ ✐❡ ❡ ♠ ■ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❛ ❤❧❢ ❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ✳ ❉✐❡ ❡ ❆ ♥✲
❛ ③ ✇✐ ❞ ❤✐❡ ❛❧ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ✭ ❋♦ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❞ ■ ♦ ♥ ❇❡ ❛ ♠ ❙❝ ❛ ♥ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❳✲ ❛ ② ▼✐❝ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♣ ②✮ ❜ ❡✲
③❡✐❝ ❤ ♥❡ ✳ ❇❡✐ ❞❡ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❡ ③❡ ✉ ❣ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❤ ♦ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✉ ✢ ❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❋ ❡ ♥❡❧✲ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥
❇ ❡ ♥ ♥ ✢❡❝ ❦ ✐ ♠ ◆ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠❡ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤✱ ❞❡ ❜ ❡ ❞✐❡ ❖ ❜ ❡ ✢ ❝ ❤❡ ❞❡ ❖ ❜❥❡ ❦ ❣❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥
✇✐ ❞✳ ❆ ♥ ❥❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❜ ❣❡ ❛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❦ ✇❡ ❞❡ ♥ ❤ ♦ ♦ ❡❧❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ✈ ♦ ♠ ❖ ❜❥❡ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❆ ❜✲
❤ ♥ ❣✐ ❣ ❦❡✐ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❧ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ♥ ❆ ❜ ♦ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❦ ♦ ❡ ✣③✐❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❙ ❡❧❧❡ ❡ ♠✐ ✐❡ ✳ ❉✐❡
❖ ❜ ❡ ✢ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❛ ❜ ❛ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❣✐ ❜ ❞ ❛ ❤❡ ❞ ❛ ❇✐❧ ❞ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❙❝ ❤✐❝ ❤ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❜✐ ③ ✉
❡✐ ♥❡ ❚✐❡❢❡✱ ❞✐❡ ❞❡ ❆ ✉ ✐ ✐❡❢❡ ❞❡ ❊❧❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♣ ✐❝ ❤ ✳ ❯ ♠ ✸ ❉✲ ❉ ❛ ❡ ♥ ③ ✉ ❡ ❤ ❛❧✲
❡ ♥✱ ✇✐ ❞ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❦ ✉ ✐❡ ❡ ■ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❛ ❤❧ ✈❡ ✇❡ ♥ ❞❡ ✱ ✉ ♠ ❞✐❡ ❖ ❜ ❡ ✢ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❝ ❤✐❝ ❤
③ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❢❡ ♥❡ ♥✳ ❉✐❡ ♥❡ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❖ ❜ ❡ ✢ ❝ ❤❡ ✇✐ ❞ ❡ ♥❡ ✉ ♠✐ ❞❡ ♠ ❇ ❡ ♥ ♥ ✢❡❝ ❦
❛ ❜ ❣❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✳ ■ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❋ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❙❝ ❛ ♥ ♥❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✉❡ ♥ ♦ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ✸ ❉✲ ❇✐❧ ❞ ❛ ♣ ❡❧
✐ ♠ ❙❧✐❝❡✲ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❱✐❡ ✇✲ ▼ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❛ ✉❢✳ ■ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❆ ❜ ❡✐ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤ ❜ ❛ ❡ ✸ ❉✲
❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ❇✐❧ ❞❡ ♥ ❡ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❜ ❡ ❡✐❧✐ ❣ ❡ ♥
♦③❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ✉❧✐❡ ✳ ❲✐ ③❡✐ ❣❡ ♥✱ ❞ ❛ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❛ ✉❢ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❞❡ ❦ ✉ ③❡ ♥ ❆ ✉ ✐ ❧ ♥ ❣❡
✭ ❁ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠✮ ❞❡ ❡ ♠✐ ✐❡ ❡ ♥ ❊❧❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❞❡ ❣❡ ✐ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ● ❡ ❞❡ ❇ ❡ ♥ ♥ ✢❡❝ ❦ ♦✲
✇✐❡ ❞❡ ❤ ♦ ❤❡ ♥ ③✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❋ ✈ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡✐ ♥❡ ✐ ♦ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤❡ ♥
❦❛ ♥ ♥✳ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❞❡ ✇❡✐ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❛ ✉❝ ❤✱ ❞ ❛ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❛ ✉❢ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❊❧❡ ❦✲
♦ ♥❡ ♥❡ ❢ ❛ ✉ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❜ ❡✐ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❞ ❡✐ ● ❡ ♥ ♦ ❞ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♥✐❡ ❞ ✐ ❣❡ ❡ ♥ ❉ ♦ ✐ ❛ ❜ ❡✐ ❡ ♥
❦❛ ♥ ♥ ❛❧ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ♥✳ ❙ ♦ ♠✐ ❜✐❡ ❡ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❤ ♦✲
❤❡ ✐ ♦ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❜ ❡✐ ❡✐ ♥❡ ✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜ ❦❛ ♥ ♥✐❡ ❞ ✐ ❣❡ ❡ ♥ ❉ ♦ ✐ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❜ ❡ ✇✐ ♥ ❞❡ ♦
❡✐ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❦ ❡ ♥ ❇❡ ❝ ❤ ♥ ❦ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❛❧❧❡ ❣ ♥ ❣✐ ❣❡ ♥ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ♥ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲
✈❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❢ ❞✐❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❇✐❧ ❞ ❣❡ ❜ ✉ ♥ ❣✳
❊✐ ♥❡ ✇❡✐ ❡ ❡ ❊✐ ♥ ❝ ❤ ♥ ❦ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ❞❡ ③❡✐ ✐ ❣❡ ♥ ▼✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ✈❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♠ ✇❡✐❝ ❤❡ ♥
❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤ ✐ ❞✐❡ ❩❡✐ ❛ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣✳ ❖ ❜ ✇ ♦ ❤❧ ❢ ❡✐❡ ❊❧❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❡ ♥❧ ❛ ❡ ✭ ❋ ❊ ▲ ✮ ❦ ✉ ③❡
❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♣ ✉❧ ❡ ♠✐ ❋❡ ♠ ♦ ❡ ❦ ✉ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❜✐❡ ❡ ♥✱ ✐ ❞✐❡ ❆ ❜ ❜✐❧ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ♠✐ ❞✐❡ ❡ ♥
✶ ✺
❦ ✉ ③❡ ♥✱ ❦ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ✉❧ ❡ ♥ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❣ ♦ ❡ ❍❡ ❛ ✉ ❢ ♦ ❞❡ ✉ ♥ ❣✳ ■ ♥ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❆ ❜ ❡✐ ❝ ❤❧ ❛ ❣❡ ♥
✇✐ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ♥❡ ✉❡ ♥ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❛ ♥ ❛ ③ ✈ ♦ ✱ ❞❡ ❛ ✉❢ ❞❡ ❇ ❛ ✐ ❞❡ ❋♦ ✉ ✐❡ ✲ ❚ ❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛✲
✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❜ ❡ ✉ ❤ ✳ ❯ ♥ ❡ ❡ ▼❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❝ ❤❡✐ ❞❡ ✐❝ ❤ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❢ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ❍ ♦❧ ♦✲
❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❛ ♥ ③❡ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❞✐❡ ❱❡ ✇❡ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❛ ❦ ✐ ✈❡ ♥ ♦ ♣ ✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❊❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ✉ ♠
❞✐❡ ❇❡❧❡ ✉❝ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣ ♦ ✇ ♦ ❤❧ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❛❧ ❛ ✉❝ ❤ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡ ❡ ♥③ ③ ✉ ❡ ③❡ ✉ ❣❡ ♥✳ ❉✐❡ ❍ ❛ ✉ ♣ ✲
✈ ♦ ❡✐❧❡ ❞❡ ♥❡ ✉❡ ♥ ▼❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ❞✐❡ ❝ ❤ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❇✐❧ ❞ ❣❡ ❜ ✉ ♥ ❣✱ ❞ ❛ ❡ ✇❡✐ ❡ ❡ ❙✐❝ ❤ ❢❡❧ ❞
✉ ♥ ❞ ❞✐❡ ❊ ♥ ❦ ♦ ♣ ♣❧ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❖ ♣ ✐ ❦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❜ ❡✳ ❯ ♠ ❞✐❡ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ♥❡ ✉❡ ♥ ▼❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡
③ ✉ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✉❝ ❤❡ ♥✱ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ♦ ✇ ♦ ❤❧ ❤❡ ♦ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❤❡ ❇❡ ❡❝ ❤ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❛❧ ❛ ✉❝ ❤ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐✲
♠❡ ♥ ❡ ♠✐ ❙ ② ♥❝ ❤ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❤❧ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❇ ❊ ❙ ❙ ❨ ■■ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❤✳ ❯ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❡❧❧❡ ♥
✉ ♥ ❞ ❤❡ ♦ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❊ ❣❡ ❜ ♥✐ ❡ ③❡✐ ❣❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♦ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❛❧ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ❢
③ ✉ ❦ ♥❢ ✐ ❣❡ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❋ ❊ ▲ ✳
❋ ❛❧❧❡ ❧✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐❡ ❡ ♥✱ ❜✐❧ ❞ ❣❡ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❊ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤ ✐ ❡
❡ ♥ ❝ ❤❡✐ ❞❡ ♥ ❞✱ ❞✐❡ ❆ ❜ ❜✐❧ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❡✐ ❣❡ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❛❢ ❡ ♥ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❋ ❡ ♥❡❧✲ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ③ ✉ ✈❡ ❡ ❤❡ ♥✳
❲ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❞✐❡ ❆ ✉ ✇✐ ❦ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ✈ ♦ ♥ ② ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐❡ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢❡ ❤❧❡ ♥ ❡✐
▲ ❛ ♥ ❣❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❦❛ ♥ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞✱ ✐ ♥ ❞ ❞✐❡ ❊ ✛❡ ❦ ❡ ✈ ♦ ♥ ③ ✉❢ ❧❧✐ ❣❡ ♥ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐❡ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢❡ ❤❧❡ ♥
✉ ♥ ❦❧ ❛ ❣❡ ❜❧✐❡ ❜ ❡ ♥✳ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ✇❡ ❞❡ ♥ ❤ ❛ ✉ ♣ ❝ ❤❧✐❝ ❤ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❊❧❡ ❦ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❛ ❤❧❧✐ ❤ ♦✲
❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ✉ ♥ ❞ ♣❧ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❡ ➘ ③ ❡❝ ❤ ♥✐ ❦❡ ♥ ❤❡ ❣❡ ❡❧❧ ✳ ❋ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ❛ ❤❧❡ ♥ ❜ ❡ ✉ ❤
❡✐ ♥ ❛❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ❤❡ ❡❧❧ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❛ ③ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✉❢✱ ❛ ❜ ✇❡❝ ❤ ❡❧ ♥ ❞ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥ ▼✐ ❦ ♦✲
❞ ❛ ❤ ♠✐ ③ ✇❡✐ ✈❡ ❝ ❤✐❡ ❞❡ ♥❡ ♥ ▼ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛❧✐❡ ♥ ③ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❝ ❤✐❝ ❤ ❡ ♥✳ ▼✐ ❞✐❡ ❡ ♠ ❱❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥
❦ ♥ ♥❡ ♥ ❡ ❤ ❞ ♥ ♥❡ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❝ ❤✐❝ ❤ ❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❡ ❤ ❤ ♦ ❤❡ ♥ ❆ ♣ ❡ ❦ ✈❡ ❤ ❧ ♥✐ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❜ ❣❡ ❝ ❤✐❡✲
❞❡ ♥ ✇❡ ❞❡ ♥✳ ❆ ❜ ❤ ♥ ❣✐ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ❍❡ ❡❧❧ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈❡ ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❦ ♥ ♥❡ ♥ ❥❡ ❞ ♦ ❝ ❤ ③ ✉❢ ❧❧✐ ❣❡ ❩ ♦✲
♥❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐❡ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢❡ ❤❧❡ ③ ✉ ❛ ❦❡ ♥ ❆ ❜ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♥✳ ❯ ♠ ❞✐❡ ❡ ❊ ✛❡ ❦ ❡ ③ ✉ ✈❡ ✲
❡ ❤❡ ♥✱ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✉❝ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❞✐❡ ❆ ✉ ✇✐ ❦ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ✈ ♦ ♥ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥✐❡ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢❡ ❤❧❡ ♥ ❛ ✉❢ ❞ ❛ ❆ ✉❢✲
❧ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈❡ ♠ ❣❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❱❡ ✇❡ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❝ ❤✐❡ ❞❧✐❝ ❤❡ ③ ✉❢ ❧❧✐ ❣❡
❋❧ ✉ ❦ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥❡ ♥✳ ❲✐ ❢ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ♥ ❤❡ ❛ ✉ ✱ ❞ ❛ ③ ✉❢ ❧❧✐ ❣❡ ❋❡ ❤❧❡ ③ ✉ ❡✐ ♥❡ ❞❡ ✉ ❧✐❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❘❡ ❞ ✉ ❦✲
✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❑ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❦ ♥ ♥❡ ♥✳ ❲✐ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✉❝ ❤ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❡ ❙❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦❡
❢ ❞✐❡ ♠✐ ❧❡ ❡ ❛ ❦③❡ ♣ ✐❡ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❱❛ ✐ ❛ ♥③ ❞❡ ❩ ♦ ♥❡ ♥ ❛ ❜ ❝ ❤❡✐ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♠ ✳
■ ♥ ❞❡ ❆ ❜ ❡✐ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❞✐❡ ● ❡ ♥③❡ ♥ ❞❡ ✇❡✐ ✈❡ ❜ ❡✐ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐ ❝ ❤❡ ♥
❘❡ ❦ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ♦ ♥ ✸ ❉✲ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❡❧ ❚ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣✐❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❛ ❦✲
❡ ✐ ✐❡ ✳ ❲✐ ③❡✐ ❣❡ ♥✱ ❞ ❛ ❞✐❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ♠✐ ❞✐❡ ❡ ♠ ❆ ♥ ❛ ③ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❞✐❡ ❙❝ ❤ ✲
❢❡ ♥ ✐❡❢❡ ❜ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♥③ ✐ ✳ ❩ ✉ ❯ ♥ ❡ ✉❝ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❆❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ♥ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✇✐ ❙✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥❡ ♥
③ ✉ ❇✐❧ ❞❡ ♥ ❡ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♠ ❦ ♦ ♥❢ ♦ ❦❛❧❡ ♥ ❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ♦ ❦ ♦ ♣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♠ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼
❞ ✉ ❝ ❤✳ ❲✐ ③❡✐ ❣❡ ♥✱ ❞ ❛ ❋■ ❇✲ ❙ ❳ ▼ ❡✐ ♥ ✈✐❡❧ ✈❡ ♣ ❡❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❆ ♥ ❛ ③ ✐ ✱ ❞❡ ❡✐ ♥❡ ✐ ♦✲
♦ ♣ ❡ ✸ ❉✲ ❆ ✉ ✢ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♠ ❞✐❡ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❡✐❝ ❤❡ ♥ ❦❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❞ ③ ✉ ③❧✐❝ ❤ ❡✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❤
✈❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ❡ ❙✐ ❣ ♥ ❛❧✲ ❘ ❛ ✉ ❝ ❤✲ ❱❡ ❤ ❧ ♥✐ ❜✐❡ ❡ ♥ ❦ ♥ ♥ ❡✳ ❲✐ ❡❧❧❡ ♥ ❛ ✉❝ ❤ ❡✐ ♥❡ ♥❡ ✉❡
❍ ♦❧ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ♠❡ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ✈ ♦ ✱ ❞✐❡ ✐❝ ❤ ❢ ❱♦❧❧❢❡❧ ❞ ❛ ❜ ❜✐❧ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♠✐ ❦ ✉ ③❡ ♥ ❦ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥
❘ ♥ ❣❡ ♥ ♣ ✉❧ ❡ ♥ ❛❧ ✈ ♦ ❡✐❧ ❤ ❛❢ ❡ ✇❡✐ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❞ ♥❡ ✉❡ ❊✐ ♥ ✐❝ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞✐❡ ✉❧ ❛ ❝ ❤ ♥❡❧❧❡
❤ ② ✐ ❦ ❧✐❡❢❡ ♥ ❦ ♥ ♥ ❡✳
