Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Sustainable regional development, innovation and state capacity
Kümpel, Arndt
7 July 2011
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33967/
MPRA Paper No. 33967, posted 09 Oct 2011 14:03 UTC
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ e ɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ⱦɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣɜ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɜɵɡɨɜɨɜɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɗɪɚ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɢɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣɪɨɫɬ
ȼɨɥɧɵ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣȺɦɟɪɢɤɢ.Ʉɪɨɦɟɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢɬɚɤɠɟɫɬɚɥɢɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟɱɬɨɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬɜɵɡɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɚɠɟɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɠɢɡɧɢ,ɱɬɨɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɩɪɢɜɟɥɨɤ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɪɨɫɬɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɝɨɞɭɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɦɥɪɞɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ.
ɗɬɨ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɦ,ɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɥɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɏɭɠɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɜɺɥ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ, ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ1, ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɚɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨɝɚɡɚ,ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ650,000ɥɟɬ ɗɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɚɥɶɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɢ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ''2, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚɬɚɤɤɚɤ ɞɨɫɢɯɩɨɪ ɧɟɭɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚ
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɹɞɭɳɢɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɝɪɨɡ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɵɦɟɠɞɭɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɚ ɂɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɷɬɨɟɳɺɢ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚ3
Ȼɚɡɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɟɦɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ Ⱥɬɚɤɤɚɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɧɨɪɦɵɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɵɤ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ,ɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɜɫɬɨɪɨɧɭɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɛɨɥɟɟɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤɩɪɢɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
1Ɉɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɜ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɭɬɪɚɬɵɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɫɦ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: World Economic Forum (2010): Biodiversity and Business Risk. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://www.pwc.de/de/nachhaltigkeit/assets/Biodiversity_businessrisk.pdf (01.07.2011)
2 Hubbert, M.K. (1976): Exponential growth as a transient phenomenon in human history. The fragile earth. towards strategies for survival.Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://www.hubbertpeak.com/Hubbert/wwf1976/print.htm (01.07.2011)
3Ɇichels, G.R. (2010): Nachhaltigkeit und Ordnungspolitik in der Krise. Berlin, ɫ
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɦ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɬɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɵ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɚɦ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɚɢɦɟɟɬɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚ ɂɬɚɤɤɚɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɚɹɢɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢɟɝɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ.
ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ,ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɢɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɞɥɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɉɧɚɬɚɤɠɟɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɤɬɢɜɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɨɝɭɬɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.4 ɇɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣɜɤɥɚɞɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɮɢɪɦɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ,5ɜɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɜɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɣ.6
ɇɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɠɧɨɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ Ʉɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɚɬɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɗɬɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɧɚɥɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɬɨɪɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɢɥɢɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɟɺɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.7
Ɉɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ8 ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ9 ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɡɨ-ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɤɪɨ-ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
4Marrocuȿɢɞɪ. Ⱥɥ. (2009): Intangible assets and firm productivity.Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://crenos.unica.it/crenos/en/
content/intangible-capital-and-firms-productivity (02.07.2011)
5Agrighetti Ⱥɢɫɨɚɜɬ(2011): The determinants of intangible assets in manufacturing firms: Evidence from Italy.
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.fabiolandini.altervista.org/paper_ALL1.pdf (02.07.2011)
6 Artis, M. et Al. (2010): Does social capital reinforce technological inputs in the creation of knowledge?
Evidence from the Spanish regions.: Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.iareg.org/fileadmin/iareg/media/papers/wp5- 10_Miguelez_Moreno_Artis.pdf (02.07.2011)
7Marrocuȿɢɞɪ. Ⱥɥ(2009), IBD.ɋ
8Borner, S. et. Al. (2004): Institutional efficiency and its determinants. The role of political factors in economic growth.
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/4104011e.pdf (02.07.2011)
9 Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ 2003): ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɚɩɪɟɥɶ Ƚɥɚɜɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚ: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2003/01/ (02.07.2011)
ɇɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɥɢɧɚɫɚɦɨɦɞɟɥɟɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ"
ɇɟɨɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ.ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɰɟɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɢɤ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɬ - ɷɬɨ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦɢ. ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫɨɧ10 ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ,ɬɨɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɫɤɨɪɟɟɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɬɫɹɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɸ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ɂɦɟɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɢɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯɱɬɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɂɥɢ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ,ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɞɨɥɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɜ ɨɛɳɟɣɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫɨɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ.11 Ʉɪɨɦɟɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɨɫɧɨɜɭɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɤɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɢ ȿɋ12ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɢɄɢɬɚɸ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫɨɧɚ.13 14 ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɜ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɦɬɪɭɞɟȻɪɸɥɶɯɚɪɬɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɱɬɨ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɬȼȼɉ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 10,000 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜɋɒȺ, ɩɪɢɷɬɨɦɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɣɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɫɪɟɞɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯɫɬɪɚɧ15
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ80-100 ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ - ɢ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɏɟɧɞɟɪɫɨɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 5,000 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɋɒȺ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɚɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɝɨɞɚɩɪɟɠɞɟɱɟɦɬɨɬɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ.16 Ɉɧ
10Williamson, J. G. (1965): Regional inequality and the process of national development, in: Economic and Cultural Change 13 pp. 1–84
11 Agrighetti, A. et Al. (2011): The determinants of intangible assets in manufacturing firms: Evidence from Italy.
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.fabiolandini.altervista.org/paper_ALL1.pdf ( (02.07.2011)
12Farahmand, S. et. Al. (2010): Does the development level influence the relationship between economic growth and urban concentration? (Evidences from Mediterranean Countries and EU). Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://gdri.dreem.free.fr/wp- content/b1-2sameti-urbanconcentration.pdf (02.07.2011)
13Gyuris, F. (2009): Dynamics of inter- and intraregional development disparities in time in China and in East Central Europe. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://geogr.elte.hu/ref/REF_Cikkek/GyurisFerenc/gyurisf_jiaxing_2009_eng.pdf (02.07.2011)
14 ɂ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ Ʉɢɬɚɣɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ: Ohnishi, H. (2007): Forming Kuznets Curve among Chinese Provinces.
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ker/76/2/155/_pdf (02.07.2011)
15 Brülhart, M., et. Al. (2008): Agglomeration and growth: Cross-country evidence. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://www.hec.unil.ch/mbrulhar/papers/agglogrowth.pdf (02.07.2011), ɢ ɞɥɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ: Szörfi, B. (2007):
Development and Regional Disparities – Testing the Williamson Curve Hypothesis in the European Union, pp.100..
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.oenb.at/en/img/feei_2007_2_tcm16-79078.pdf (02.07.2011)
16 Henderson, J. V. (2000): The effects of urban concentration on economic growth. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://jpkc.ecnu.edu.cn/ggzcgl/shoukejiaoan/chengshiguihua/How Urban Concentration Affects Economic Growth.pdf (02.07.2011)
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ.17 ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɬɟɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸɤɪɨɫɬɭ ɫ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɋɺɪɮɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɚɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧȿɋ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɞɨ ɬɟɯɩɨɪɩɨɤɚɫɬɪɚɧɚɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ 20,500ɢ 22,800ɟɜɪɨ ɧɚɞɭɲɭɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ18
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɬɨɱɟɦɩɪɢɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɸɬɞɚɧɧɵɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɤɜɨɩɪɨɫɭɨɬɨɦɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬɥɢ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɗɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɣɺɦɤɨɫɬɢɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɛɵɱɧɨɧɟɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹɜ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɞɨɬɟɯɩɨɪ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ «ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɬɢɬ» ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ. ȼɫɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢBewusstseinswandel).19
ɉɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɜɫɟɛɨɥɶɲɟɟɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ,ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ,20ɨɛɡɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣɩɨɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ. ɂɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ©ɨɞɢɧ-ɪɚɡɦɟɪ-ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ- ɜɫɟɦ», ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɺ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶɫɹɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɚɝɟɧɬɨɦɪɨɫɬɚ Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ - ɷɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦɞɥɹ ɟɺɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ!
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣɡɚɞɚɱɟɣɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɧɚ ɫɭɛɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɥɸɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ ɂɧɚɱɟɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɧɚɥɢɱɢɫɬɜɭɟɬɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɚɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɢɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɯɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɬɨɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣɧɚɺɦɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚɚ
17Ɍɚɦɠɟɋ
18SzöfiȻ(2007), pp.111
19Von Weizsäcker, C.F. (1991), Bewußtseinswandel. München
20Rodrik, D. et. Al. (2003): The primacy of institutions (what it does and what it does not mean), p. 33.Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://www.ppge.ufrgs.br/giacomo/arquivos/eco02237/rodrik-subramanian-2003.pdf (02.07.2011)
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɐɟɥɶɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɧɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɷɬɨɦ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɪɹɞɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɇɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɷɬɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ
«ɦɹɝɤɢɯª ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɭɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ21 ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭɦɧɨɣ ,,ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ''22, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɬɶ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɨɡɨɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɛɥɚɝɚ.
Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ȼ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɨɤ ɫ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɞɟɷɬɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɲɚɝɜɩɟɪɟɞɜɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ Ⱥ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɗɲɛɢ.23
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɛɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦ.24 ɂ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ,,ɬɪɢɥɟɦɦɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ''25, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɡɢɫɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦ26 ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɛɥɚɝɤɚɤɷɬɨɢɦɟɟɬɦɟɫɬɨɜɫɥɭɱɚɟɫFOCJ27, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɠɢɜɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ. Ȼɚɥɚɧɫ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɧɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
21 Van Dooren, W. et. Al. (2008): Institutional drivers of efficiency in the public sector, p.20. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/38/40305170.pdf (01.07.2011)
22 Serrat, O. (2009): Building a learning Organization. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://www.adb.org/Documents/Information/Knowledge-Solutions/Building-a-Learning-Organization.pdf (02.07.2011)
23 Asby, W.R. (1958): Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Books/AshbyReqVar.pdf (03.07.2011)
24. Van Dooren, W. et. Al. (2008),ɫɬɪ. 20
25Ɍɪɟɦɹ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ,,ɬɪɢɥɟɦɦɵ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ'' ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɺ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 2) ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɢ ɫɭɛɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨ-ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ. 3) ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɭɛɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
26Feld, L. (2005): Fiscal equivalence and the increasing dispersion / divergence of public goods claims – Do we need a new interpretion?, in: Färber, G.; Otter, N. (2005): Spation aspects of federative systems. Speyer. pp. 147
27FOCJ - Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdications. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨFOCJɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ:
Frey, B.S. et. Al. (1996): To harmonise or to compete? That’s not the question, in: Journal of Public Economics 60 (1996), pp. 335-349; Frey, B.S. (2005): Functional Overlapping Competing Jusrisdications: Redrawing the geographic borders of administration.Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.bsfrey.ch/articles/436_05.pdf (03.07.2011)
ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɤɚɧɬɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɧɬɨɧɨɜ28 Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɸ,ɜɬɨɜɪɟɦɹɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.29 ɗɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ'' ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ. ,,Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ'' ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɰɟɥɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɩɥɚɬɟɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ ɢɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɵɨɬɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ!
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɭɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɩɨɬɨɦɭɱɬɨɨɧ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɱɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɧ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɲɢɦ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɲɢɦɢɫɹɫɫɚɦɢɦɢɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɫɦɵɫɥɟ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ,,ɨɞɢɧ-ɪɚɡɦɟɪ-ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ-ɜɫɟɦ'', ɬɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,ɱɬɨ ɞɚɺɬɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹɜɧɟɞɪɹɬɶɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢɢɠɢɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ:
1. ȼɵɡɨɜɭɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɣɢɞɟɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɬɢɤɭɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
2.ȼɵɡɨɜɭɫɞɜɢɝɚɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɧɚɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɜɪɨɫɬɚɫɨɩɨɪɨɣɧɚɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
3. ȼɵɡɨɜɭ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
4. ȼɵɡɨɜɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɜɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ©ɫɧɢɡɭɜɜɟɪɯ»30
5.Ɂɚɞɚɱɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɫɬɨɪɨɧ
28Feld, L. et. Al. (2004): Fiscal Federalism and Economic Performance:Evidence from Swiss Cantons. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ:
http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/ ~ bo3/informations/pdf/Feld_Federalism.pdf (03.07.2011)
29 Frey, B.S. et. Al. (2007): Tax morale and conditional cooperation. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.bsfrey.ch/articles/453_07.pdf (03.07.2011)
30ȼɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨ-ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɨɣɩɪɟɦɢɢ2009-ɝɨɝɨɞɚ ɗɥɢɧɨɪɈɫɬɪɨɦɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬɦɧɟɧɢɟɨɬɨɦ ɱɬɨɥɸɞɢɞɨɥɠɧɵɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɫɚɦɢɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɜɨɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɦɚɥɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɦ ɫ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2009/10/podcast_elinor_ostrom_checks_i.html (04.07.2011)
