ȼȱɋɇɂɄ Ʌɖȼȱȼ. ɍɇ-Ɍɍ
ɋɟɪɿɹɦɢɫɬ-ɜɨ. 2002. ȼɢɩ. 2. ɋ. 115-122
VISNYK LVIV UNIV.
Ser. Art Studies. 2002. ʋ 2. P. 115-122
© Ʉɨɡɚɤɇ., 2002
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ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɧɚɪɨɞɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚɇȺɇɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɩ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɢ, 15, 79000 Ʌɶɜɿɜ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, ɬɟɥ.:8 0322 72 70 12,
ɮɚɤɫ: 8 0322 72 70 20, e-mail: knb_ua@yahoo.com
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ ɨɛɫɬɨɸɽ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɭ, ɳɨ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɿ ɜ Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɿ ɩɿɞ 6499[991] ɪ.
“ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢɿɡ Ƚɪɟɤɿɜ”, ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢɭɄɢɽɜɿ, ɩɨɯɨɞɢɥɢɡɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɭ. ɐɿɦɚɣɫɬɪɢɫɩɨɪɭɞɢɥɢ ɯɪɚɦɩɪɨɬɟɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫ. ɁɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɚɜɅɿɬɨɩɢɫɿɞɚɬɚɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹɯɪɚɦɭ – 6547[1039] ɪ. – ɞɚɽɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɬɢ, ɳɨɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫɭȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀɰɟɪɤɜɢɬɪɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɨ 1030-ɯɪɪ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɬɚɫɬɢɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɿɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɨɫɬɿɦɿɠɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢɮɪɟɫɨɤ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀɰɟɪɤɜɢɬɚɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɦɢ in situ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɚɦɢɋɨɮɿʀɄɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ (ɞɚɬɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ 1030-ɦɢɪɪ.), ɞɚɸɬɶɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɬɢ, ɳɨɜɨɛɢɞɜɨɯɯɪɚɦɚɯɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɚɨɞɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ. Ɂɚɥɭɱɚɸɱɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɥɚ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɶ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɢ ɜɿɡɚɧɬɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɦɚɥɹɪɫɬɜɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪɪɨɡɦɿɪɤɨɜɭɽɧɚɞɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹɦɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɢɭɄɢɽɜɿɜɩɟɪɲɿɣɩɨɥ. ɏȱɫɬ.
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿɫɥɨɜɚ: Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚɰɟɪɤɜɚ, Ʉɢʀɜ, ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɟɦɚɥɹɪɫɬɜɨ, ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ, ɋɨɮɿɹɄɢʀɜɫɶɤɚ, ɏɨɫɿɨɫɅɭɤɚɫ.
Ɍɟɦɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɿɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ-Ɋɭɫɿ ɡ ȼɿɡɚɧɬɿɽɸ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɞ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɿɡɭɸɱɢɯ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɿɜ, ɬɨɜɢɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢɧɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɤɨɥɢ? ɞɟ? ɹɤ? ɰɿ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɿ ɜ ɱɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ʀɯɧɽ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɶɤɢɯ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɨɤ. Ɂɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɬɹ ɽ ɫɩɪɨɛɨɸ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿʀ ɫɚɦɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɥɢ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ – ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɧɟ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ.
ɋɚɦ ɯɪɚɦ ɧɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ. ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɲɬɭɪɦɭ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɯɚɧɨɦ Ȼɚɬɢɽɦ 6 ɫɿɱɧɹ 1240 ɪ. ɫɬɿɧɢ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɜɩɚɥɢ, ɹɤ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɢ, ɩɿɞ ɭɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɫɬɿɧɨɛɢɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ [1, c. 12] ɚɛɨ, ɹɤ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɶ, ɜɿɞ ɬɥɭɦɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɳɨ ɡɿ ɫɜɨʀɦɢ ɩɨɠɢɬɤɚɦɢ ɜɢɞɟɪɥɢɫɹ ɧɚ ʀʀ ɫɤɥɟɩɿɧɧɹ [2,c. 397]. Ȼɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɪɭʀɧ ɯɪɚɦɭ ɜ ɏV cɬ. (Ɇ.ɘ.Ȼɪɚɣɱɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɜ, ɳɨ ɯɪɚɦ ɜɿɞɛɭɞɭɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɢ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɚ Ɉɥɟɥɶɤɨɜɢɱɚ [3, ɫ. 35]), ɜ XVII ɫɬ. ɬɚ ɭ 1828-1842 ɪɪ. ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɪɭɣɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɥɢɲɤɿɜ ɫɬɿɧ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɫɜɨɽɸ ɱɟɪɝɨɸ ɭɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɟɦɟɧɧɟ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɜɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ. Ɂɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ [4; 5, ɫ. 30-32; 6, ɫ. 225-230; 7, ɫ. 32-33].
ɍ Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɿ ɡɛɟɪɟɝɥɢɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɝɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɨ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɭ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ, ɚɞɠɟ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɜɨɯ ɡ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɸ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɶ ɜɨɧɚ ɛɭɥɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ
Serija mystectvoznavstvo 2 (2002), S. 115-122
ɠɢɬɬɹ ɤɧɹɠɨɝɨ Ʉɢɽɜɚ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɯ ɡɝɚɞɨɤ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɪɚɦɭ. ȼ ȱɩɚɬɿɽɜɫɶɤɿɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀ ɩɿɞ 6499[991] ɪ. ɱɢɬɚɽɦɨ:
“ɉɨɬɿɦ ɠɟ, ɤɨɥɢ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ ɠɢɜ ɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɿ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ, ɧɚɞɭɦɚɜ ɜɿɧ
ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢɬɢ ɤɚɦɿɧɧɭ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ ɫɜɹɬɨʀ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ, ɿ, ɩɨɫɥɚɜɲɢ, ɩɪɢɜɿɜ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ ɿɡ Ƚɪɟɤɿɜ, ɩɨɱɚɜ ɡɜɨɞɢɬɢ. Ⱥ ɤɨɥɢ ɫɤɿɧɱɢɜ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɚɫɢɜ ɜɿɧ ʀʀ ɿɤɨɧɚɦɢ, ɿ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɜ ʀʀ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɨɜɿ-ɤɨɪɫɭɧɹɧɢɧɭ, ɿ ɩɨɩɿɜ ɤɨɪɫɭɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɜ ɧɿɣ. ȼɿɧ ɞɚɜ ɫɸɞɢ ɜɫɟ, ɳɨ ɜɡɹɜ ɛɭɜ ɭ Ʉɨɪɫɭɧɿ, – ɿɤɨɧɢ, ɿ ɧɚɱɢɧɧɹ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɟ ɿ ɯɪɟɫɬɢ”.[2, c. 67].
ɋɥɿɞ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɰɟ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ, ɤɨɥɢ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɶ ɡɝɚɞɭɽ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜɞɥɹɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɨɝɨɯɪɚɦɭɿɜɤɚɡɭɽɧɚʀɯɧɽɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. ɓɨɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ “ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ ɿɡ Ƚɪɟɤɿɜ” ɞɥɹ ɤɿɧɰɹ ɏɫɬ. ɧɚɞɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɟ, ɛɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɭɽ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɟɡɧɿ ɨɛɲɢɪɢ ȼɿɡɚɧɬɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ʀɯ ɜɨɧɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɢ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɿɹ ȱȱ. Ɂ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɿɜ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɡ ȼɿɡɚɧɬɿɽɸ ɜ ɰɟɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɿ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡɿ ɲɥɸɛɨɦ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɋɜɹɬɨɫɥɚɜɢɱɚɬɚɛɚɝɪɹɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɸȺɧɧɨɸ, ɫɟɫɬɪɨɸɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚȼɚɫɢɥɿɹȱȱ, ɞɚɸɬɶɡɦɨɝɭ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨɡɜɭɡɢɬɢɤɨɥɨɩɨɲɭɤɭ.
ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɬɨɱɧɿɲɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɨɫɟɪɟɞɤɭ, ɡ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɿ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɨɦ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɫɿɦ ɫɚɦ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɧɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ. Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɬɹ 6496[988] ɪ. ɡɝɚɞɭɽ ɩɪɨ “ɬɪɨɮɟʀ”, ɳɨ ʀɯ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ ɩɪɢɜɿɡ ɿɡ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɚ [2, c. 65-66]. ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɶɤɿ ɿɤɨɧɢ, "ɧɚɱɢɧɧɹ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɟ” ɬɚ ɯɪɟɫɬɢ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɦɭ ɿ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ "ɞɜɨɯ ɦɿɞɹɧɢɯ ɿɞɨɥɿɜ ɿ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɤɨɧɟɣ ɦɿɞɹɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɟ ɡɚ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨɸ. Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽ, ɳɨ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ ɜɢɜɿɡ ɿɡ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɚ ɦɨɳɿ ɫɜɹɬɢɯ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɿ Ɏɿɜɚ [2, c. 65], ɚ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ ɏɪɨɧɿɤɢ Ɍɿɬɦɚɪɚ Ɇɟɪɡɟɛɭɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɽɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɦɨɳɿɫɜ.Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɭɏȱɫɬ. ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɥɚɫɹɬɚɤɢɭȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɿɣɰɟɪɤɜɿ1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɨɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ ɞɨɪɭɱɢɜ ɯɪɚɦ ɫɚɦɟ "ɤɨɪɫɭɧɫɶɤɢɦ ɩɨɩɚɦ" ɬɚ "ɤɨɪɫɭɧɹɧɢɧɭ" Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɨɜɿ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɅɿɬɨɩɢɫɨɦ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɞɨɩɨɦɿɝɤɧɹɡɟɜɿ ɞɨɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɨɛɥɨɝɭɜɿɡɚɧɬɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɿ ɡɪɨɛɢɜ ɰɟ, ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɦɨ, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɫɭɬɨ “ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨʀ” ɩɨɪɚɞɢ2, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɨɬɠɟ, ɡɧɚɜɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɿ ɦɿɝ ɨɩɿɤɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɯɪɚɦɭ3. ɇɟ ɡɚɣɜɟ ɡɝɚɞɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ ɳɟ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɦɚɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ ɡ ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɚɦɢ, ɞɚɸɱɢ ɤɨɲɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɯɪɚɦɭ Ƀɨɚɧɚ ɉɪɟɞɬɟɱɿ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɿ [2, c. 65]. ɍɫɟ ɰɟ ɫɯɢɥɹɽ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɿ ɭ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɿ
“ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢɿɡȽɪɟɤɿɜ”, ɹɤɿɧɚɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɹɤɧɹɡɹȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚɩɪɢɛɭɥɢɞɥɹɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɩɨɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɚɦɟɡɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɚ.
ɋɥɿɞ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɢɣɲɥɢɯ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ, ɹɤ ɧɚɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɿ ɯɪɚɦɭ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ. ɍ ɪɭʀɧɚɯ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɜɿɞɧɚɣɞɟɧɿɰɟɝɥɢɧɢɧɟɥɢɲɟɡɝɪɟɰɶɤɢɦɢ, ɚɥɟɿɡɿɫɥɨɜ’ɹɧɫɶɤɢɦɢɧɚɩɢɫɚɦɢ, ɚɬɚɤɨɠɡ
1Ɂɝɚɞɭɸɱɢ ɩɪɨ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ, Ɍɿɬɦɚɪ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɛɭɜ ɩɨɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ "ɜ ɰɟɪɤɜɿ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɢ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬɚ" ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡɿ ɫɜɨɽɸ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɨɸ, ɚ "ʀɯɧɿ ɫɚɪɤɨɮɚɝɢ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ" [8, ff. 486-490] Ɂ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ, ɳɨ ɬɿɥɨ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɩɨɤɥɚɥɢ "ɭ ɫɜɹɬɿɣ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ — ɰɟɪɤɜɿ, ɳɨ ʀʀ ɜɿɧ ɫɚɦ ɛɭɜ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢɜ"
[2, ɫ. 74]. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ ɛɭɜ ɩɨɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɿɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɿ, ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɜɟɡɟɧɿ ɡ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɚ ɦɨɳɿ ɪɢɦɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɢ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɚɦ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɨɦ, 6655[1147] ɪ. ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸɫɜ.ɄɥɢɦɟɧɬɚɛɭɜɩɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɢɣɧɚɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚɄɥɢɦɋɦɨɥɹɬɢɱ [2, ɫ. 208].
2 Ʉɨɥɢ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɬɪɢɦɚɥɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɨɡɿ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫ ɫɚɦɟ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫ ɡɪɚɞɢɜ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɨɥɿɬɿɜ. ɍ ȱɩɚɬɿɽɜɫɶɤɿɣɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɭɩɿɞ 6496[988] ɪ. ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ:" ȱ ɨɬ ɦɭɠ, ɧɚ ɿɦ’ɹ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫ, ɤɨɪɫɭɧɹɧɢɧ, ɫɬɪɿɥɢɜ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜɲɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɿɥɿ: "Ɂɚ ɬɨɛɨɸ, ɡɿ ɫɯɨɞɭ, ɽ ɤɨɥɨɞɹɡɿ, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɿɞɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɿ. ɉɟɪɟɤɨɩɚɜɲɢ, ɜɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɦɟɬɟ ɜɨɞɭ" [ 2, ɫ. 61].
3Ɋɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ “ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ” Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭɜɚɜ Ƚ.Ʉ.ȼɚɝɧɟɪ [9, ɫ. 33]
“ɪɨɞɨɜɢɦɝɟɪɛɨɦȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚɋɜɹɬɨɫɥɚɜɢɱɚ” – ɬɪɢɡɭɛɨɦ [10, c. 455-456]. ɐɿɡɧɚɯɿɞɤɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɿɟɬɧɿɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ, ɹɤɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɜɚɜ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɭ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ1.
Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɧɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ “ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ ɿɡ Ƚɪɟɤɿɜ” ɧɚɞɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɟ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ƀɲɥɨɫɹ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɨ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɱɢɯ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɩɪɨ ɪɿɡɶɛɹɪɿɜ. ɍ ɠɨɞɧɿɣ ɿɧɲɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɧɨɝɨ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɪɿɡɶɛɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɭ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɦɚɪɦɭɪɭ (ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ ɚɠ ɧɿɹɤ ɧɟ ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ) [12, c. 61]. Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɿɣɧɢɦ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ, ɱɢ “ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɿ ɦɚɪɦɭɪɢ”
ɛɭɥɢ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɦɭ, ɚ ɱɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɡɟɧɿ ɜɠɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ [13, c. 5-11; 14, c. 338; 15, c. 221; 16, c. 43].
ɓɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɲɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ, ɱɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɢɯ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɨɦ “ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ ɿɡ Ƚɪɟɤɿɜ” ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɰɿ-ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɿɫɬɢ. Ɂɝɚɞɤɚ ɜ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɿ ɩɪɨ "ɩɪɢɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɹ" Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ "ɿɤɨɧɚɦɢ", ɹɤ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɜ Ⱦ.ȼ.Ⱥɣɧɚɥɨɜ, ɦɨɠɟ ɜɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫɭ [17, c. 21-39]. Ɉɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɰɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɬɹ, ɭɦɿɳɟɧɚ ɜ ȱɩɚɬɿɽɜɫɶɤɿɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀ ɩɿɞ 6504[996] ɪ., ɹɤɚ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɰɿɥɢɣ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɚɫɚɠ ɡ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɥɢ ɬɨɣ ɭɜɿɣɲɨɜ ɞɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɦɭ:
"Ʉɨɥɢ ɠ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ ɩɨɛɚɱɢɜ, ɳɨ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ, ɜɿɧ ɭɜɿɣɲɨɜ ɞɨ ɧɟʀ, ɩɨɦɨɥɢɜɫɹ Ȼɨɝɭ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɱɢ: "Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ Ȼɨɠɟ! ɉɨɝɥɹɧɶ ɿɡ ɧɟɛɟɫ, ɿ ɩɨɛɚɱ, ɿ ɨɞɜɿɞɚɣ ɫɚɞ ɫɜɿɣ, ɡɪɨɛɢ,
[ɳɨɛ ɬɟ], ɳɨ ɧɚɫɚɞɢɥɚ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɹ ɬɜɨɹ, ɥɸɞɢ ɫɿʀ ɧɨɜɿʀ, ɫɟɪɰɟ ɹɤɢɯ ɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɭɜ ɽɫɢ ɞɨ
ɿɫɬɢɧɢ, [ɦɨɝɥɢ] ɩɿɡɧɚɬɢ ɬɟɛɟ, ɿɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ Ȼɨɝɚ. ȱ ɩɨɝɥɹɧɶ ɬɢ ɧɚ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ ɨɫɸ, ɳɨ ʀʀ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢɜ ɹ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɢɣ ɪɚɛ ɬɜɿɣ, ɧɚ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɿ, ɹɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɬɟɛɟ, ɿ ɩɪɢɫɧɨɞɿɜɢ Ɇɚɪɿʀ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ. ȱ ɹɤɳɨ ɩɨɦɨɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɯɬɨ ɜ ɰɟɪɤɜɿ ɫɿɣ, ɬɨ ɩɨɱɭɣ ɬɢ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɿ ɨɞɩɭɫɬɢ ɜɫɿ ɝɪɿɯɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɱɢɫɬɨʀ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ" [2, c. 70]2.
ȼɚɠɤɨ ɭɹɜɢɬɢ, ɳɨɛ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɶ ɭɤɥɚɜ ɭ ɤɧɹɠɿ ɭɫɬɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɧɚɬɯɧɟɧɧɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɢɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɪɨɡɩɢɫɚɧɨɝɨ, ɨɬɠɟ, ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɦɭ. Ɇɨɠɟɦɨ, ɡɪɟɲɬɨɸ, ɜɛɚɱɚɬɢ ɭ ɡɝɚɞɰɿ ɩɪɨ Ȼɨɠɭ Ⱦɟɫɧɢɰɸ ɠɢɜɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɉɚɧɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɭɩɨɥɿ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ3. ɐɿ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɦɟɧɲ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɥɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚ ɰɟɪɤɜɚ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ 6504[996] ɪ. – ɞɚɬɚ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿɹɯ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɭ. ɓɨɞɨ ɡɚɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɪɚɦɭ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ 6499[991] ɪ. ɫɥɿɞ ɜɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɿɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɲɢɣ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɡ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɞɢɜ.: [18, c. 10-11].
ɉ’ɹɬɶ ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɦɢɧɭɥɢ ɦɿɠ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤɨɥɢ ɭ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɭ ɜɜɿɣɲɨɜ ɤɧɹɡɶ, ɨɛɿɰɹɸɱɢ ʀɣ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɧɭ ɜɿɞ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɿɜ, ɫɥɿɞ ɜɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɚɞɬɨ ɦɚɥɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɦ ɞɥɹɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ, ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɦɨ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɿɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɦɿɪɤɚɦɢ ɤɿɧɰɹ ɏ ɫɬ. ɯɪɚɦɭ, ɹɤ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚ ɰɟɪɤɜɚ. Ɂ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɯɪɚɦ ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɛɭɜ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɟɦɚɽ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜ.
1Ɍɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɟ “ɉɪɨɥɨɠɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɫɜ.Ƚɟɨɪɝɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ ɫɜ.ɋɨɮɿʀ” ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɰɿɤɚɜɿɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿɩɪɨɬɟ, ɹɤɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɥɨɫɹɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɜɟɥɢɤɢɯɰɟɪɤɨɜɭɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɧɨɦɭɄɢɽɜɿ."ɋɟ ɠ ɫɯɨɬɿɜ
[ɤɧɹɡɶ] ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɨ Ƚɟɨɪɝɿɹ [...] ɿ ɹɤɨ ɩɨɱɚɜ ɡɜɨɞɢɬɢ ʀʀ, ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ
ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɧɟʀ; ɿ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɹɱɢ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɩɪɢɤɥɢɤɚɜ ɬɢɭɧɚ [ɤɚɠɭɱɢ]: "ɑɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɛɿɥɹ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɱɢɯ".
Ɍɢɭɧ ɤɚɠɟ: "Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɨɥɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɚ ɛɨɹɬɶɫɹ ɥɸɞɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ". ȱ ɫɤɚɡɚɜ ɤɧɹɡɶ: "Ɍɚ ɹɤɳɨ ɬɚɤ ɽ, ɬɨ ɹ ɫɢ ɰɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɸ". ȱ ɩɨɜɟɥɿɜ ɤɭɧɢ ɜɨɡɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɦɨɪɢ ɡɨɥɨɬɢɯ ɜɨɪɿɬ, ɿ ɨɝɨɥɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɡɿ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɳɨ ɤɨɠɟɧ [ɡɚ ɩɪɚɰɸ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɨɜɿ] ɜɿɡɶɦɟ ɩɨ ɧɨɝɚɬɿ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɶ. ȱ ɛɭɥɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ. ȱ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɛɚɪɨɦ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɢɥɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ...". ɐɢɬ. ɡɚ: [11, c. 58-59]
2 ɋɥɿɞ ɜɿɞɞɚɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɟ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɧɿɣ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɰɹ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɩɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɿɜ- ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧ ɹɤ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɿɧɧɹ Ȼɨɠɨʀ Ⱦɟɫɧɢɰɿ, ɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ — ɹɤ ɬɜɨɪɿɧɧɹ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ. Ɂɿɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɬɿ: ɯɪɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ — ɰɟɪɤɜɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ; Ⱦɟɫɧɢɰɹ Ȼɨɠɚ — ɤɧɹɡɶ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ.
3Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣɚɧɚɥɿɡȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɨʀɦɨɥɢɬɜɢɭɦɿɳɟɧɨʀɜɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɿɩɿɞ 6504[996] ɪ., ɞɚɜɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢ Ⱦ.Ⱥɣɧɚɥɨɜɭ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜ ɤɭɩɨɥɿ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɉɚɧɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ [17, ɫ. 26-28].
ȼɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɿɲɟ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ, ɳɨ 6504[996] ɪ. ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫ ɭ ɯɪɚɦɿ ɛɭɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɥɨɫɹ. Ⱦɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɮɚɤɬ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɰɟɪɤɜɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɧɢ ɜɿɞ ɤɧɹɠɨʀ “ɦɚɽɬɧɨɫɬɿ” ɿ ɦɿɫɬ.
"Ɉɫɟ ɞɚɸ ɰɟɪɤɜɿ ɫɿɣ, ɫɜɹɬɿɣ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ, ɨɞ ɦɚɽɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɿ ɨɞ ɦɨʀɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɿɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ". ȱ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜɲɢ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɜ ɜɿɧ ɩɪɢɫɹɝɭ ɜ ɰɟɪɤɜɿ ɫɿɣ, [ɿ] ɫɤɚɡɚɜ: "əɤɳɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɿɦɢɬɶ ɯɬɨ, – ɯɚɣ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɹɬ." ȱ ɞɚɜ ɜɿɧ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɧɭ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɨɜɿ-ɤɨɪɫɭɧɹɧɢɧɭ, ɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɜ ɬɨɞɿ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ..." [2, c. 70].
Ɍɚɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɚ ɧɚɜɪɹɞ ɱɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɭ ɥɿɬɭɪɝɿʀ, ɣɲɥɨɫɹ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɩɪɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɿɲɭɡɩɨɝɥɹɞɭɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɜɫɩɪɚɜɭ.
ȱɫɧɭɽ, ɜɪɟɲɬɿ, ɿ ɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɿɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɿ ɩɿɫɥɹ 6504[996] ɪ. ɍ Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɿ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɝɚɞɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɟ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ 6547[1039] ɪ. [2, c. 92]. Ɍɚɤɚ ɩɨɞɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɥɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɚɝɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ, ɫɤɚɠɿɦɨ, ɩɟɪɟɛɭɞɨɜɚ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɱɢ ɜɢɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɯɪɚɦɭ1. ȼɬɿɦ, ɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ɰɟ ɚɠ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚɞɰɹɬɶ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɪɨɤɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɿ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɢ ɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɚ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ, ɡ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɱɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɹɤɨɝɨ, ɨɬɠɟ, ɿ ɫɥɿɞ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɸ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ. Ɂɜɿɞɫɢ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ, ɳɨ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚɰɟɪɤɜɚɽɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɨɸɧɟɥɢɲɟ 990-ɯ, ɚɥɟɿ 1030-ɯɪɪ., ɚɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ “ɿɡȽɪɟɤɿɜ”, ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɿ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɨɦ, ɧɟ ɛɭɥɢ ɽɞɢɧɢɦɢ, ɯɬɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜ ɧɚɞ ʀʀ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹɦ.
Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɫɿɥ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɳɨ ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɡ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜɭȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɿɣɰɟɪɤɜɿ, ɩɿɞɠɢɜɨɩɢɫ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɬɢɧɶɤ, ɡɚ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢɣɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɣɫɥɚɜɟɬɧɿɲɿɣ ɡ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ – ɫɨɛɨɪɿ ɫɜ. ɋɨɮɿʀ 2. ȼ ɨɛɢɞɜɨɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɹɤ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɱ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨ ɲɥɚɤ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɫɦɚɥɶɬɢ, ɳɨ ɞɭɠɟ ɪɿɞɤɨ ɬɪɚɩɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɚɯ [22, c. 192; 23, c. 198]. Ⱦɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡ ɩɟɜɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɿ ɫɬɢɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ3. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɢ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɮɪɟɫɤɢ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɿɡ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɱɟɣ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɨ4 (ɿɥ.1) ɬɚ ɨɛɥɢɱɱɹ ɫɨɬɧɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɧɢɥɿɹ ɜ ɚɩɫɢɞɿ ɉɟɬɪɨ-ɉɚɜɥɿɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɧɚɜɢ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ (ɿɥ.2) [21, c. 73]. ɍ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ ɰɿ ɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɹɤ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿʀ ɡ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɞɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ5, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɿɤɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɢɫɹ ɭ
1ɇɚɞɭɦɤɭɆ.Ƚ.Ʉɚɪɝɟɪɚ, ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɸɰɟɪɤɜɢ 1039 ɪɨɤɭɩɟɪɟɞɭɜɚɥɚ, ɹɤɚɫɶɩɟɪɟɛɭɞɨɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɯɚɪɤɬɟɪ ɰɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɦɢ [1, ɫ. 11]. ɇɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ, Ɇ.Ɏ.Ɇɭɪ’ɹɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɜɜɚɠɚɽ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɸ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɿ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ, ɳɨ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɚɜ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɢɫɹ “ɹɡɢɱɧɢɰɶɤɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɽɪɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɿɧɰɢɞɟɧɬ” [19, ɫ. 111-114]. ȼɪɟɲɬɿ, Ⱥ.ɒɚɯɦɚɬɨɜ ɜɜɚɠɚɜ, ɳɨ ɜ Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɿ ɩɿɞ 1039 ɪ. ɣɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɿɧɲɭ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ, ɚ ɡɝɚɞɤɚ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɹɤ ʀʀ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɽ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɨɸɞɨɩɢɫɤɨɸ [20, ɫ. 415].
2 Ɉɞɧɭ ɡ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɯ ɫɩɪɨɛ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫɭ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɡɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɧɶɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɥɢ Ʌ.Ƚɚɡɟɧɤɨ, ɘ.Ʉɨɪɟɧɸɤ, Ɉ.Ɇɽɞɧɿɤɨɜɚ. ȼɢɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɢ ɬɢɧɶɤɭ ɡ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɢɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶ ɡ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɚɦɢ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɧɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɬɿɣ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɿ ɨɛɢɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɬɚ ɟɤɫɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɬɢɧɶɤɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɚɟɬɚɩɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɿɜ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɬɢɧɶɤɭ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɿɣ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɢɜ.: [21, c. 68-73]
3ɉɨɩɪɢ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫɭ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɡɛɟɪɟɝɥɨɫɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɿɜ ɬɢɫɹɱ, ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦɧɟɞɚɸɬɶɠɨɞɧɨɝɨɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɩɪɨɜɢɝɥɹɞɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɶ.
4 Ɇɿɫɰɟ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɜɿɞɨɦɟ.
5ɋɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɢɡɤɚ ɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɢɯ ɪɢɫ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɬɚ ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫɿ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɿ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɥɢ Ƚ.ɇ.Ʌɨɝɜɢɧɚ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɋɨɮɿɸ “ɛɭɞɭɜɚɥɢ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɸɜɚɥɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ, ɹɤɿ ɛɪɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɿ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ” [24, c. 56]. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫɭ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɏȱɫɬ. ɓɨɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɫɬɚɬɬɹɯ Ƚ.ɇ.Ʌɨɝɜɢɧ ɧɚɝɨɥɨɲɭɜɚɜ ɪɚɞɲɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɚɞɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɚɦɢ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɤɜɢ ɬɚ ɋɨɮɿʀ
ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɞɚɬɨɸ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ 6547[1039] ɪ. ɇɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɟ ɡɿɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɿɪɧɟ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɢ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɛɭɥɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɧɚɣɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɿɲɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɜ 1030-ɯ ɪɪ.1 Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɨɬɠɟ, ɳɨ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ ɫɜ. ɋɨɮɿʀ, ɞɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ. ɉɪɨ ɰɢɯ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ ɧɟ ɡɛɟɪɟɝɥɨɫɹ ɡɝɚɞɨɤ ɭ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɢ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ʀɯ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɿ, ɞɚɸɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɶ.
ɇɚ ɫɯɢɥɚɯ ɝɨɪɢ Ƚɟɥɿɤɨɧ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɝɪɟɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɚ Ⱦɿɩɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɏɨɫɿɨɫɅɭɤɚɫ ɡ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɡɚʀɤɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɮɪɟɫɤɚɦɢ, ɞɚɬɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɲɨɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɸɏȱɫɬ. [30, p. 11-12]. ȺɧɫɚɦɛɥɿɏɨɫɿɨɫɅɭɤɚɫ ɬɚɋɨɮɿʀɄɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ, ɹɤ ɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ, ɜɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɢɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɢɫ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɹɤɢɯ – ɪɨɡɪɢɜ ɡ ɟɥɥɿɧɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɫɩɚɞɳɢɧɨɸ ɜɿɡɚɧɬɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ:
ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɟɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɶ; ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɿɜ; ɿɽɪɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɬɪɢɦɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɭɯɭ; ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɿɥɚ – ɜɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɿ ɮɿɝɭɪɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɚɦɢ (ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹɝɨɥɨɜɢɞɨɬɿɥɚɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨɜɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿʀ 1:6). ȼɬɿɦ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɧɚɣɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɿɲɨɸ ɪɢɫɨɸ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɸ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɡɚʀɱɧɢɯ, ɿ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɟɫɤɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɿɜ (ɬɭɬ ɜɚɪɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɜɠɟ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɱɟɣ ɡ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ), – ɰɟ ɧɟɡɦɿɧɧɚ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɢɱɱɹɯ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɯ, ɨɛɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɦ ɨɱɚɯ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɨɤɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɨɪɨɧɟɧɿɫɬɶ (ɿɥ.1, 2, 3), ɧɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢɥɿɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɜɿɞɨɦɨʀ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɨɤ ɞɪɭɝɨʀ ɩɨɥ. ɏȱ – ɩɨɱ. ɏȱȱ ɫɬ., ɹɤ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɿ ɇɟɚ Ɇɨɧɿ ɧɚ ɏɿɨɫɿ, Ⱦɚɮɧɿ ɤɨɥɨ Ⱥɮɿɧ ɬɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɜɟɪɯɢɣ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ. Ɍɿ ɫɬɢɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɨɫɬɿ, ɹɤɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɦɿɠ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɚɦɢɏɨɫɿɨɫ Ʌɭɤɚɫ ɬɚ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ, ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ ɡ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɟɪɟɞɤɭ. Ɂ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ, ɫɥɭɲɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɬɢɦ ɨɫɟɪɟɞɤɨɦ ɦɿɝ ɛɭɬɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶ2. ɋɥɿɞ, ɨɞɧɚɤ, ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɦɿɠ ɋɢɧɚɽɦ, ȱɬɚɥɿɽɸ ɬɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɨɸ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɧɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɚɯ, ɞɟ ɡɛɟɪɟɝɥɢɫɹ ɦɨɡɚʀɤɢ, ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɢɯ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ, ɧɟ ɜɫɿ ɡ ɰɢɯ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɶ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ. ɋɨɮɿɹ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɚ ɿ ɏɨɫɿɨɫ Ʌɭɤɚɫ – ɰɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ.
Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ, ɨɫɦɢɫɥɸɸɱɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɶɤɨʀ ɲɤɨɥɢ [25, c. 133-134; 26, c. 28-29].
ɇɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɇ.ɇ.ɇɿɤɿɬɟɧɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɟɨɪɞɢɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿɣ ɿɞɟɣɧɨ-ɡɦɿɫɬɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɿɜ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ “ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ” ɱɚɫɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɨɛɨɪɭɡ “ɟɩɨɯɢəɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ” ɜ “ɟɩɨɯɭȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ”. ɉɪɢɰɶɨɦɭ, ɧɚɞɭɦɤɭɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɰɿ, ɋɨɮɿɹɄɢʀɜɫɶɤɚɛɭɥɚ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɚ ɿ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɳɟ ɞɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɬɶɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ [27, c. 224-241]. Ɂ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɿɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɪɟɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿɣ ɞɢɜ. ɪɟɰɟɧɡɿɸ [28, c. 647-651].
1 Ⱦɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɿɜ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ — ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɛɚɝɚɬɸɳɨɸ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɨɝɪɚɮɿɽɸ. ɉɨɦɢɧɚɸɱɢɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɜɫɶɨɝɨɫɩɟɤɬɪɭɞɭɦɨɤ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɳɨɞɨɞɚɬɢɡɚɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɫɨɛɨɪɭ, ɜɫɟɠ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɢ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɛɭɥɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɧɚɣɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɿɲɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɭ 1030-ɯɪɪ. Ⱦɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɞɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɬɿ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɬɿɧɚɯ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɢɹɜɢɜ ɋ.Ɉ.ȼɢɫɨɰɶɤɢɣ. ɉɟɪɟɞɨɜɫɿɦ ɰɟ ɝɪɟɰɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɢɫ ɭ Ƚɟɨɪɝɿɽɜɫɶɤɿɣ ɧɚɜɿ ɿɡ ɞɚɬɨɸ, ɜɿɞɱɢɬɚɧɨɸ ɹɤ 1032 ɪ., ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɥɨɜ’ɹɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɢɫ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɧɚɜɿ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ, ɳɨ, ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɨ, ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɚ ȼɫɟɜɨɥɨɞɚ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɧɨɸɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɿɽɸ, ȼɫɟɜɨɥɨɞɧɚɪɨɞɢɜɫɹ 1030 ɪɨɤɭ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɞɢɜ.: [29, c. 9-12, 198-202]. ɇɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɿɬɿ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɋɨɮɿɹ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɚ ɜɠɟ ɛɭɥɚ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɚ. Ɉɬɠɟ, ɪɨɡɩɨɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɡɚʀɤ ɿ ɮɪɟɫɨɤ.
2 ɓɨɞɨ ɏɨɫɿɨɫ Ʌɭɤɚɫ ɧɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɡ’ɹɜɢɥɨɫɹ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɶɤɭ ɮɭɧɞɚɰɿɸ. ɇɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɿɭɦɿ “Ʉɪɢɡɚ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ? ȼɿɡɚɧɬɿɹ ɜ ɏȱ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɿ (1025-1081)”, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɜ Ⱥɮɿɧɚɯ 10-13 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2001 ɪ. ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɜɿɡɚɧɬɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɏɟɥɟɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɿɣ ɋɩɟɪɨɫɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɿɹ ȼɪɿɨɧɿɫɚ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫ ɒɦɿɧɤ ɭ ɞɨɩɨɜɿɞɿ “Hosios Loukas: An imperial Foundation?” ɜɢɫɭɧɭɜ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɭ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɨɸ ɤɚɬɨɥɿɤɨɧ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɹ ɏɨɫɿɨɫ Ʌɭɤɚɫ ɛɭɜ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɦ VIII (1025-1028) ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨɱɤɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɢɧɿ ȯɜɞɨɤɿʀ, ɱɢʀ “ɩɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɿ” ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ ɧɚɱɟɛɬɨ ɜɬɿɥɟɧɿ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɯ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɫɜ. ȼɚɪɜɚɪɢ ɭ ɧɚɪɬɟɤɫɿ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ. ɇɚɫɩɪɚɜɞɿ ɰɹ ɰɿɤɚɜɚ ɬɟɨɪɿɹ ɳɟ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɧɿɲɚ ɧɿɠ ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ Ɇ.ɏɚɞɡɿɞɚɤɿɫɚ, ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ “ɋɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɳɟɣ”, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨɧɭ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɟ ɞɨ 1011 ɚɛɨ 1022 ɪɨɤɭ [31, c. 127-150].
ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡɰɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɝɪɚɮɿɬɿ, ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɟ ɋ.ȼɢɫɨɰɶɤɢɦ ɭ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɿɜɫɶɤɿɣ ɧɚɜɿ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ. Ƚɪɟɰɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ ɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɪɹɞɤɿɜ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɿɱɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ:
.[XUL]H.[XUL]HERKTLWRQVRQGRXORQ*HRUJK.[XUL]HHOHK[VRQ] 1 Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ, Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɠɢ ɪɚɛɨɜɿ ɬɜɨɽɦɭ Ƚɟɨɪɝɿɸ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ ɩɨɦɢɥɭɣ
Ɍɨɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɳɨ ɧɚɩɢɫ ɛɭɜ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɢɪɨɦɭ ɬɢɧɶɤɭ, ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɡɚɮɚɪɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɪɟɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ, ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɸ ɦɿɪɨɸ ɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɦɚɽɦɨ ɬɭɬ ɚɜɬɨɝɪɚɮ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɦɢɬɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɭ 1030-ɯ ɪɪ. ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɋɨɮɿʀɄɢʀɜɫɶɤɿɣɿ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɜɚɥɢɪɨɡɩɢɫɢȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀɰɟɪɤɜɢ2.
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1. Ʉɚɪɝɟɪ Ɇ.Ʉ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɣ Ʉɢɟɜ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ-Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 1961. – Ɍ. ȱȱ.
2. Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫ ɪɭɫɶɤɢɣ ɡɚ ȱɩɚɬɫɶɤɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ / ɉɟɪ. ɡ ɞɚɜɧɶɨɪɭɫ. Ʌ.ȯ.Ɇɚɯɧɨɜɰɹ; ȼɿɞɩ.
ɪɟɞ. Ɉ.ȼ.Ɇɢɲɚɧɢɱ. – Ʉ., 1989.
3. Ȼɪɚɣɱɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ Ɇ.ɘ. ɁɿɫɬɨɪɿʀȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀɰɟɪɤɜɢ // ɐɟɪɤɜɚȻɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚ ɜ Ʉɢɽɜɿ. Ⱦɨ 1000-ɥɿɬɬɹ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ. – Ʉ., 1996.
4. ɏɨɥɨɫɬɟɧɤɨ Ɇ.ȼ. Ɂ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɡɨɞɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɶɨʀ Ɋɭɫɿ // Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɹ. – 1965. – Ɍ. ɏȱɏ.
5. Ⱥɫɟɟɜ ɘ.ɋ. ȺɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨɄɢɟɜɚ. – Ʉ., 1982.
6. Ʌɨɝɜɢɧ ɇ.Ƚ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ // Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1988.
7. Ɋɟɭɬɨɜ Ⱥ. Ⱦɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ // ɐɟɪɤɜɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ ȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚɜɄɢɽɜɿ. Ⱦɨ 1000-ɥɿɬɬɹɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ. – Ʉ., 1996.
8. Thietmari episcopi Merseburgensis chronicon: Die Chronik des Bischofs Thietmar von Merseburg und ihre Korveier Überarbeitung / R.Holtzmann. 3.Aufl. – Berlin, 1935.
9. ȼɚɝɧɟɪ Ƚ.Ʉ. ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɦɧɟ (Ɉɩɵɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ). – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1990.
10. Ʉɚɪɝɟɪ Ɇ.Ʉ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɣ Ʉɢɟɜ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ-Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 1958. – Ɍ. 1.
11. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. – ɋɉɛ., 1896 – ȼɵɩ. ȱȱ. - ɑ. 1.
1 ɐɢɬ. ɡɚ ɋ.ȼɢɫɨɰɶɤɢɦ. Ƚɪɚɮɿɬɿ ɋ.ȼɢɫɨɰɶɤɨɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɝ ɜɿɞɱɢɬɢɬɚɬɢ Ⱥ.Ȼɿɥɟɰɶɤɢɣ [29, ɫ. 254].
Ⱥ.ȻɿɥɟɰɶɤɢɣɩɪɢɫɜɹɬɢɜɨɤɪɟɦɟɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɧɚɩɢɫɚɦɧɚɦɨɡɚʀɤɚɯɋɨɮɿʀɄɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ, ɳɨɹɤɜɢɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɱɢɦɚɥɨ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤ ɛɪɚɤ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ, ɧɟ ɞɚɜ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɨɜɿ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɯ, ɯɬɨ ɰɿ ɧɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɜ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɢɜ.: [32, ɫ. 159- 192]. Ɂɝɚɞɚɧɟ ɝɪɚɮɿɬɿ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɧɢɡɶɤɨ — ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɬɿ 40 ɫɦ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ ɏȱ ɫɬ. [29, ɫ.254 ]. Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɭɹɜɢɬɢɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɝɪɟɤȽɟɨɪɝɿɣ, ɩɪɢɫɿɜɲɢɞɥɹɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭɿɫɩɟɪɲɢɫɶ ɫɩɢɧɨɸɞɨɫɬɿɧɢ, ɦɿɪɤɭɸɱɢɩɪɨɫɜɿɣ ɩɨɛɭɬ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɞɚɥɟɤɿɣ ɩɿɜɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɪɨɡɜɟɪɧɭɜɫɹ ɿ ɜɢɞɪɹɩɚɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɟɧɶɤɟ ɜɨɥɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ Ȼɨɠɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɿɧɿ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ. ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɋ.ȼɢɫɨɰɶɤɨɝɨ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɬɿ ɿ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪ Ƚɟɨɪɝɿɣ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɜ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɿɜɞɟɧɧɨ-ɡɚɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ ɫɜ. ɋɨɮɿʀ ɜ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɿ, — ɨɞɧɚ ɣ ɬɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ [29, ɫ. 256-257]. ɉɪɨ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɿɧɚɯ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ ɫɜ. ɋɨɮɿʀ ɜ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɿ ɞɢɜ.:[33, c. 14-15].
2ɇ.ɏɚɞɡɿɞɚɤɿɫɨɤɪɟɫɥɸɽɰɿɥɢɣɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɜɿɡɚɧɬɿɣɫɶɤɨɦɭɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɿɏȱ-ɏȱȱɫɬ., ɞɨɹɤɨɝɨ, ɨɤɪɿɦɏɨɫɿɨɫ Ʌɭɤɚɫ ɬɚ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɪɚɧɧɿ ɦɨɡɚʀɤɢ ɡ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ ɜ Ɍɨɪɱɟɥɨ (ɤɿɧ. ɏȱ ɫɬ.), ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ȱɏ ɬɚ Ɂɨʀ ɦɨɡɚʀɤɢ eɯ-voto ɜ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɣ (ɛɥ.1044 ɪ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɰɿɥɭ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɮɪɟɫɤɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɩɢɫɿɜ ɏȱ ɫɬ. ɡ Ʉɚɩɩɚɞɨɤɿʀ (ȿɫɤɿ ʈɚɦɚɫ ɬɚ Ʉɚɪɚɛɚɲ Ʉɿɥɿɫɟ) ɡ ɨ. Ʉɨɪɮɭ (ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɫɜ. Ɇɟɪɤɭɪɿɹ, ɫɜ. əɫɨɧɚ ɬɚ ɋɨɫɿɩɚɬɪɿɹ, ɫɜ. Ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɜ Ʉɚɬɨ Ʉɨɪɚɤɿɚɧɚ) ɡ ɨ. ɇɚɤɫɨɫ (ɰɟɪɤɜɚ ɉɪɨɬɨɬɪɨɧɿ) ɬɚ ɨ. Ʉɪɿɬ (ɰɟɪɤɜɚ Ɇɢɪɿɨɤɟɮɚɥɚ), ɚɬɚɤɨɠɪɨɡɩɢɫɢɏȱȱɫɬ. ɧɚɄɿɩɪɿ (ɰɟɪɤɜɢɉɚɧɚɝɿʀɎɨɪɛɿɨɬɿɫɢɜȺɫɿɧɭɬɚɫɜ. ɃɨɚɧɚȻɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ Ʉɭɬɫɨɜɟɧɞɿɫ) [30, p. 93].
12. Ⱥɪɯɢɩɨɜɚ ȯ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɣ ɞɟɤɨɪ ɬɚ ɫɚɪɤɨɮɚɝɢ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ // ɐɟɪɤɜɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚ ɜ Ʉɢɽɜɿ. Ⱦɨ 1000-ɥɿɬɬɹ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ. – Ʉ., 1996.
13. Ⱥɣɧɚɥɨɜ Ⱦ.ȼ. Ɇɪɚɦɨɪɵ ɢ ɢɧɤɪɭɫɬɚɰɢɢ Ʉɢɟɜɨ-ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɨɪɚ ɢ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ // Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɏII Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɶɟɡɞɚ ɜ ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜɟ (1902). – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1905.
– Ɍ. ȱȱȱ.
14. ɉɭɰɤɨ ȼ.Ƚ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɦ Ʉɢɟɜɟ // Slavia Antiqua. – 1988. – Ɍ. ɏɏɏȱ.
15. Ʉɨɦɟɱ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɡɨɞɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɏ- ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏȱȱ ɜɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1987.
16. ɀɢɲɤɨɜɢɱ ȼ. ɉɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɊɭɫɿ-ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢɏ-ɩɟɪɲɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚɏIV ɫɬ. – Ʌɶɜɿɜ, 2000.
17. Ⱥɣɧɚɥɨɜ Ⱦ.ȼ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɧɹɡɹ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȱ. – ɉɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞ, 1917.
18. ȱɜɚɤɿɧ Ƚ. Ʌɿɬɨɩɢɫɧɿ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɭ ɰɟɪɤɜɭ // ɐɟɪɤɜɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ ȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚɜɄɢɽɜɿ. Ⱦɨ 1000-ɥɿɬɬɹɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ. – Ʉ., 1996.
19. Ɇɭɪɶɹɧɨɜ Ɇ.Ɏ. Ɉ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ 1039 ɢ 1131 ɝɝ. // Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1974.
20. ɒɚɯɦɚɬɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɞɚɯ. – ɋɚɧɤɬ- ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1908.
21. Ƚɚɡɟɧɤɨ Ʌ., Ʉɨɪɧɟɸɤ ɘ., Ɇɽɞɧɿɤɨɜɚ Ɉ. ɇɨɜɿɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯɤɨɥɟɤɰɿɣ ɫɬɿɧɨɩɢɫɭ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ // ɐɟɪɤɜɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɿ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɚ ɜ Ʉɢɽɜɿ. Ⱦɨ 1000-ɥɿɬɬɹ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɧɹ. – Ʉ., 1996.
22. Ɍɨɰɶɤɚ ȱ.Ɏ., ȯɪɤɨ Ɉ.Ɏ. Ⱦɨ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɩɿɜɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɝɚɥɟɪɟʀ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ //
ȺɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɫɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɶɨɝɨɄɢɽɜɚ. – Ʉ., 1976.
23. ɋɬɪɿɥɟɧɤɨ ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɡɪɚɡɤɿɜ ɮɪɟɫɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɱɢɧɿɜ ɜ ɋɨɮɿʀ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɿɣ // ɋɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɿɣ Ʉɢʀɜ. – Ʉ., 1975.
24. Ʌɨɝɜɢɧ Ƚ. Ʉɢɟɜ: Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɩɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ Ʉɢɟɜɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1982.
25. Ʌɨɝɜɢɧ Ƚ.ɇ. Ɇɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɟ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɨ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ-Ɋɭɫɢ X – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɢ XI ɫɬ. //
ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ. – 1998. – ʋ 3.
26. Ʌɨɝɜɢɧ Ƚ.ɇ. Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɚ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɶɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɏ – ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱ ɫɬ. (Ɇɿɣ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ ɛɚɱɟɧɧɹ) // Ɍɟɨɪɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ. – Ʉ., 1995.
27. ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɇ.ɇ. ɊɭɫɶɢȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹɜɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟɋɨɮɢɢɄɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ. – Ʉ., 1999.
28. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ ȼ. Ɋɟɰ. ɧɚ: ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɇ.ɇ. Ɋɭɫɶ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɋɨɮɢɢ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ – Ʉ., 1999 // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ. ɋɟɪɿɹ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ. – ȼɢɩ. 35-36. – Ʌɶɜɿɜ, 2000.
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Ɇɨɡɚɢɤɢ ɋɨɮɢɢ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ. ɋ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ Ⱥ.Ⱥ.Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɹɯɧɚɦɨɡɚɢɤɚɯ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1960.
33. Ɇɟɞɢɧɰɟɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ-ɝɪɚɮɢɬɢ ɏȱ-ɏȱV ɜɜ. (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɨɪɚ). Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮɟɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1971.
THE DESIATYNNA CHURCH IN KYIV
AND THE “GREEK ARTISTS” MENTIONED IN RUS’CHRONICLE
Nazar KOZAK
The Ethnology Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Art Studies Department 15, Prosp. Swobody, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine, phone: 8 0322 72 70 12,
fax: 8 0322 72 70 20, e-mail: knb_ua@yahoo.com
The author argues that the “Greek artists”, as it mentioned in the Rus’ Chronicle, invited to work on the Desiatynna Church in Kyiv in the year 6499[991] were in fact of Khersones origin. These artists built the church but did not finished the fresco (and perhaps mosaic) decorations. The year 6547[1039] given in the Rus’ Chronicle for the date of the second consecration of the Desiatynna Church implies that its mural paintings were very probably completed only in the 1030 s. The technological and stylistic similarities between the murals of Desiatynna Church and St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv (dated to the 1030 s) suggest that the same group of artists worked on both churches. After examining Byzantine examples of mural decoration dated to the XI th century, the author further questions the origin of the artists who worked on Kyivan churches in the 1030 s.
Key words: Desiatynna Church, murals, Greek artists, St. Sophia Cathedral, Hosios Loukas.
ɋɬɚɬɬɹ ɧɚɞɿɣɲɥɚ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɟɝɿʀ 21.01.2002 ɉɪɢɣɧɹɬɚɞɨɞɪɭɤɭ 6.02.2002
